最新滕王阁鉴赏教学讲义ppt课件

滕王阁鉴赏 滕王阁主体建筑净高57．5米，建筑面积13000平方米。其下部为象征古城墙的12米高台座，分为两级。台座以上的主阁取“明三暗七”格式，即从外面看是三层带回廊建筑，而内部却有七层，就是三个明层，三个暗层，加屋顶中的设备层。新阁的瓦件全部采用宜兴产碧色琉璃瓦，因唐宋多用此色。正脊鸱吻为仿宋特制，高达3．5米。勾头、滴水均特制瓦当，勾头为“滕阁秋风”四字，而滴水为“孤鹜”图案。台座之下，有南北相通的两个瓢形人工湖，北湖之上建有九曲风雨桥。楼阁云影，倒映池中，盎然成趣。外体特点 。循南北两道石级登临一级高台。一级高台，系钢筋混凝土筑体，踏步为花岗石打凿而成，墙体外贴江西星子县产金星青石。一级高台的南北两翼，有碧瓦长廊。长廊北端为四角重檐“挹翠”亭，长廊南端为四角重檐“压江”亭。从正面看，南北两亭与主阁组成一个倚天耸立的“山”字；而从飞机上俯瞰，滕王阁则有如一只平展两翅，意欲凌波西飞的巨大鲲鹏。这种绝妙的立面和平面布局，正体现了设计人员的匠心一级高台朝东的墙面上，镶嵌石碑五块。正中为长卷式石碑一幅，此碑由八块汉白玉横拼而成，约10米长、1米高，外围以玛瑙红大理石镶边，宛如一幅装裱精工的巨卷。此碑碑文为今人隶书韩愈《新修滕王阁记》。韩愈在《记》中写道：“余少时，则闻江南多临观之美，而滕王阁独为第一，有瑰伟绝特之称。”长碑左侧为花岗岩《竣工纪念石》及青石《重建滕王阁纪名》碑，右侧为花岗石《奠基纪念石》及青石《滕王阁创建纪年》碑。由一级高台拾级而上，即达二级高台(象征城墙的台座)。这两级高台共有89级台阶，而新阁恰于1989年落成开放。二级高台的墙体及地坪，均为江西峡江县所产花岗石。高台的四周，为按宋代式样打凿而成的花岗石栏杆，古朴厚重，与瑰丽的主阁形成鲜明的对比。 2、衬托性建筑的应用衬托性建筑的应用，是中国古代宫殿、寺庙等高级建筑常用的艺术处理手法。它的作用是衬托主体建筑。滕王阁周边的亭阁楼榭确实起到了衬托主体建筑的作用，在突出主体的同时，丰富了建筑空间的含义 3、色彩的运用中国古代的匠师在建筑装饰中最敢于使用色彩也最善于使用色彩。这个特点是和中国建筑的木结构体系分不开的。在山明水秀、四季常青的南方，建筑的色彩一方面为封建社会的建筑等级制度所局限，另一方面也是因为南方终年青绿、四季花开，为了使建筑的色彩与南方的自然环境相调和，它使用的色彩就比较淡雅，多用白墙、灰瓦和栗、黑、墨绿等色的梁柱，形成秀丽淡雅的格调。。 建筑的文化属性从艺术的角度看，情感性使建筑艺术不仅遵循一般的认识逻辑，而且遵循特殊的情感逻辑。对于滕王阁这个假古董，虽然不富有岁月的沧桑痕迹，但基于文脉和怀旧情感的体验和审美，人们不但不会计较这些，反而更加重视历史文脉的延续性。滕王阁以一篇序而闻名遐迩，并且经久不息。再经历代名家歌词咏赋，它已经不单单是一座建筑，它是一个千年的文化符号，歌咏着千年的骚人墨客。 告辞 Unit3QualityofGoods DescriptionofGoodsincludesnameofcommodity&QualityNameofCommodity---choosesuitablename:relativetotariff,carriage---keepthenameinconformityinalldocuments---useinternationallyrecognizednameofcommodity ImportanceofQualityItdeterminesthepricevalueofthegoods.Itexertsatremendousinfluenceoverthesalesandprestigeofthegoods.Itinvolvesthefundamentalrightsandobligationsofbothparties. Therefore,Thequalityclauseshallbestipulatedclearlyinbusinessnegotiationandconclusionofthecontract. DefinitionforQualityofGoodsoutwardsappearance:shape,structure,color,flavor,luster,etc.innerfeatures:composition,physicalandmechanicalproperty,chemicalandbiologicalfeature,etc. MethodsofStipulatingQualityofGoodsBydescription*byspecification*bygrade*bystandard*bybrandnameortrademark*bynameoforigin*bydescriptionandillustrationBysample*bytheseller’ssample*bythebuyer’ssample*bycountersampleBACK ChineseGroundnutMoisture(max.)13%Admixture(max.)5%Oilcontent(min.)44% AboutstandardInternationalstandard:ISO:InternationalStandardsOrganization—hasmorethan4000standardsIEC:InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission—hasover1580standardsNationalstandard:GB14-05(isnationalstandardpublishedin2005,publicationNo.is14)Craft(Guild)Standard行业(公会)标准LocalStandardEnterpriseStandard TETRACYCLINEHCLTABLETS（SUGARCOATED）250mgB.P.1980.(B.P.=BritishPharmacopoeia)------It’simportanttoindicatethenameofthepublicationanditsversion. Payattentionto:FAQFairAverageQuality,referstotheaveragequalityleveloftheexportcommoditywithinacertainperiodoftime.---Commonlyusedforagriculturalproductsandbyproducts.---Thiskindofstandardisquiteambiguous.Infact,itisoftenusedwithspecification.Forexample,ChineseGroundnut,1994crop,FAQ,Moisture(max.)13%Admixture(max.)5%Oilcontent(min.)44% GMQForthetradingofwoodandaquaticproducts,GMQ(goodsmerchantablequality)isemployedtoindicatethequality.GMQmeansthegoodsisfreefromdefectsandisgoodenoughforuseorconsumption.BACK SalebyTradeMarkorBrandName T101MAXAMDENTALCREAM------salebybrandortrademarkWeshouldensurethestabilityofthequality.BACK SalebySampleInourexportbusiness,owingtothefeatureofsomecommoditiesthemselves,itisquitedifficulttoindicatethequalityofthosegoodsonlybywords,thus,salebysamplecomesintobeing.Forexample,handicraftarticles,clothesornativeproductsetc.areusuallysoldbysample. Salebytheseller'ssampleSeller’ssample—Originalsamplerepresentativesampleduplicatesample(keep～)standardsample(type～)BACK Salebythebuyer'ssamplecountersample—Afterthebuyerconfirmsthecountersample,salebythebuyer'ssampleischangedintosalebytheseller'scountersample.stipulatetheindustrialpropertyrightclauseintheS/C—Incasethebuyer'ssampleresultsinanydisputesofinfringementofindustrialproperty,thesellerwillhavenothingtodowithit. SalebythecountersampleSamplesprovidedbythebuyeraregivenasthequalitystandardforthegoodstobeproducedanddeliveredbytheseller.Undersuchcircumstances,toavoidfuturedisputesoverthequalityofthegoods,thesellerusuallyfirstreproducesthebuy’ssampleandthensendsittothebuyerforconfirmation.Thissampleiscalledcountersample. WecanstipulatetheindustrialpropertyrightclauseintheS/C.Foranygoodsproducedwiththedesigns,trademarks,brandsand/orstampsprovidedbythebuyers,shouldtherebeanydisputearisingfrominfringementuponthe3rdparty’sindustrialpropertyright,itisthebuyerstobeheldresponsibleforit.------Generally,thisclausecanbemadeinthegeneraltransactionterms. AboutofsamplesOriginalSampleCounterSampleReferenceSampleStandardSampleDuplicateSampleSealedSampleRepresentativeSampleColorSampleDesignSample SampleNo.612ClothDoll------It’snecessarytoindicatethenumberofsample. Flexibletermsofquality：Sometimesthesellershouldwritesomeflexibletermsinthesalescontractasfollows:*Shipmentshallbesimilartothesample;*Qualitytobeaboutequaltothesample;*Qualitytobenearlysameasthesample.BACK Flexibletermsofquality:Thequalityindexesshallbestipulatedflexiblyandscientifically.QualityLatitudeClause(品质机动幅度)---whichmeansthatthequalityindexesofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybecontrolledflexiblywithinacertainlatitude.Commonlyusedforprimaryproducts.QualityToleranceClause(品质公差)---whichmeansthatthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerisallowedtohavecertaindifferenceswithinacertainrangesincesuchdifferencesareusuallyunavoidableandcommonlyacceptedastheusageofthesamespecialtrade.Normallyusedinthetradeofindustrialproducts. Thereare3waystostipulatethequalitylatitude.Tostipulateacertainscope,forexample,thewidthofthecottonclothis47/48inches.B.Tostipulatemoreorlessclause,forexample,duckdowncontent18%(1%moreorless).C.Tostipulate"max."or"min.",forexample,RiceBrokenGrains(max.)25%Admixture(max.)1%Moisture(max.)15% Flexibletermsofquality:PriceAdjustmentClause(品质增减价条款)------Buyershallacceptqualityupto5%withanallowanceof5%.(Priceadjustmentisnotneededifthetoleranceiswithincertainlimit.) Summaryofunit3MethodsofStipulatingQualityofGoodsFlexibletermsofqualitySalebySampleSalebydescriptionQualityLatitudeClauseQualityToleranceClausePriceAdjustmentClause MethodsofStipulatingQualityofGoodsClothsampleSoybeanMedicinestandardspecificationTeaCosmeticElectricAppliancePreservedszechuanpickleGradeInstructionBrandPlaceoforigin 我某公司向德国出口一批农产品，合同规定其所含水份最高为15%，杂质不超过3%，但在成交前我方曾向买方寄过样品，订约后我方又电告对方成交货物与样品基本相同，货到德国后，买方验货后提出货物的质量明显比样品差的检验证明，并据此提出索赔6000英镑，我公司应如何处理？CASESTUDY CASESTUDY内地某企业与香港某商行签定一份铁井盖买卖合同。整批货物分10批每两月装运一批，每批供货500吨，货物由买方提供图样生产，并经买方验收后方可接受。合同的品质条款规定，第一，铸件表面光洁；第二，铸件不得有裂纹、气孔、夹渣和其他铸造缺陷。该合同还规定，签定后10天内，卖方须向买方预付相当于第一批货物金额10%的保证金，约合25万元，第一批500吨合格货物交货后，5天内卖方可收回保证金，货物装运前，卖方应通知买方前往产地抽样检验，并签署质量合格确认书。此合同条款有何缺陷？可能会发生什么问题？ CASESTUDYA——B——C土纸（HandMadeWritingPaper）1C有无索赔权？2品质是凭样品表示还是说明表示？ RelativestipulationsinCISGCISGArticle35CISGArticle36CISGArticle37CISGArticle46CISGArticle82