马丁.路德.金《我有一个梦》的文体分析

马丁.路德.金《我有一个梦》的文体分析Abstract:Onthebaseofthedefinitionofstylistics,thisthesisgivesadetailedanalysisofsometheofstylisticdevicesusedinthefamousspeechbythewell-knownAmericancivilrightsmovementleaderMartinLutherKing,Jr.,andthenprobesintothestylisticcharacteristicsofspeechasastyle.Keywords:Stylistics,Stylisticdevices,analysis,speech.摘要:本文首先阐述了文体学的定义,并在此基础上对对美国着名黑人领袖马丁.路德.金的着名演讲《我有一个梦》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析,进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。关键词:文体学;文体手段;分析;演讲Asaninterdisciplinaryfieldofstudy,stylisticspromisestoofferusefulinsightsintoliterarycriticismandtheteachingofliteraturewithitsexplicitaimsandeffectivetechniques.Itisveryusefulintheanalysisofvariousstylesofwriting.Inthisthesis,theauthortriestoofferastylisticanalysisofthefamousspeechbyMartinLutherking,Jr.IHaveaDream.1.Introduction:DefinitionofStylisticsandStylisticAnalysisAsfarasthedefinitionofstylisticsisconcerneddifferentscholarsdefinethebranchofstudyindifferentways.Walesdefinesstylisticssimplyas“thestudyofstyle”(1989:437),whileWiddowsonprovidesamoreinformativedefinitionas“thestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation”andtakes“aviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo(1975:3).Leechholdsasimilarview.Hedefinesstylisticsasthe“studyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature(1969:1)andconsidersstylisticsa”“meeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy”(1969:2).FromwhatWiddowsonandLeechsay,wecanseethatstylisticsisanareaofstudythatstraddlestwodisciplines:literarycriticismandlinguistics.Ittakesliterarydiscourse(text)asitsobjectofstudyanduseslinguisticsasameanstothatend.Stylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;thatis,whatitisthatispeculiartotheusesoflanguageinaliterarytextfordeliveringthemessage.Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.StylisticiansmayalsowishtocharacterizethestyleofaliterarytextbySystematicallycomparingthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.Hallidaypointsout,“Thetextmaybeseenas‘this’incontrastwith‘that’,withanotherpoemoranothernovel;stylisticsstudiesareessentiallycomparativeinnature⋯”(1971:341).Onthispoints,WiddowsonisofthesameopinionasHalliday.Hesays:“Allliteraryappreciationiscomparative,asindeedisarecognitionofstylesingeneral”(1975:84).Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitythatishighlycomparativeinnature.2.RelatedInformationoftheSpeechIHAVEADREAMandItsAuthorMartinLutherKing,jr.wasbornonJanuary15,1929inAtlanta,Georgia,thesonofaclergymanandthegrandsonofaslave.AfterattendingseveralcollegeshereceivedhisPh.D.intheologyfromBostonUniversityin1955.HeledthebusboycottinMontgomery,Alabamain1955-1956.AspresidentoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference,hethenledcivilrights精品学习资料可选择pdf第1页，共7页----------------------- demonstrationsinmanycities.In1963hehelpedorganizethemarchonWashington,whichbroughttogethermorethan200,000people.Aleaderinestablishinganonviolentcivilrightsmovement,KingwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizefor1964.KingwasassassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee,in1968,shortlybeforehisfortiethbirthday.Sincethen,hehasbecomeanAmericanfolkhero,andonNovember2,1983,alawhonoringDr.KingwassignedbyPresidentRigan,effectiveJanuary1986,makingthethirdMondayofJanuaryanationalholiday.HeistheonlyU.S.citizenotherthanGeorgeWashingtontoberecognizedinthisway.In1863PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationfreeingallslavesintheUnitedStates.Onehundredyearsafterthisdecreewassigned,however,thelifeofblackswasstill“sadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandtheChainsdiscrimination.”OnAugust28,1963,aquarterofmillionpeopleofallracescametoWashington,D.C.,toshowtheirsupportforfreedomandjusticeforallAmericans,andforblackpeopleinparticular.Atthatdemonstration,MartinLutherKing,jr.deliveredthisfamousspeechIHAVEADREAM,widelyregardedasthemosteloquentstatementoftheblackpeople’sdreamsandaspirationsevermade.Inhisspeech,Dr.Kingtoldtheworld,“Ihaveadream”thatequalitywouldcome“toallofGodchildren.”Hesaidhewantedeveryonetobeableto“joinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,‘Freeatlast!Freeatlast!⋯’”3.AStylisticAnalysisoftheSpeech(Ananalysisofsomeofthestylisticdevicesusedinthespeech)MartinLutherKing’sspeechofAugust28,1963iswidelyregardedasoneofthemostpowerfuleverdeliveredintheUnitedStates.Althoughthisaddresswasdeliveredorally,itwasreadfromawrittentextcomposedwithGREatcare.ItisanexampleofformalEnglishwithaconvincingstyle.Herearesomeofthestylisticdevices(whichmaybeconsideredtraditionallyasrhetoricaldevices)usedbyDrKingtoinspireandpersuade.3.1Repetition:Throughoutthespeech,Dr.Kingrepeatswordsandsentence.Thisisaveryoutstandingfeatureinthisspeechcalledrepetition.Itbelongstothestylisticdeviceofsyntacticover-regularity.Thetermrepetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatextsuchasaword,phraseorevenasentence(Leech,1969),becausealltheover-regularfeaturesinliteratureareinsomesenserepetitious.Usedinspeech,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butalsogivesastrongrhythmicqualitytothespeechandmakesitmorememorable.Inparagraphs8through16,forexample,Kingusesthewords“Ihaveadream”ninetimes.Thisrepetitionhelpstoachievethefunctionofcoherenceindiscourseandthefunctionofreinforcementinmoodandemotion,expressingthespeaker’sstrongemotionoflongingforfreedom,justice,righteousnessandamuchmoreunitednationofallofGod’schildren.Ifwestudythewholespeechmorecarefully,itiseasyforustofindmanyotherexamplesofrepetitionused.①Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacethetragicfactthattheNegroisstillnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegro.②isstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.精品学习资料可选择pdf第2页，共7页----------------------- Herethephrase“onehundredyearslater”hasbeenrepeatedthreetimes,seeminglyindicatingthatitisreallyalongtimefortheNegrotowaitforthecomingofthetimeofjusticeandrighteousness.②Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.WerefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvaultsofopportunityofthisnation.(Par.4)thephrase“werefusetobelievethat⋯”hasbeenusedtwicetoindicatethespeaker’goodshope.③Nowisthetimetomakerealthepromisesofdemocracy.NowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofseGREgationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice.NowisthetimetoopenthedoorsofopportunitytoallofGod’sChildren.Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood.(Par.4)Inthisshortpassage,theclause“Nowisthetimeto⋯”hasbeenusedfourtimestoemphasizethefierceurgencyof“NOW”andtoencourageandpersuadetheblackstotakeimmediateactiontoriseaboveandgaintheirownrightsandfreedom.Otherexamplesofrepetitioncanstillbeeasilyfoundthroughoutthespeech.Inpar.7,thewords“wecannever/cannotbesatisfiedaslongas⋯”hasbeenusedasmanyasfivetimestoshowthedeterminationandpersistenceoftheblackpeople;inpar.17,thewords“withthefaithwewillbeableto⋯”hasbeenrepeatedtwiceforthepurposeofshowinghowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistostruggleforthebrotherhoodof“allofGod’schildren”,andhowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistobelievethatthey“willbefreeoneday”.Nowlet’senjoyanotherexample.④AndifAmericaistobeaGREatnationthismustbecometrue.SoletfreedomringfromtheprodigioushilltopsofNewHampshire!LetfreedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania!LetfreedomringfromthesnowcappedRockiesofColorado!LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceousslopesofCalifornia!Butnotonlythat;letfreedomringfromStoneMountainofGeorgia!LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee.LetfreedomringfromeveryhillandmolehillofMississippi.Fromeverymountainside,letfreedomring.Whenweletfreedomring,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity⋯(Paragraphs19through25)thewords“LetFreedomring⋯”hasbeenrepeatedasmanyasninetimestoindicatethatitisthewholeoftheUnitedStatesratherthananypartofitthatshouldbebathedinthesunshineoffreedom.3.2UseofParallelismParallelismisanothersyntacticover-regularity.Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itdiffersfromsimplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication,it“requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichare‘parallelwithrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern’”(Leech,1969:66).Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelementsthataregrammaticallyequal.Totakethemparallel,balancenounswithnouns,verbswithverbs,prepositionalphraseswithprepositionalphrases,clauseswithclauses,andsoforth.Inhisspeech,MartinLutherKingusesparallelismtocreateastrongrhythmtohelpthe精品学习资料可选择pdf第3页，共7页----------------------- audiencelineuphisideas.Herearefewexamples:⑤⋯bythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination⋯(Par.2,twoparallelnounphrases)⑥“Thisisnotimetoengageintheluxuryofcoolingoffortotakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.”(Par.4,twoparallelinfinitivephrases:engage⋯totake“⋯”)to⑦“therewillbeneitherrestnortranquilityinAmerica⋯”(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“neither⋯nor”)⑧“Weshallneverbesatisfiedaslongasourchildrenarestrippedoftheirselfhoodandrobbedoftheirdignity⋯”r.7,twoparallelverbphrases)(PaItistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurposeofemphasizingandenhancing,esp.inspeech,theideasexpressedbythespeaker(orauthorinwrittenversions),thusalwaysencouragingandinspiringtheaudience.WeneednottobeverycarefullytofindoutmanymoreexamplesofparallelismusedinKing’sspeechandclassifiedasisfollowed:3.2.1parallelnouns:⑨Thisnotwasapromisethatallmenwouldbeguaranteedtheinalienablerightsoflife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.(Par.3,threeparallelnounsasattributive)⑩1963isnotanend,butabeginning(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“not⋯but⑾Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightsofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.(Par.6)⑿⋯havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyandtheirfreedomisinextricablyboundtoourfreedom.(Par.6,twopairsofparallelnouns).⒀Isaytoyoutoday,myfriends,thatinspiteofthedifficultiesandfrustrationsofthemoment⋯(Par.8)⒁⋯adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(Par.11,twopairsofparallelnouns).3.2.2Parallelnounphrases:⒂Sowehavetocametocashthischeck-acheckthatwillgiveasupondemandtherichesoffreedomandThesecurityofjustice.(Par.4)⒃IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood(Par.10)3.2.3Parallelinfinitivephrases:⒄ItwouldbefetalforthenationtooverlooktheurgencyofthemomentandtounderestimatethedeterminationoftheNegro.(Par.5,twoparallelinfinitivephrases)⒅Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostraggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.(Par.7,fiveparallelinfinitivephrases).3.2.4Parallelprepositionalphrases⒆Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.(Par.12)⒇⋯,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity,⋯(Par.25)E.Parallelclauses:(21)⋯,havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyand(that)theirfreedomisinextricablyboundtourfreedom.(Par.6,twoparallelobjectiveclause)精品学习资料可选择pdf第4页，共7页----------------------- (22)Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted,everyhillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplacewillbemadeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight,andthegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallseeittogether.(Par.6,sixparallelclausesusedasappositionsofthenoun“dream”).3.3UseofSimilesandMetaphorsAstwoveryimportanttypesofmeaningtransferenceinliterature,similesandmetaphorsarecomparisonsthatshowsimilaritiesinthingsthatarebasicallydifferent,whichcanbeusedtoaddvividnessandvitalitytowriting.AsLeechpointsout,metaphorisassociatedwithaparticularruleoftransferencewhichmaybecalledthe“metaphoricrule”(1969:151).Thatis,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.Throughoutthespeech,Kingmakesextensiveuseofsimilesandmetaphors.Inparagraph1,forexample,KingcomparesTheEmancipationProclamationtotwoformsofbrilliantlightcuttingthroughdarkness.Thefirst-“ajoyousdaybreak-comparesittothesunrise,which(inthiscase)”ends“thelongnightofcaptivity”.Inparagraph2,hespeaksof“themanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination,”comparingsegregationanddiscriminationunderwhichtheNegropeoplelivetothemanaclesandchainsonceusedonslaves.Therefore,itisveryclearthattheusingofsimilesandmetaphorscandefinitelyaddvividnessandvitalitytowritingandmakeiteasyforthereadersoraudiencetounderstand.Nowlet’scitesomeofthesimilesandmetaphorsusedinKingspeech.’s(23)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(Par.2,metaphors)(24)Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.WerefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvaultsofopportunityforthisnation(Par.4,metaphors)(25)Thisisnotime⋯totakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.(Par.4,metaphor)(26)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro’slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(Par.5,Metaphors)(27)⋯wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.(Par.7,Similes)(28)⋯asituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithwhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers.(Par.14,Similes)3.4UseofContrastAlthoughmaybearhetoricaldeviceinsteadofastylisticone,contrasthasalsobeenusedeffectively,likerepetition,inthisspeech,achievingthefunctionofmakingcleartheideasofthespeaker.Inparagraphl,forexample,“GREatbeaconlightofhope”iscontrastedwith“witheringinjustice,”anddaybreak“joyous”withlongnightofcaptivity.”Asitisdefined,contrastisusedtoshowthedifferencebetweentwothings.Therefore,itisnotverydifficultforustounderstandwhythespeakerkingusessomanycontrastsinhisspeech.(29)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(Par.2)(30)NowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofseGREgationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice.(Par.4)(31)Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood(Par.4)(32)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro’slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisan精品学习资料可选择pdf第5页，共7页----------------------- invigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(Par.5)(33)1963isnotanend,butabeginning.(Par.5)(34)Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.(Par.6)(35)Andaswewalk,wemustmakethepledgethatweshallalwaysmarchahead.Wecannotturnback.(Par.7)(36)⋯thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.(Par.10)(37)⋯adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(Par.11)(38)⋯wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.(Par.12)(39)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.(Par.17)(40)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.4.ConclusionAswehaveanalyzedabove,stylisticdevicesarefrequentlyusedinthediscourseofliteraryworksespeciallyinspeech,toachievecertainspecificpurposes.Thusmakingthestyleofaspeechsomewhatparticulartotheothers.Generallyspeaking,aspeechmayhavethefollowingstylisticcharacteristics:Tobeginwith,itmustbeverypersuasive.Thusthesentencepatternsareverywell-organized,withrepetitions,parallelismandcontrastsfrequentlyused.Secondly,itshouldbeemotionalsoastobeconvincing,becausethespeakershouldfacetheaudiencedirectlyandhiswordsshouldnotonlybeorderlyandinformativebutalsobeexpressiveandinspiring.Therefore,thestylisticdevicessuchassimilesandmetaphorsareofteninvolved.Finally,inmanycases,written-conversationalstyleisusuallyusedwithnotveryformaldictionandnotverycomplicatedsentencestructure.Bibliography:[1].MartinLutherKing,Jr.,IHaveaDream,August28,1963[2].WangShouyuan,EssentialsofEnglishStylistics,ShandongUniversityPress,July,2000[3].PanShaozhang,EnglishRhetoricandWriting,ShanghaiTransportationUniversityPress,December,1998[4].Widdowson,H.G.StylisticsandtheTeachingofLiterature,Longman,1975[5].Leech,G.N.“‘ThisbreadIbreak’Languageandinterpretation”.InD.C.Freeman.(ed.).LinguisticsandLiteratureStyle.NewYork:Holt,Rinhart&Winston.Acknowledgements:ItwasreallyalaborioustasktoaccomplishaB.Athesis.Manypeoplegavemesupportandhelpintheprocessofwritingthepaper.I’dlikefirsttogivemygratetomydearteacher,viceprofessorMr.LiuFagong,whogenerouslygavemehiskindlyhelpandinstructionsduringthewholeprocessofmypaper-writing.ThenI’dliketogivemymanythankstomyclassmateswhohelpedmealotwithmyinformationcollectingandpaper-polishing.Mostimportantofall,IwanttogivemythankstomymotheruniversityandalltheteachersintheEnglishCollege,whoeducatedandcultivatedmetobeaqualifiedteacherinthefuture.精品学习资料可选择pdf第6页，共7页----------------------- 精品学习资料可选择pdf第7页，共7页-----------------------