必修4——《廉颇蔺相如列传》、《苏武传》、《张衡传》一、理解常见文言实词在文中的含义1.指出下列通假字的本字,并解释其义《廉颇蔺相如列传》(1)臣愿奉璧往使 通______,______________________________________(2)召有司案图通______,_______________________________________(3)唯大王与群臣孰计议之通______,_______________________________________(4)拜送书于庭通______,______________________________________(5)可予不通______,______________________________________《苏武传》(6)信义安所见乎通______,_____________________________________(7)不顾恩义,畔主背亲通______,______________________________________(8)与旃毛并咽之通______,______________________________________(9)掘野鼠去草实而食之通______,_____________________________________(10)空自苦亡人之地通______,_____________________________________(11)因泣下霑衿,与武决去通______,_____________________________________通______,_____________________________________通______,_____________________________________(12)前以降及物故通______,_____________________________________《张衡传》(13)员径八尺通______,____________________________________(14)形似酒尊通______,____________________________________(15)阴知奸党名姓,一时收禽通______,____________________________________答案 (1)“捧” 双手捧着 (2)“按” 审察、查看 (3)“熟” 仔细 (4)“廷” 朝廷 (5)“否” 不给 (6)“现” 表现 (7)“叛” 背叛 (8)“毡” 毛织的毡毯 (9)“弆” 收藏 (10)“无” 没有 (11)“沾” 沾湿 “襟”衣襟 “诀” 辞别 (12)“已” 已经 (13)“圆” 圆周 (14)“樽” 酒器 (15)“擒” 擒拿、捕捉2.解释下列句中加点的实词《廉颇蔺相如列传》(1)窃计欲亡走燕:________________________________________________________(2)使人遗赵王书:_________________________________________________________
(3)曲在赵:____________________________________________________________(4)均之二策:__________________________________________________________(5)臣请完璧归赵:______________________________________________________(6)相如奉璧奏秦王:_____________________________________________________(7)礼节甚倨:___________________________________________________________(8)不如因而厚遇之:______________________________________________________(9)左右欲刃相如:________________________________________________________(10)于是秦王不怿:________________________________________________________(11)位在廉颇之右:_________________________________________________________(12)卒相与欢,为刎颈之交:_________________________________________________《苏武传》(13)武帝嘉其义:__________________________________________________________(14)因厚赂单于:_________________________________________________________(15)阴相与谋劫单于母阏氏归汉:___________________________________________(16)武复穷厄:___________________________________________________________(17)独有女弟二人:_______________________________________________________《张衡传》(18)游于三辅:___________________________________________________________(19)遂通五经:___________________________________________________________(20)公车特征拜郎中:_____________________________________________________(21)再迁为太史令:_______________________________________________________(22)又多豪右:___________________________________________________________(23)视事三年:__________________________________________________________(24)上书乞骸骨:________________________________________________________答案 (1)私下 (2)送给 (3)理亏 (4)权衡、比较 (5)把和氏璧完好无缺地送回赵国。比喻原物完整无损地归还本人 (6)捧着 (7)傲慢 (8)招待、款待 (9)身边的侍从 (10)高兴、喜悦 (11)上 (12)誓同生死的朋友 (13)赞许 (14)赠送礼物 (15)暗中 (16)陷于困境 (17)妹妹 (18)游学 (19)指《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》五部经书 (20)汉代官署名 (21)升官 (22)豪族大户 (23)官员到职工作 (24)大臣年老请求辞职3.解释下列句中加点的古今异义词的古义《廉颇蔺相如列传》(1)璧有瑕,请指示王古义:______________________________________________________________________今义:指示下级或晚辈的话或文字。
(2)于是相如前进缶,因跪请秦王古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:向前行进,思想进步。(3)宣言曰:“我见相如,必辱之。”古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:表示政府的公告。(4)臣所以去亲戚而事君者古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:跟自己家庭有婚姻关系或血统关系的家庭或他的成员。《苏武传》(5)汉亦留之以相当古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:副词,表程度,但不到“很”的程度。(6)皆为陛下所成就古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:事业上的成绩。(7)兄弟亲近古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:亲密地接近。《张衡传》(8)公车特征拜郎中古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:可以作为事物特点的征象、标志等。(9)饰以篆文山龟鸟兽之形古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:汉字的一种书体,如大篆、小篆等。答案 (1)两个词,指,指出;示,给人看。(2)两个词,走上前去进献。(3)扬言。(4)内外亲属,包括父母、兄弟、妻子和同族亲属等。(5)相抵押。(6)栽培,提拔。(7)做了皇上的侍臣。(8)特,特地;征,征召,是两个词。(9)篆,篆文;文,花纹。4.解释下列多义词《廉颇蔺相如列传》(1)负《苏武传》(2)使
《张衡传》(3)征(4)观答案 (1)依仗/使……承担/违背/辜负/背 (2)使者/派 (3)应验/表现/出征/证明/征收/征召/征讨 (4)学习/宫殿/景象/道观/观察5.指出下列加点词语的活用类型并释义《廉颇蔺相如列传》(1)赵王于是遂遣相如奉璧西入秦:______________________________________________(2)间至赵矣:_______________________________________________________________(3)卒廷见相如:____________________________________________________________(4)肉袒负荆:______________________________________________________________(5)相如视秦王无意偿赵城,乃前曰:__________________________________________(6)怒发上冲冠:___________________________________________________________(7)臣乃敢上璧:___________________________________________________________(8)舍相如广成传:_________________________________________________________(9)乃使其从者衣褐,怀其璧:_______________________________________________(10)赵王鼓瑟:____________________________________________________________(11)赵王窃闻秦王善为秦声:________________________________________________(12)左右欲刃相如:________________________________________________________(13)宁许以负秦曲:________________________________________________________(14)大王必欲急臣:________________________________________________________(15)且庸人尚羞之:________________________________________________________(16)以先国家之急而后私仇也:______________________________________________(17)严大国之威以修敬也:__________________________________________________(18)毕礼而归之:__________________________________________________________《苏武传》(19)单于壮其节:__________________________________________________________(20)舆归营:______________________________________________________________(21)空以身膏草野:________________________________________________________(22)杖汉节牧羊:__________________________________________________________《张衡传》(23)大将军邓骘奇其才:___________________________________________________(24)衡少善属文:_________________________________________________________(25)妙尽璇机之正:_______________________________________________________
答案 (1)名词作状语,向西。(2)名词作状语,从小路。(3)名词作状语,在朝廷上。(4)名词作状语,“肉”作“袒”的状语。(5)名词作动词,上前。(6)名词作动词,向上、竖起。(7)名词作动词,献上。(8)名词作动词,安置住宿。(9)名词作动词,穿,怀里藏着。(10)名词作动词,弹。(11)形容词作动词,擅长,善于。(12)名词作动词,用刀杀。(13)动词的使动用法,使……承担。(14)形容词作动词,逼迫。(15)形容词的意动用法,以……为羞。(16)形容词的意动用法,以……为先,以……为后。(17)形容词作动词,尊重。(18)动词的使动用法,使……回去。(19)形容词的意动用法,以……为壮(壮烈)。(20)名词作动词,用车子拉着。(21)使动用法,使……肥美。(22)名词作动词,拄着。(23)意动用法,以……为奇。(24)形容词作动词,擅长。(25)尽,形容词作动词,研究;正,形容词作名词,正确的道理。二、理解常见文言虚词在文中的意义和用法6.写出下列句中加点虚词的意义和用法(1)之(2)者答案 (1)①代词,这 ②代词,这件事(相如出使) ③助词,的 ④代词,这种仪器 ⑤助词,取独不译 (2)①表判断,……者……也 ②定语后置的标志,“求可使报秦人者”③代词,……的人7.重点虚词系列练指出下列句中“因”字的意义和用法(1)相如因持璧却立:_________________________________________________________(2)不如因而厚遇之:________________________________________________________(3)因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪:___________________________________________________(4)因人之力而敝之:_________________________________________________________(5)伺者因此觉知:__________________________________________________________(6)因以讽谏:______________________________________________________________(7)于今无会因:____________________________________________________________答案 (1)连词,于是,就 (2)介词,趁机 (3)介词,通过 (4)介词,凭借 (5)介词,因为 (6)介词,依据、凭借 (7)机会三、理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法8.指出下列句子的句式特点《廉颇蔺相如列传》(1)蔺相如者,赵人也:_______________________________________________________(2)秦城恐不可得,徒见欺:____________________________________________________(3)计未定,求人可使报秦者:__________________________________________________
(4)君何以知燕王:___________________________________________________________(5)使不辱于诸侯:__________________________________________________________(6)臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵:___________________________________________________(7)公之视廉将军孰与秦王:___________________________________________________《苏武传》(8)乃遣武以中郎将使持节送匈奴使留在汉者:__________________________________《张衡传》(9)举孝廉不行,连辟公府不就:_______________________________________________(10)自书典所记,未之有也:__________________________________________________答案 (1)判断句,……者……也 (2)被动句,“见”,被 (3)定语后置句 (4)宾语前置句,“何以”即“以何” (5)状语后置句 (6)被动句,见……于…… (7)固定句式,“孰与”译为“和……相比,哪一个” (8)定语后置句,“留在汉匈奴使者” (9)被动句 (10)宾语前置句,“未有之也”四、重要语句翻译将下列句子翻译成现代汉语《廉颇蔺相如列传》9.均之二策,宁许以负秦曲。译文:_______________________________________________________________________答案 权衡(或“比较”)这两个对策,宁可答应秦国的请求使它承担理亏的责任。解析 “之”,这;“负”,使动用法。10.臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵,故令人持璧归,间至赵矣。译文:_______________________________________________________________________答案 我实在害怕被大王欺骗而对不起赵国,所以让人拿着和氏璧回去,已从小路到达赵国了。解析 “见……于”,表被动;“间”,名词活用为状语。《苏武传》11.汉亦留之以相当。译文:_______________________________________________________________________答案 汉朝也扣留他们来相抵押。解析 “当”是抵押的意思。12.武留匈奴凡十九岁,始以强壮出,及还,须发尽白。译文:_______________________________________________________________________答案 苏武留在匈奴共十九年,当初在壮年时出使,等到回到汉朝,胡须头发全白了。解析 “凡”译为“共”;“以”介词,在。
《张衡传》13.大将军邓骘奇其才,累召不应。译文:_______________________________________________________________________答案 邓骘认为他才华出众,多次征召他,他也不去应召。解析 奇,意动用法,以……为奇。14.安帝雅闻衡善术学,公车特征拜郎中,再迁为太史令。译文:_______________________________________________________________________答案 汉安帝常听说张衡擅长术数方面的学问,让公车特地指名征召,任命他为郎中,两次调动官职后,担任太史令。解析 雅,素常;征,征召;拜,任命,授予官职。五、补写出下列名句名篇中的空缺部分15.臣所以去亲戚而事君者,__________________________。答案 徒慕君之高义也16.吾所以为此者,__________________________。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)答案 以先国家之急而后私仇也