导四川师范大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明：所呈用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。本人承诺：己提交的学位论文电子版与论文纸本的内容一致。如因不符丽引起的学术声誉上的损失由本人自负。学位论文作者：予看、妖西惫签字日期：沙蛑j月匀日四川师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书本入同意所撰写学位论文的使用授权遵照学校的管理规定：学校作为申请学位的条件之一，学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在大学拥有学位论文的部分使用权，即：1)已获学位的研究牛必须按学校规定提交印刷版和电子版学位论文，可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库供检索：2)为教学、科研和学术交流目的，学校可以将公开的学位论文或解密后的学位论文作为资料在图书馆、资料室等场所或在有关网络上供阅读、浏览。本人授权万方数据电子出版社将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》，并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。同意按相关规定享受相关权益=(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)、导师签名：签字日期凶l3年岁月7臼
摘要林语堂译者主体性研究一以《苏东坡传》为例英语语言文学硕士研究生：陈代娟指导教师：杨颖育摘要译者在翻译活动中体现出的主体性贯穿于整个翻译过程，使得译者成为翻译活动中最能动的因素。然而，在翻译历史进程中，由于传统翻译研究更关注译文的忠实性，从而使得译者的地位长期处于被忽视的状态。在文化转向以后，人们逐渐意识到了译者在翻译活动中的重要性，国内外出现了大量关于译者主体性的研究，译者的重要地位也随之得以彰显。林语堂不仅是中国文化的大家，并且还因其精湛的英文创作水平和对中西文化的融会贯通而驰名中外。他不仅兼用中英文写作，同时在文学翻译上也颇有建树。为了将中国文化介绍给西方读者，林语堂翻译了大量的中国文学文化作品和哲学经典作品，其译者主体性也贯穿其整个翻译过程之中。因此，本文作者选取林语堂的翻译作品进行译者主体性的研究，并以《苏东坡传》为例，从译者的经历和翻译目的出发，研究译者在文本的选择，以及翻译策略的应用过程中体现的译者主体性。由于翻译和文化密不可分，因此译者翻译策略的选择也与文化因素息息相关。林语堂在中西两种文化中的生活经历和求学背景，使其形成了不同于同一时代其他人的文化观。在向西方传递中国传统文化的过程中，林语堂有机结合了异化和归化策略以及文化补偿、文化借用、文化调换和文化删减等翻译方法，最为有效地向读者传递文化信息，同时也展现出其对翻译作品“信、达、美”翻译标准的追求，从而体现出译者主体性在翻译过程中的重要作用。关键词：译者主体性林语堂《苏东坡传》翻译策略
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Ⅱ
Abs仃actOnLinYutang’SSubjectivityinHisTranslation·—-ACaseStudyofTheGayGenius：the三ifeandTimesofSuTungpoAbstractMACandidate：ChenDaijuanAdvisor：YangYingyuThetranslatoristhemostinitiativefactorwhoexaltshissubjectivityinthewholeprocessoftranslation．Nevertheless，itisnotdifficulttofindthatthestatusofthetranslatorhasbeenignoredforovertwothousandyearswhilelookingbacktothetranslationhistory．Traditionaltranslationstudiesmainlyfocusontheloyalty。oftheversion，whichseriouslylimitstheexertionofthesubjectivityofthetranslator．Fortunately,sincetheculturalturn，scholarsgraduallyrealizethevitalimportanceofthetranslatorintranslationactivities．Nomatterathomeorabroad，therearenumerousresearcheswhichputemphasisonthestatusofthetranslator．LinYutangisamasterofChineseculture，andmeanwhilehehasaproficientknowledgeofbothEnglishandChinese．Heisnotonlyabilingualwriterbutalsoacompetentliterarytranslatorwithplentyoftranslationworks．InordertointroducetheChineseculturetOtheWestemreaders，LinYutangtranslatesalargeamountofChinesefiteraryworks，culturalworksaswellasclassicalphilosophyworks．Hissubjectivityofthetranslatorrunsthroughthewholecourseofhistranslationactivities．Therefore，hisworkTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpoistakenastheresearchobjecttoillustratehissubjectivityofthetranslator．ThisthesisfocusesonLinYutang’Schoiceofthetextandtranslationstrategiesintranslationprocessfromtheaspectofhisexperiencesalongsidehistranslationpurposes．Ⅲ
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Duetothecloserelationshipbetweentranslationandculture，thechoosingoftranslationstrategiesisalsocloselyrelatedtoculturalfactors．TheexperiencesoflivingandstudyingintwodifferentcultureshaveshapedLinYutang’suniqueperspectivetowardsculture，whichmakeshimdifferentfromhiscontemporaries．Combiningbothforeignizationanddomesticationtranslationstrategiesalongwithvarioustranslationm．ethodsasculturalcompensation，culturalborrowing，culturaltranspositionandculturalomission，LinYutangtransmitstheculturalinformationeffectively．MeanwhileLinYutanginsistsonhispursuitoftranslationstandardsasfaithfulness，smoothnessandbeautyinhistranslationworks，whichreflectsthevitalimportanceofthetranslator’Ssubjectivityintranslatingprocess．Keywords：translator’Ssubjectivity,LinYutang，TheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesojSuTungpo。translationstrategyIV
Contents摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”IABSTRACT⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一IⅡIntroduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··1ChapterOneConceptsRelevanttotheTranslator’SSubjectivity‘·································‘51．1ASurveyofSubjectandSubjectivity⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯51．2TheTranslator’SSubjectivity⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯51．3TheRecognitionoftheTranslator’SSubjectivity⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7ChapterTwoTheStudyofLinYutangandHis‘SubjectivityinTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·ll2．1LinYutangAsaTranslatorandHisTranslationStandards⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··112．2LinYutang’SCulturalAttitudeTowardsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯17ChapterThreeTheRepresentationofLinYutang’SSubjectivityintheTranslationof砌PGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpo⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··213．1LinYutang’SSubjectivityintheChoiceofSourceText⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘223．2LinYutang’SSubjectivityinTranslationStrategies⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。243．3LinYutang’SSubjectivityintheChoiceofTranslationMethods⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。3lConclusion···⋯⋯-⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯··⋯····⋯···⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯···⋯····⋯⋯·⋯⋯····⋯·⋯⋯··47Bibliography。·⋯⋯⋯·⋯··⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯··⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯··⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯···⋯⋯··⋯··49Acknowledgments‘························································································⋯··········53V
四川师范大学硕士学位论文VI
Introduc廿OilTranslation，asacommunicationbridgetointroduceoneculturetoanother,helpsonenationtoabsorbexoticculturesandalienelements丘omothernations．Thetranslatortransfernotonlythecontentbutalsothespiritoftheoriginalwork．Therefore，thetranslatorplayaroleofvitalimportanceintranslationprocessashischoiceandcreativityareinvolvedallthewhile．However,thetranslatorhavebeenneglectedforovertwothousandyears．Theyaretreatedasthesecantsoftheoriginalorevenconsideredinvisible．Hence，researchesonthesubjectivityofthetranslatorbecome‘anecessity．：Sincetheculturalturn，thestatusofthetranslatorhasbeengraduallyrecognizedbyscholars．Thestudyofthetranslator’Ssubjectivityfi：ombothabroadandathomehasbuiltupaparadigmfortheresearchofthetranslatorandtheirworks．Numeroustranslationresearcheshavefoundthattranslationisnotrestrictedintheareaoflinguisticaspectbutculture，ideology,psychologyetc．Lefevereadvocatesthat‘'translationshouldbestudiedinconnectionwithpowerandpatronage，ideologyandpoetics”(Translation，History10)．Theideathattranslationisnotrestrictedintheareaoflinguisticaspecthaswipedofftheboundariesofthetraditionaltheoriesaboutthesubjectandsubjectivityintranslationstudies，whichnotonlyputstheinvisibletranslatorintheforeground，butalsostimulatesandstirsupthesubjectivityofthetranslator．EdwinGentzlerhasexpressedaclearintentionthat‘'translationstudiesbeganwithacalltosuspendtemporarilytheattemptstodefineatheoryoftranslation,tryingfirsttolearnmoreabouttranslationprocedures'’(78)．Therefore，thecognitiveeffortsandindividualendeavorofthetranslatorintranslationprocesshavebeenstrengthened．AsBassnettpointsout，thetranslatorhavetoask‘'thestrategiesemployed，thenormsinoperation,thediscourseoftranslators”(TranslationStudies4)．
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Thetranslatorareendowedwiththefreedomtostandwithintheenclosureorevengocrosstherestriction．Therecognitionoftranslator’Ssubjectivityhasbeenconfirmedcompletelyathomeandscholarshavebroughtouttheirownunderstandingstowardsthetopic．Accordingtothepreviousstudies，XuJunproposesthattheanswerstothequestion‘、vh0isthesubjectoftranslation'’Canbedividedintofourgroups(10)．ThefirstgroupregardsthetranslatorasthesubjectoftranslationwithitsrepresentativessuchasYuanLi，ChenDaliangandZhongWeihe．TherepresentativesofthesecondgroupasXuJun，YangWunengandZhaMingjianadvocatesthattheauthor,thetranslatorandthereaderaltogetherarethesubjectoftranslation．WhileXieTianzhen，astherepresentativeofthethirdgroupproposesthatthetranslatorandthereadershouldbethesubjectoftranslation．Thelastgroupconsiderstheauthorandthetranslatorasthesubjectoftranslation．ThereforetheauthorofthisessayhopestoinheritthespiritofpredecessorsandtakeadvantagesofthefruitfulresourcestostudythesubjectivityofamasterLinYutang．ThethesesisanattempttostudyLinYutang’Ssubjectivitypresentedinhistranslationtheoriesandtranslationpractices，aimingatanexplicitknowledgeofLinYutang’Stranslationstandards，translationstrategiesandtranslationmethodsadoptedinTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpo，andatanacademicevaluationofthesignificanceofLinYutang’Stranslationtheoriestothehistoryoftranslationtheory．Asaprominentscholar,LinYutangdedicateshiswholelifetoSino-foreigntransculturalcareerbyintroducingtremendousChineseclassicalliteraturetoforeigncountries．ThestudyofLinYutangemergedinthelate1980s．HisworksofbothliterarywritingandtranslationhavebeenstudiedfromdifferentaspectsSOthatrelatedstudieshavebeensystematicallydeveloped．PreviousstudiesonLinYutang’Ssubjectivityasatranslatorarefocusingonhistranslationworks：TheTravelsofMingliaotseandSixChaptersofaFloatingLife．ThesestudiesaremainlyrestrictedtounfoldinghistoricalrecordsonLinYutang’Stranslationactivities，exploringhisChinese·Englishtranslationversionsandcenteringontheexamplesinhisworksfrom2
theconceptoflinguistics．ThebookTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpoiswritteninEnglishbyLinYutanganditistranslatedintoChinesebyafamousscholarZhangZhenyu·A1thou曲LinYutangdoesnottranslatebookhimself,hetranslatesnumerousliteraryworksofSu脚ointoEnglishinbookTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpo．ThesetranslationversionsofSuTungpo’SliteraryworksarechosenbyauthorofthethesisasmaterialstostudyLinYutang’Ssubjectivityintranslation．PreviousresearchesofbookTheGayGenius：The工扣andTimesofSuTungpoarecenteredonLinYutang’Sculturalidentity,hishumorouslanguageorlifephilosophyofbothLinYutangandSuTungpo．While，theauthorofthisthesisresearchesLinYutang’Sfromaspectoftranslator’Ssubjectivity,hopingtofindoutthe．incisiverelevancebetweenhistranslationtheoriesandactivitiesandtOtestifyhow．。一·’‘’。⋯‘’‘。·．_LinYutangstickshistranslationworkstOhistranslationstandards．Thethesisisinnovativeintwoaspects．First，itapproachesLhlYutang’Stranslationtheoriesinanewperspective．LinYutangnotonlytranslatesalargesumofChineseclassicalworksintoEnglishbutalsocreatesnumerousliteraryworksinEnglishandself-translatestheseworksintoChinese．Therefore，theformationofLinYutang’Stranslationtheorieshasbeeninfluencedbyhisuniquesubjectivityasawriter．Second，comparedwithLinYutang’Sothertranslationworks，TheGayGenius：fJle三ifeandTimesofSu死唧Disrelativelyneglected．TherehavealreadybeenalotofresearchesonLinYutang’StranslationsTheTravelsofMingliaotseandSixChaptersofaFloatingLife．However,TheGayGenius：砌8LifeandTimesofSu死，唧Dhasneverbeenchosenasaresearchobjecttostudytranslator’SsubjectivityofLinYutang．Therefore，theauthorofthesishopesthatresearchwouldbroadenscopeofpreviousresearches．Thetheoreticalfoundationliesinphilosophicalresearchontranslator’Ssubjectivity．Asthesisisacombinationoftheoryandpractice，analyticreasoningislargelyemployed．Asfordetailedtextualanalysis，comparativeanddescriptive
四川师范大学硕士学位论文approachesareadoptedintranslationstrategiesandtranslationmethods．Thethesisconsistsofthreechapters．Chapteronestartswiththepresentationofthetheoriesofsubjectandsubjectivityandfurtherelaboratestheconceptofthetranslator'ssubjectivity．ChaptertwostudiesLinYutang’Stranslationtheoriesandculturalattitudetowardstranslation．ChapterthreeemphasizeshowLinYutangputshistranslationtheoriesintopracticebasedontheanalysisofTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpoandmakesin—depthresearchontheinfluenceofhissubjectivityonthechoiceoftranslationstrategiesandmethods．4
ChapterOneConceptsRelevanttotheTranslator’SSubjectivityThispartistoclarifysuchtermsas“subject”，“subjectivity'’，“thesubjectoftranslation'’and‘'thetranslator’Ssubjectivity'’．1．1ASurveyofSubjectandSubiectivi锣Accordingtophilosophy,subjectreferstotheonewhohasthecapacitytoperceiveandpracticetowardsnonego．Nonego，astheoppositionofthesubject，istheobjectperceivedandpracticedbythesubject．ForDescartes，thefounderofmodemphilosophyinFrance，the“subject”issomethingthatthinks，whichisexemplifiedinhismotto“Ithink，thereforeIam'’(Descartes27)．Whilesubjectivity,theessentialcharacterofsubject，isrepresentedinactivitieswhenthesubjectischangingtheobject．Inotherwords，thesubjectrepresentedinperceiving，conducting，affectingandrecreatingtheobjectischaracterizedbysubjectivity,whichincludesmotivation，creation,andinitiativespiritofthesubject．1．2TheTranslator’sSubjectivityThispartisgoingtodiscusstheissueof‘'thesubjectoftranslation'’and‘‘thetranslator’Ssubjectivity'’．1．2．1TheSubjectofTranslafionAsisagreedintheacademiccircleoftranslation，theobjectoftranslationisthesource-languagetext．However,whenitcomestothequestionwhoisthesubjectoftranslatio玛therearedifferentvoices．5
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Accordingtohisresearchonthesubjectoftranslation,ZhaMingjianpointsoutthattheanswertothequestiondependsontheunderstandingoftranslation(21)．Headvocatesthattheentirewriteroftheoriginal,thetranslatoraswellasthereaderarethesubjectoftranslationaccordingtotheconnectionofalltranslationaspects．WhileChenDaliangregardsthetranslatorasthesubjectoftranslation(6)．1．2．2TheSubjectivityofTranslationThephilosophicalinvestigationinsubjectalongwithsubjectivityhasbeenalongtradition．Whiletherelevancebetweensubjectivityandtranslationhasbeenignoredanddeniedthroughoutthetranslationtheory．Theargumentonwhethertranslationisascienceoranarthaslongbeendebatedamongthescholars．Andthereremainsnodefiniteanswertothequestion,whichputsthetranslatorintoaparadoxicalsituation．However,nooneCandenythesubtlebutconsiderabledifferencesbetweentwoversionsofoneoriginalwork，norCanoneignorethecognitiveendeavorofthetranslatorincomprehendingandinterpretingtheoriginalwork．Accordingtothegeneralsurveyofthetranslationstudiesinhistory,translator’ssubjectivityhasexperiencedthreestagesofinvestigation(胡庚申111)．Inthefirststage，thesubjectivityofthetranslatorareoverlookedandtreatedtoogeneralandsuperficialasthecontemporarilylinguistics-basedtheoriesisthemaintrendatthattime．Andthiscanbeinferredfromthemetaphoricalimagesofthetranslatoras‘‘SheRen'’(舌人)(陈福康3)．Then,inthesecondstage，thetranslator’Schoiceintranslationprocessleadstothegrowinginterestamongpublicintheresearchforthetranslator'ssubjectivity．Althoughthetranslator’Sroleandfunctionhavebeenrecognized，thesystematicandcomprehensivestudiesarestilldwarfed．Eventually,inthelaststage，theintellectualmovementofdeconstructionhaspavedawayforthetranslatorand，atthesametimedethronedthetraditionalthinkingonsourcelanguagetext．Thenewemphasisonthesubjectivityhasmadethetranslatoracentralconcernbyfurtheringthediscoveryandevaluationoftranslationascreativeandproductiveresuk．6
里!呈竺里堡圣璺!!!坚!!堡呈望兰竺!竺竺∑!竺堕!堂笪1．3TheRecognitionoftheTranslator’SSubjectivityWhenfacedwiththenewinnovationemerginginthemultipleperiod，thetraditionalinterpretationaboutthetranslatorisprovedtobeembarrassedandsoonbeingdevoured．Asthehighdegreeofinvolvementintranslationprocess，noonecandenythefunctionofthetranslator’Ssubjectivity．Traditionaltranslationtheoriesputtheoriginaltextandtheversionintotwoextremepolesinwhmhtheoriginaltextislikemalewhiletheversionislikefemale．Duetotheinterdisciplinaryrelevanceamongliberalarts，theclassificationofvariousdisciplinesbecomesadifficultthing．Nevertheless，astherehasbeenalargeamountoftranslationstudiesinrecentdecades，thepursuitoftheautonomyoftranslationhasbecomeadominantinclination．Sincethe1970s，scholarsofthetranslationcircleinwesterncountrieshavedoubtedwhetherlinguisticaspectistheonlyapproachtowardstranslation．They’propose．thattranslation：be—considered—asan．independent—comprehensivesystem．Afterwards，SusanBassnettandAndreLefevereadopttheterm“CulturalTurn'’intheircollectionTranslation，HistoryandCulturetostresstheculturalaspectsoftranslationaswellasthecontextsitoccurs．Lefevereadvocatesthat‘'translationshouldbesmdiedinconnectionwithpowerandpatronage，ideologyandpoetics”(Translation，History10)．Undoubtedly,theideathatthecognitiveeffortsandindividualendeavorintervenedwithtranslationprocesshasbeenstrengthenedaRerthe“CulturalT1肺’’．“CulturalTurn'’wipesofftheboundariesofthetraditionaltheoriesaboutthesubjectandsubjectivityintranslationstudies．EdwinGentzlerhasexpressedaclearintentionthat‘'translationstudiesbeganwithacalltosuspendtemporarilytheattemptstodefineatheoryoftranslation,tryingfirsttolearnmoreabouttranslationprocedures'’(78)．AsBassnettpointsout，thetranslatorhastoask‘'thestrategiesemployed,thenormsinoperation,thediscourseoftranslators”(TranslationStudies4)．“CulturalTurn'’notonlyputstheinvisibletranslatorintheforeground,butalsostimulatesandstirsupthesubjectivityofthetranslator．Generallyspeaking，peoplebegintoregardtranslationasanactivecreationand7
四川师范大学硕士学位论文admitthatthetranslatormanipulatestheoriginaltextactivelyandpositivelyintranslationprocessafter‘‘CulturalTurn'’．“CulturalTum'’，ononehand，altersthetraditionaltranslationtheorywhichmakestheversionsubordinatetotheoriginalone．Ontheotherhand，itadvocatestheleadingroleofthetranslator．Thetranslator,whogivesbirthtotheversion,hasdifferentexperiencesaccordingtotheirownhistoricalbackgrounds，whichwouldmoreorlessbefoundintheirversions．Thesubjectivitydeterminestheindependentvalueandaestheticstyleoftheversion，whichexaltsthestatusoftheoriginalmaterialinthetargetlanguageculture．Therefore，thetranslator’Ssubjectivityplaysquiteasignificantroleintransferringthetext．1．3．1DeconstructionTheoriesandTheirInfluenceonTranslationDeconstruction,whichcomesinvogueinthemid-1960’SwithitsdistinguishedrepresentativesasMichelFoucaultandJacqueDen-ida，hasexerteddeepinfluenceonthedevelopmentofWesterntranslationtheories．AccordingtoFoucault，theoriginaltextisnotthereflectionofcreativityandinspirationbutaresultattachedtotheinstitutionalsystemsinspecifichistoricalawareness(358)．TheunderstandingofonespecifictextislimitedtothecontemporaryperiodSOthatitistiedtoothertextswithinaspecifichistoricalcontextinsteadofafixedidentity．Derridathinksthatastheoriginaltextitselfisnotultimateorunified，therecanbeendlessunderstandingsandvarioustranslationversionsaccordingtoonespecifictext(279)．Sincethereisnofixedmeaning，thepurposeofthetranslatorisnottorepresentthetextcompletelyanymore．Thereisnoultimatemeaningofaspecifictext．Derrida’Sperspectivere-evaluatestheimportanceoftranslationastheafter-lifeofatext(Bassnett9)．Translationiscontinuityandanewlifeinanotherlanguage，whichexistsbeyondthemeansoftheauthor．Therefore，therelevancebetweentheoriginaltextandtranslationversionhasbeenaltered．Themeaningoftheoriginaltextcannotbefixedpermanentlybutconfirmedtemporarilyinthecontext，whichindicatesthattranslationisnotapassiveprogressbut
ConceptsRelevanttotheTranslator’sSubjectivityanpositiveonecallingforthetranslator’Sactiveparticipant．Andthis，atthesametime，inspiresthetranslatortoconducttheirsubjectivitytoseekforthemeaningoftheoriginaltextbylanguageswitchesinsteadofimitating．Duetothedifferentexperiencesofdifferenttranslators，theoriginaltexthasbeenrewrittenandre—evaluatecontinuouslyduringthetranslationprocess．Declaringthenecessityofconductingsubjectivity,deconstructiontheoreticallyconfn'mstheimportanceofthetranslator．Atthesametime，withthespreadofdeconstructionisrn,translationpracticebecomesmoreactiveandfruitful．1．3．2HermeneuticTheoriesandTheirInterpretationofTranslationAsabranchofphilosophy,hermeneuticsisthestudyofthecomprehensionandinterpretationofthetext．WithHans-GeorgGadamerandGeorgeSteinerasitsrepresentatives，Hermeneuticsisanotherkindofdemonstrationoftherelationship●betweenphilosophyandtranslation．AccordingtoGadamer,translationimpliesanactofinterpretationwhilethetranslationprocesscanbetheinterpretationprocess(Philosophical262)．Hethinksthatthereremainshistoricalrelativityandculturaldiversifyundercertainconditions．Andhumanbeingsarerestrictedinacertaintradition，whichcausestheexistenceofinevitably”prejudice”．Andasthejudgmentofaninterpreter,suchkindofprejudiceisformedinspecifichistoricalconditions．Steinermakesfurtherstudiesoftranslationprocessfromthedomainofhermeneutics．Steinerfirstappliedphilosophicalhermeneutictheoriestotranslation．InhismasterpieceAfterBabel．"AspectsofLanguageandTranslation，Steinerputsforwardafour-stepmotion,whichisainformedresearchinthehistoryoftranslation．Thiskindoffour-stephermeneuticprocedurecontainsinitiativetrust，aggression,incorporationandcompensation(312—415)．Trust，asthefirststep，meansthatthetranslatoradmitsthesourcelanguagetexttobesomethingmeaningful．Thenaggression，asthesecondstep，meansthatthetranslatorentersthesourcelanguagetext，graspingalongwithtakingsomethingouton9
四川师范大学硕士学位论文allinitiativepurposeinsteadofpassivetrusting．Ononehand，translationisacomplexcenterwheredifferentthinkingsystems，languagesystemsaswellasculturalbackgroundfloodtogether．Ontheotherhand，translationbringsaboutconflictscausedbyvariousfactorsastheconflictbetweenthetranslatorandtheauthor,thetranslationversionandthesourcelanguagetextalongwiththetargetcultureandthesourceculture．Incorporation,asthethirdstepoftheprocess．meansthatafterabsorbingsomethingfromthesourcelanguagetext，thetranslatorbringsbackwhathehasgraspedandpouredenergyintoitbywelldealingwiththerelevancebetweendomesticationandforeignization．Thelaststep，compensation，istoachieveabalancebygivingbackasmuchaswhathasbeentakeninthesourcelanguagetextduringtranslationprocess．Atranslationprocesscanbeacompleteoneonlywhenthesefourstepshavebeentotallycompleted．thinkinghasexertedprofoundinfluenceontheforegroundoftranslationtheories．Itadmitstheexistenceoftheoriginalmeaningandputsemphasisontheinterpretationofsubjectivitywhichinevitablycallsforthesubjectivityofthetranslator．10
TheStudyOilLinYutangandHisSubiecli、哇tyinTramlatiOilChapterTwoStudyofLinYutangandHisSubjectivityinTranslationLinYutang’Scomprehensiveknowledgeofphilosophy,religion,culturealongwithhiswell-versedbilingualandbiculturalcompetencemakehimanaU-roundtranslator．Havinginheritedthetranslationtheory,therenownedmasterhasmadeabreakthroughintranslationstudies．2．1LinYutangAsaTranslatorandH．isT．ranslationStandardsThispartisgo吨todiscussLinYutang’s“OnTranslation”，therequirementsforEnglish-Chinesetranslators，analysisofLinYutang’Stranslationstandardsandsentencetranslation．2．1．1LinYutang’s‘‘OnTranslation’’Translationtheoryisthecrystallizationofthetranslator’Spracticeintranslationprocess；Whichgivesguidancetothepracticeofthetranslatorconversely．Asaresultofpractice，translationtheoriesalsoreflectthetranslator’Ssubjectivity．Thecloserelevancebetweentheoriesandpracticesplaysasignificantroleinthepursuitofendlessknowledge．Itistheoreticalperspectivethatmakeshumanactivitypossibleandnarrowsdownthescopesofpracticalchoicesintheobjectiveworld．Atthesametime，duetotheaccumulationofexperiencegatheredfromfumblinginpracticalactivities，theoriescomeintobemgandleadthepracticetosucceedinturn．LinYutang’Stranslationpractice，inlinewithhisaestheticinclinationandsensitivitytothesubtleeffectofChinesephilosophy,canbereg砌edastheimplemematmnofhistranslationstandardsandprinciples．Amonghisabundantworks11
四川师范大学硕士学位论文abouttranslation,Ontranslationisthemostcomprehensiveandsystematictheoreticalarticle．BeingtheprefacetothemonographTranslationTheorieswrittenbyWuShutian，OnTranslationservesasacrystallizationofLinYutang’Stranslationtheories，whichnotonlyexpoundsthestandardoftranslationbutalsosummarizeshistranslationskillsdrawnfromhisowntranslationexperience．OnTranslationcontainsthreeparts，includingrequirementsfortranslators，thestandardoftranslationandsentencetranslation．2．1．2TheRequirementsForEnglish-ChineseTranslatorsInthebeginningofOnTranslation，LinYutangproposesthattranslationisafineart(qtd．in罗新璋417)．TranslationcontainseverynatureasartSOthatthereisnoconventionintranslation．Thatistosay,translationisproductioninsteadofreproduction．Thetranslatormustregardtranslationasanart，ofwhichthequalityisdeterminedbythecompetenceofthetranslator．Themostprominentdiscrepancybetweenscienceandartliesintheconventiontheystickto．Scienceisrationalandlineable，andalwaysseeksforparticularruleswhileartcomesintheoppositewayandmovesbeyondboundaries．LinYutangaddressesthreerequirementsforEnglish-Chinesetranslators．First，thetranslatorarerequiredtoholdanoverallunderstandingoftheformandcontextofthesourcelanguagetext．Andthen,thetranslatormustbeversedwithChineselanguageSOthatthesourcetextcanbeexpressedclearlyandsmoothly．Thelastthingisthepracticeontranslation(qtd．in罗新璋417)．Thetranslatorshouldholdappropriateperspectivestowardstranslationstandardand‘‘operations”．“Operations’’herereferstoskillsandmethods．OthercontemporariesinLinYutang’Stimearekeenonthecontroversyoverliteraltranslationandfreetranslation．TherationalityandlinearityofwesternphilosophyhavenurturedLinYutangwithwesternacademicthinkingways．InsteadofregardingtranslationasafinalresuRorproduct，LinYutangpreferstoconsideritasaprocess．Linguisticandpsychologicalproblemsshouldbedearwithwhiledoingresearchin
TheStudyonLinYutangandHisSubjectivityinTranslationtranslation．Inotherwords，theproblemoftranslationcanalsobetheproblemoflinguisticsandpsychology．2．1．3AnAnalysisofLinYutang’STranslationStandardsInOnTranslation，LinYutangputsforwardthreetranslationstandards，whicharefaithfulness，smoothnessandbeauty(qtd．in罗新璋419-430)．ThesethreestandardsareinheritedfromYanFu。Sclassicalstandardsknownasfaithfulness，expressivenessandelegance，whichmakegreatinfluenceonthetranslatorbehind．LinYutangisdefinitelyasuccessfulcontinuator．2．1．3．1StandardofFaithfulnessfeatureofLinYutang’Stranslationstyleistoabsorbthespiritofthesourcetextfirst，andthenexplainitinsimplebutaccurateEnghsh．Itisdifficultforatranslatortotranslateeveryaspectofasentencesinceasentencecontainsthemeaning，thecontentandthestyleoftheoriginaltext．Therefore，thefaithfulnessprovidedbyLinYutangcanleavemoreroomforthetranslatortoexerttheirsubjectivitytowardstheoriginaltext．Thetranslatornotonlyneedstotranslatethemeaningofthetextbutalsoexpressitsspirit，whichiscalledfeeling-tonebyLinYutang(qtd．in罗新璋420)．Heexplainsthistermfromtheaspectoflinguisticsandpsychology．Thefunctionoflanguageisnotonlytopresenttheimagesbutalsotoexchangeemotionalfeelings．LinYutangisopposedtoabsolutefaithfulness，asthereisnopossibilityforthetranslatortotranslateallthedetailsorartisticconceptionofaspecifictext．Amongthefourdegreesof“faithfulness”asliteraltranslation，deadtranslation，freetranslationandfalsetranslation，deadtranslationcompletelycopiestheoriginalwordsandsentencesintotargetlanguageregardlessofthetruemeaningofthesourcetextaswellasthegrammarinthetargetlanguage．Oppositely,falsetranslationistheextremeoffleetranslation．Therefore，bothfiteraltranslationandfleetranslationcannotbeusedastranslatingprocedure．Inthiscase，thetranslatoroftenfollowtheirowninclinationsinaccordancewiththeirpurposetokeeptheversionsmoothlyorelegantly．
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Then，LinYutangbringsoutthetermsas‘'wordtranslation'’and”sentencetranslation”whichwouldbeamoreaccuratedescriptionoftranslatingprocedure．LinYutangfiguresoutthatword-for-wordtranslationisreasonable，however,itmaydistortthecontinuousmeaningofthewholesentence(qtd．in罗新璋421)．Thus，itisadvisableforthetranslatortoleaveoutsomeunnecessaryindividualwordsandtranslatetheessentialmeaningofthesentence．Meanwhile，thetranslatoralwaysunderstandthesourcetextonthebasisofeachsentenceratherthaneachword．2．1．3．2TheStandardofSmoothnessWhiledealingwithsmoothness，LinYutangstudiesitfromtheaspectofpsychologyandpointsoutthatthenormalprocessofwritingputsemphasisonanalyzinginsteadofitsorganization(qtd．in罗新璋428)．Inordertoreachthegoalofsmoothness，thetranslatorhastoputsentencesintofirstconsideration．Translationshouldnotbeconductedbywordbutbysentence．Also，whatthetranslatorhastobeloyaltoisnotthewordoftheoriginaltextbutthesentencesmadeupbywords．Smoothnessisamajordeterminantforfaithfulnessanditadvocatesthatnoauthorwouldwriteanarticleasacompositionofapileofwordsbutonthebasisoftheanalysis．Toreachthisgoal，thetranslator,ononelland，shouldhaveathoroughandpreciseinterpretationanddigestionoftheoriginalsentenceandthenexpressitidiomaticallyinChinese．Ontheotherhand，thetranslatormustmakesurethattherenderingoftheoriginalmeaningisaccordancewithChinesewayofthinking．2．1．3．3TheStandardofBeautyFaithfulnessandsmoothnessareexpoundedonthelevelofoperation,whilethelaststandard,‘'beauty'’，isdiscussedphilosophically．Thetranslatorhastobecarefulenoughintheprocessofchoosingwordsandphrasesinordertomaketheversionbeautifulandreadable．‘'Inadditiontofunctionality,translationshouldhaveitsaestheticpursuit”(qtd．in罗新璋429-430)．Thefunctionoftranslationismorethanatoolforcommunicationamongdifferentlanguagesystems．Itshouldhaveartistic
TheStudyonLinYutangandHisSubjectivityinTranslationpursuitforthepeoplewhoreadtranslationversionsforhigheraestheticeIljoymem．translatormusthaveagreatfacultyofreceptiontograspthespiritoftheauthoratfirst，andthentoexerthissubjectivitytomaketheversion，especiallyforliteraryworks，inaccordancewiththeaestheticquality．Aestheticquality,oneoftheprominentstandardstoevaluatethecompetencyofthetranslator，isdeterminedbythediscrepancybetweenEnglishandChinese．Thetranslatorshouldtakeresponsibilitytotreathistranslationcircumspectlyandmakemuchefforttokeepitafineart，especiallyforliteratureworks．ThesethreetranslationstandardsaregreatlyinfluencedbyLinYutang’Ssubjectivityasawriter．Cultivatedinbothbilingualismandbiculturalism,LinYutanghasagoodcommandofcreatingoriginalworksinbothChineseandEnglish．Forinstance，amonghisabundantworks，thereareoriginalEnglishwritingsasImportanceofLiving(《生活的艺术》)．，砌8WisdomofLaotse(《老子的智慧》．)．砀8·‘‘-．WisdomofConfucius(《孔子的智慧》)etc．LiterarywritingsofLinYutangembodyauniquespiritualworldofhimandaccompanyhimasamilTorinhiscreativeactivitiesfromthebeginningtotheend．Focusingontheessentialpartoftheindividualfeelings，LinYutangstressesontheexpressionofheartfreefromanyrestrictionsandconstraints．Literarywritingisacreativeactivitythatcompletelydisplaysthesubjectivityandmentalstatusaswellaspsychologyofthewriter．Asaresultofcreating，thiskindofspiritualactivityreflectsthenatureofthesubjectsufficientlyandcompletely．Theleadingroleofsubjectivityinliterarywritingliesinthecreativityofthework，includingthecreationofthefigures，thecircumstancesanddetailsofastory．Showingthespiritualworldofthecreativesubject，workscanoftenbereflectionofone’Spersonality．Asthepersonalityofthewriterisinaccordancewiththeart’scharacterofhisworks．Consequently,literarywritingisarepresentationofthespiritualworldofthewriterwithoutanyhidingattempts．Thespiritualworld,psychologicalstatusalongwithpersonalityofthesubjectarecloselyrelatedwiththeaestheticinclinationandculturalawarenessSOthatthestyleofone’Sworkisusuallysimilartothecharacterofitswriterandembodieshisemotionalandspiritualideas．Forinstance，
四川师范大学硕士学位论文theauthorofDreamsofRedMansions,CaoXueqin,whowitnessestheupsanddownsofhisownfamily,hasdeeplyexperiencedthepartingsandreunionoflifeSOthathehasthesympatheticvisagetothecollapseoftheJia’Sfamily．Accordingtodifferentsubjectswhohavevariousexperiencestowardstheobjectiveworldandbuildupdissimilarwoesandsorrowsoflife，therewillbedifferentobjectstOcreate．Evenonecertainobjectmayresukinhugediscrepanciesamongthem．Thesubjectivityofthewriterbringsforththediversityandmultiformityoftheart．Generallyspeaking，thestyleandthecharacteroftheworkaredeterminedbythecharacterandpersonalityofthecreativitysubject．Articlesarenotapileofwordsandsentencesinthepaperbutmelodiesinsoulandheart．Fromtheaspectofpsychology,LuShuyuanpointsoutthatthepriorcontrolinliterarywritingshouldbefoundonthebasisofintegrationandcentralizedoftherationality,awarenessandemotionofthewriter,whichiscalledpersonalitycontrol(鲁枢元102．103)．AftermovingtoAmericanwithhisfamilyin1936，LinYutangtriedoriginalwritinginEnglishandbroughtouttheideaof“xinglin”(性灵)．Thiskindofwritingfocusesonindividualself(沈永宝184)．AsLinYutanghimselfpointsoutthateveryonehashisowncharacter,andwhenthiskindofcharactercomestoliterature，itbecomes“xing1／n”(论性灵238)．TheouterworldstimulatestheinnerheartofLinYutangandpusheshimtoexplodehismixtureemotionsbysettingoffhiscreativesubjectivity．Hisindividualsubjectivityurgeshimtocommentontheobjectiveworld．Generallyspeaking，theidentityofLinYutang’Sbeingawriterhasgreatlyinfluencedhissubjectivityasatranslator,especiallyintheaspectoftheformationofhistranslationtheories，whichdistinguisheshimfromothertranslators．2．1．4AnalysisonLinYutang’s“SentenceTranslation’’InhismostimportantarticleOnTranslation，LinYutangpresentsacentralperspectiveontranslationpractice，thatis“sentencetranslation'’．LinYutang’Stranslationtheoriesoverwhelmedbyhis‘‘operation'’usedintranslatingprocessresultintheraisingofsentencetranslation．Sentenceisnotamechanicalsummarizationof
individualwordsbutthesovereignunitofmeaning．Thisismorethanalinguisticissue．SentencetranslationcallsforalloverallmasteryofdiscrepanciesofChineseandEnglishonsyntacticstructure，andmoreimportantly,itstandsfortheconceptionofauniquecultureastheculturalthinkingwaysaremirroredinthesequenceofalanguage．B0thword-for-wordtranslationandsentencetranslationarebasedontheunderstandingandanalyzingoftranslationmethods．Word-for-wordtranslationandsentencetranslationaredefinitelynotanothercoupleoftermsofliteraltranslationand丘eetranslationbuttwonewtranslationstandards．Nevertheless，word-for-wordtranslationseparatestheintimaterelationshipofsentencesfromthecontextbytranslatingthewordsindividuallyandthenaddsupthesefragmentarymeaningintoasuperficiallycompletesentences．Whilesentencetranslationrefusestotreatwordasallindependentunitofmeaningasthemeaningofwordvariesfromdifferentsentences·Thereisnoneedtomerelyfollowthetranslationofwords，whichisalsoanimpossibleassignment．LinYutangstressesthesignificanceofcoherenceandcontinuityofwordsinonesentence(qtd．in罗新璋422)．Thetranslatorneedstocomprehendthemeaningofonesentenceoftheoriginalonawholeandthenexpressesitonthebasisofthegrammarofthetargetlanguage．Itisgoodtomaintaintheformoftheoriginalsentenceifthecontentiscompletelyexpressedundersuchcircumstance．However,ifthemeaningofthesentenceislostbecauseoftheideatokeepthemeaningofeverywordthetranslatorhastosacrificesomewordsandfhldsthemostapproximatewaytOconductthemeaningtransferring．Asacompetenttranslator,LinYutangobviouslyrealizeshisresponsibilityofintroducingChineseculturetowesterncountries．Thefluencyoftranslationshouldbesentence．basedandinaccordancewithChinesewritmgstyle．Asasummarizationofthepreviousstudiesontranslation,sentencetranslationisacceptedbytheacademiccircle．2．2LinYutang’SCulturalAttitudeTowardsTranslation
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Theformationofaperson’Sideology,psychology,attitudetowardslifeandpersonalityiscloselyconnectedtohisgrown-upenvironment．LinYutang’Shometown,hisfatheralongwithChristianaltogetherhaveagreatinfluenceonhim．Withnodoubt，LinYutang。Sworldviewsarerelatedtohischildhood．BorninaChristianfamily,hegetsChristianeducationataveryyoungage，whichformsasignificantpartofhisearlythinking．ReadingBibleandprayingatnight，LinYutang’ShumorousandimaginativefatherbringsinaChristianwayoflifeandoffershischildrenawarmandfi'iendlyfamilyatmosphere．Later,LinYutangcontinueshisChristianstudiesfromprimaryschooltothecollege．Thiskindofuniqueeducationexperienceleadstohisexquisiteknowledgeofwesternlanguage，history,philosophyandculture．Heenjoysallunsophisticatedandplainlifeinhishometown，aremotevillageinFujianprovince，aplacesurroundedbypicturesquemountainsandrivers．Havinggrownupinsuchasmallvillageoftranquility,theinnerheartandsouloflittleLinYutanghavebeenprofoundlyinfluenced．Thepicturesquemountainouslandscapehasendowedhim，withpurehappinessofasimplelifewithoutsorrowandanxiety,whichbecomesthefoundationofhiscarel臣eepersonality．Atthesametime，theexperienceoflivinginthatpoorvillagehelpshimtobuildupanoverallunderstandingofthelifeofthepoorwithhisowneyesandraisehismercyforthepeople丘omlowerclass．AfterbeingappointedtobeateacherinTsingHuauniversity,helargelyabsorbstheknowledgeonChinesehistory,language，literature，andespeciallythephilosophyofConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhismandfinallyfindshimselfinthede印interestofChineseculture．HavingabsorbedChineseculture，heexpressesitinEnglishthroughhisowncomprehension．Duringhis30years’stayingabroad，LinYutanghastranslatednumerousworkstocarryoutcommunicationbetweenSino—foreigncultures．Hemakesgreatcontributiontobreakingdownboundariesamongnationalitiesofculture．Hisattitudetowardseasternandwesternculturescanbebestexpressedbyhisself-evaluation“versedwithbothorientalandwesternculture，concentratedinreviewingwritingsoftheworld'’(林太乙86)．LinYutangapplieshimselftoseekforawaytointegrate
Chinesewithwesternculturesbycomparingdiscrepanciesandsimilaritiesbetweenthem．Consequently,havingbeennursedbythebeautyofnature，warmfamilyloveandkind-heartedChristiandoctrines，LinYutanghasestablishedtheperceptionsofhumanismandsimplicity．Atthesametime，bothwestemandeasterncultureshaveequippedhimwithmultiplephilosophicalperceptionsandideologies。LinYutang’Suniqueculturalidentitygreatlyinfluenceshistranslationactivitiesofdeliveringculturestothewesterncountries．Hehastotakethewesterners’understandingintoconsiderationandmaintainthetruecolorofeasterntraditionalculture．Withthedevelopmentofmodemmaterialisticcivilization,thereexistsanimbalanceofmaterialisticprosperity,resultinginthespiritualdegradation．Thewestemerstrytoseekforashieldtohealtheirmodemdiseaselikespiritualdesolationandmora、lretrogression,prevailingintheirsocietyduringthatfickletime．Thencomesthetraditionalphilosophy．Themaintainanceofthequintessenceofthisnewcomingphilosophyisadoptedasthelaststrawtothewestemers．WhathashappenedinSu’Slifeareallbasedonwayandculture．SuputshispassionandadmirationintothebeautyofnatureSOthatthelandscapesofmountains，riversandplantsaroundhimoftenappeartobetheobjectinhisworks．Su’SsoulofchasingforleisureandfreedomisexactlywhatLinYutanghopestoexpressbetweenthelines．ThuschoosingthelifeandtimesofSuTungpoashissourcetextisexactlyinaccordancewithhisattitudetowardslifeandphilosophy．Atthesametime，thebookisalsoinrelationtoLinYutang’Sliteratureviewswhichisbasedonhisenthusiasticintraditionalliterature，especiallyhispreferencetoancientpoemsandproses．Thedesiretocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultureistheoriginofoccurrenceoftranslation,makingtranslation’Sbeingcloselyrelatedwithculture．Asasignificantchannelforcommunication，translationinspiresthedevelopmentofculturalexchange．
四川师范大学硕士学位论文20
ChapterThreeTheRepresentationofLinYutang’SSubjectivityintheTranslationofTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuThebookTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpocompletelydepictsthecharacteristicsofthegreatChinesescholarSuTungpo，includinghisda坶life，landscapetravelingandcareer．Atthesametime，itconciselyandvividlyreappearsthelivingconditionandlifeattitudeofordinaryChinesepeople．Beingaversatiletalent，SuTungpo’Slifeismuchmorecolorful,changeablebutjoyfulthananyotherpoetsinChinesehistory．Hisfeelingsofinnerheartaretotallyreflectedinhisworks，whichhewritesfornootherreasonthanthathedesirestOwrite．Thereadercansensethevibrationofhumanaffection，amongwhicharehappinessandsorrows．SuTungpohasastrongpowerofmorality，whichstartswhenheisbornandlaststhroughouthiswholelife．AndthiskindofmoralitysupportsSuTung-potogetthroughdifficultiesinhiswholelife．Althoughhehasalwaysbeeninvolvedinpolitics，heisneverastutewithevilpurposesjustasotherofficersdo．Hekeepsexpressingwhathisinnerheartwantstoregardlesswhateverwouldhappentohim．Akhoughbeingpersecuted，heneverstopshisstepschasingforaneasyandcarefi'eefife，whichembodiesChineseintellectuals’attitudestoseekfornaturebeautyandthefreedomdespiteofsufferingfi：ommisfortunes．Therefore，LinYutangpourshispersonalemotionintothedescriptionofnaturalscenery,showinghisaestheticinclinationtowardssimplebeauty．Definitely,LinYutangadmiresSuTungpo’SattitudetowardslifeandregardshimasthetypicalfigureofidealChineseeasyandcarefreelife，whoisshowingtheunique21
四川师范大学硕士学位论文charmingoftraditionalChinesephilosophyandreflectingpeople。SwilltOcomebacktotheembraceofnature．Withoutdoubt，toLinYutang，alifeofsimplicityisthemostdesirabletreasureintheuniverse．AlthoughwritteninEnglish，thebookstillcontainslotsofChineseelements．ThewholestowisunfoldedaroundSuTungpo’Sdailylife，travelingexperienceandpoliticalcareer,whichcoverstheChinesepeoplefromallwalksoflife，localcustomsandtraditionalphilosophy．AllofthesethingsaretightlyrelatedtoChineseculturalconcepts．Forexample，SuTungpooncewroteapoem,inwhichhesaid“Theunremittingwheelsoftimeturnround，andwetothisterrestriallifearebound．Thefa时wenttOhiscelestialhomeandlefthisdeeruponthesaintedmound'’(林语堂59)．Itisaboutalegendarywhitedeer,whichisasymbolcompanionoftheTaoist．FromthepoemitcanbeinferredthatLinYutang’SworksaretightlyrelatedtotraditionalChineseculture，whichincludesalargeamountofpureChineseexpressionsusedbyancestors．Therefore，LinYutang’Ssubjectivityasatranslatoriscompletelyrevealedintheprocessoftranslating．3．1LinYutang’sSubjectivityintheChoiceofSourceTextCulturealwaysgoeswithlanguage．Whenatextistranslatedfromonelanguagetoanother,theculturalinformationiscertainlytransferred．ProperlyexpectingtheunderstandingdegreeofthereadeLthetranslatorremovestheobstaclesbetweenthetwoculturesandtranslatethesourcetextinappropriateways．ThereasonforatranslatortoselectonecertaintextCanbedifferent．Onthebasisoftheanalysisofdifferenttranslatorsandtheirtextsbeingchosen，thefactorsinfluencingtheirchoicescanbeconcludedintotwostages：themacroscopicperspectiveandthemicroscopicperspective．Fromthefirstperspective，thereasonCanbecorrespondingtosocialenvironmentincludingpolitics，economyandculture．ThephenomenoncanbeeasilyfoundinthelateQingDynasty．FacedwiththeOpiumwars，Qinggovernment
appointsofficialsasLinZexu，FengYoulanandYahfutotranslatetextsofadvancedpolitics，economicsystemsandsciencetechnologyfromthewest，whichreflectsthedeterminantfunctionofsocialcircumstanceininfluencingthetranslator'schoiceofsourcetexts．Fromthesecondperspective，intherealizationoftranslation，thetranslator'ssubjectivitymaychangeaccordingtolinguisticandculturalfactors，whichismoreobviousinthechoosingandinterpretingprocessoftheoriginaltext．First，asanexcellenttranslator,LinYutangalwayschoosesthesourcetextsofwhichthestylesareclosetohisownworkSOthathecanbefullyengagedinexpressingthemduringthetranslatingprocess．LinYutangalwaysrespectsSuTungpoasamanwithgreatpersonality,creativityandsympathyandheiswillingtochoosethetopicofthelifeofSuTungpoasthethemeofhiswriting．LinYutangconsidersSuTungpoashisspiritualtutor,whocomfortshisinnerheartandguideshimtoapeacefulstatuswhenheisindifficultsituations．LinYutang’Sexperience，waysofthinkingandaaitudetowardslifeareinaccordancewithSuTungpoasiftheyareintimatefriends．Evenwhentheyareexperiencinghardtime，theyenjoythehappysideoflife．Second，bothLinYutangandSuTungpoholdthesimilarattitudetowardsphilosophy．AsLinYutangdescribesSuTungpoinhisbookthat‘'outoftheBuddhistfaithtoannihilatelife，theConfucianfaithtoliveit，andtheTaoistfaithtosimplifyit，anewamalgamwasformedinthecrucibleofthepoet’Smindandperceptions”(The7)．TheideallifeofConfucianismistorealizethetruthoflife，whichliesintheprocessofenjoyingpureandsimplelife．SuTungpoalwaystrystofindwaystosurpassthedifficultiesandlivehappily．Atthesametime，SuTungpoisapursuerofTaoism．WhileheistravelingalongtheYangtseGorges，heseesalotoftemplesonthemountains，whichremindshimofTaoistsaintswhooncelivedinthe“Fairies’City'’．Heimmediatelywritesapoemtodescribethecircumstance．Thepoemisaboutalegendarydeer，whichisregardedasthecompanionoftheTaoistandatthesametimeisthesymbolofTaoismspirit．WhileLinYutangisalsoanadmirerofConfucianismaswellasTaoism,whichcanbebestexemplifiedinhisbooks：TheWisdomofConfuciusandTheWisdomofLaotse．LinYutangappreciatesTaoismSOmuchanditistheholy
四川师范大学硕士学位论文landwherehisendlesspassionlies．TheuniquecharactersandideasofTaoismarebestexpressedinhisworkslikeTheImportanceofLiving．HeevenregardstheideologyofTaoismastheessentialpartofChinesevirtues，inwhichpeoplecanalwaysfindsolutionstOthetoughrealityandliveabetterlife．LinYutangisconvincedthatTaoismCantrulyprotectpeoplefrommisfortuneandunfairinthemiserableworld．Oppositely,excessivepursuitofpowerandweakhwoulddestroythesimplicityoflife，whichisexactlyopposedtoTaoismdoctrine．Herefusestobeinvolvedinpoliticsandalwaysinsistsonseekingforthenatureofhumanbeings．Asaspiritualexpectationforcarefreelife，TaoismhasgreatinfluenceonLinYutang’Sworks，reflectinghisinclinationtowardslifephilosophy,whichisthesimplicity．Third，bothSuTungpoandLinYutanghavethesimilarhumanistcharacteristics，aestheticsentimentsandcreativitytowardsliterature．ThetopicofSuTungpo’Sworksvaries舶mpicturesquelandscapes，brothers，family,gods，devils，courtesans，monks，yoga，alchemyandtheartofpaintingetc，whichareneglectedbyothers．WhileLinYutangcaresaboutwhathashappenedinlifeSOthathewritesaboutChinesepeople，dailyentertainment，food,humor,female，religion，family,marriageandchild‘seducationetc，whichcanbefoundinhisbookMyCountryandMyPeople．Fouth，thebookTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpoisaconclusionofSuTungpo’Sdailylife，travelexperienceandcareer,whichincludesvariouscustomsindifferentregions，philosophybeliefsofConfucianism，Buddhism，Taoism，livingstyleandstatusofpeople丘Dmallwalksoflifeaspoets，courtesansandmonks．AUofthesethingsareconsistwithLinYutang’SpurposetointroducethetraditionalChineseculturetothewesterncountriesandtoillustrateChinesephilosophytothepeoplethere．3．2LinYutang’sSubjectivityinTranslatingStrategiesThecoreofthesubjectivityistheaestheticcreativity．Tobringtheversionintofullplayandachievetherecognitionofthetargetlanguageculture，thetranslator,whoarethemediumofthetranslatedversionandtheoriginaltext，havetotakeexpectation24
andaesthetictendencyofthereaderintoconsideration，whichdeterminethestrategiesusedintranslatingprocess．Thesubjectivityofthetranslatorisconductedthroughthewholeprocessoftranslationactivity,whichisnotonlypresentedinthestepsofchoosing，understandingexplainingatext，butalsointheprocessofchoosingthetranslationstrategies．Translator’Ssubjectivity,whichpenetratesintoeverystepoftranslationprocess，iscloselyrelatedtoone’Seducationbackground，lifeexperienceculturalattitude．Translator’Ssubjectivitypushesthetranslatortoadoptproperstrategiesskillstoreachthegoalofindividualintentionintranslation．Generallyspeaking，therearetwostrategiesintheprocessoftranslation：oneisforeignizationfocusingontheSTculture；theotherisdomesticationfocusingontheTTculture(Venuti20)．Theformernotonlyreservestheculturalconnotationoforiginalmaterial，butalsotransferstheexoticculturetotargetlanguagereaderwhilethelattermakestheversionfamiliartothetargetreader．NowthatthereisnostrictcriteriontodecidewhichoneisbeRegthechoiceisdeterminedbythetranslator’Ssubjectivity．EndowedwithproficientEnglishChinese，LinYutangiscompletelycapabletoapplybothofthesetwostrategiesalternativelyflexiblyinhistranslationactivities．3．2．1LinYutang’SSubjectivityinForeignizationTranslationStrategiesForeignizationisoRenusedtOpreservethediscrepancydiversityofdifferentlanguagescultures．Foreignizationisakindoftranslationthatfocusesonsourcelanguageculturewhichkeepstheoriginalsoundofmaterialmakestheexoticcultureacceptedbythetargetlanguagereaders．Theversionwithalienationreservesthedifferenceoflanguagecultureoftheoriginaltext，whichisconducivetoenhancetheculturaldifferenceofacceptorprovidingthemwithexoticappreciatingexperience．Foreiguizationcallnotonlyreservetheculturalconnotationoforiginaltext，butalsotransfertheexoticculturetotargetlanguagereaders．OneofthemainpurposeofLinYutangtowriteaboutanancientChineseSu
四川师范大学硕士学位论文TungpoandhislifeistoexhibitthefeaturesoforiginalChineseculture，whichresultsintheliteraltranslationofmanyculture-boundwordsandexpressions．ItCanbeseeninthefollowingexample：1．ST：元丰六年十月十二日夜，解衣欲睡，月色入户，欣然起行。TT：OnthetwelfthnightofthetenthmoonofthesixthyearofYuanFeng，IhadundressedandWaSgoingtobed，whenthemoonlightenteredmydoor,andIgotup(289)．Inthefirstsentence，LinYutanguses‘'tenthmoon'’(十月)todescribethetenthmonthinsteadof“October'’．AsinChina，peopleusedtoadoptlunarcalendarintheirworkandlife．Lunarcalendar,thetraditionalcalendarofChina，issystematicallysetaccordingtotheaccuratecalculationofthemoon’Srevolutionperiod．Themoonrepresents‘了iIl”inChinese‘‘)，iIlandyang”culture．EventheChinesecharacter“阴”includesa“月”(moon)initsel￡Theuseoflunarcalendarhasalonghistoryandtherecordwasfirstfoundintheinsc啷tionsonbonesortortoiseshellsofShangDynasty．BeingacrystalofChinesewisdomandintelligence，thelunarcalendariscloselyconnectedwithnumerousaspectsofChinesecultureandplaysquiteasignificantroleinthelifeofChinesepeople，especiallyinagriculture．AncientChinesediscoverthatthechangesofthemooncanhelppeoplefeudthebestfarmingtimeinagriculturalwork．Inlunarcalendar,amonthisarevolutionofthemoon’Sactivity．Themovementofthemooniscalledthephaseofthemoon．Peoplecultivatecropsaccordingtotherelativephaseofthemoon．Andtheyuseordinalnumbertorecordtheorderofthetwelvephasesofthemoon．LinYutangusesthe”tenthmoon”todescribethetenthphaseofthemoonratherthan‘‘October’’SOthatthewesternersareabletolearnhowChinesepeoplenameeverymonthofayearandatthesametimegettoknow．theformationoflunarcalendar,whichisatypicalChineseculture．Therefore，LinYutangadoptsforeignizationtospreadChineseculturetotargetlanguagereaders．AccordingtothethirdtranslationstandardofLinYutang，thestandardofbeauty,thetranslatormustgraspthespiritoftheauthorandmaketheversioninaccordance
TheRepresentationofLinYutang'sSubjectivityintheTranslationofGayGenus：theLifeandlimesofSuTungpowiththeaestheticquality(qtd．in罗新璋430)．Speakofthemoon,thereremainnumerousartisticconceptionsinChinesepeople’Smind．Intraditionalliterature，themoonisbestowedwiththeimagesofbothhappinessandsadness．Anumberofancientbeautifulpoemsrelatedtothemoonarecreatedtoexpresstheuniquefeelingsofthepoetssuchas“ATranquilNight”(静夜思)，‘'DrinkingAlonebyMoonlight'’(月下独酌)，‘'ThinkingofYou”(水调歌头)etc．ThecultureaboutthemoonisoneoftherepresentationsinChinesetraditionalcultures．TheMid-AutumnDaywellexemplifiesChinesepeople’Sappreciationtowardsthemoon．Thepassage“ANightPromenadeatChengTien'’(记承天寺夜游)writtenbySuTungpoisabouthowthewriterappreciatesthespecialsceneryinamoonnightcheerfullywithhisfi'iendaftergettingthroughahardtimeinhispoliticalcareer．Thus，thepurposeofLinYutangtOuse‘'tenthmoon'’istoremindthereadersoftheimageofthemoore3．2．2LinYutang’sSubjectivityinDomesticationTranslationStrategyDomesticationisoftenadoptedtopromotetheacceptanceofthesourcetextamongthetargetreadersbytranslatingtheoriginaltextwithintheknowledgeofthem．Itisakindoftranslationwhichfocusesontargetlanguageculture．Thatistosay,thetranslatoradoptstheexpressingstylewhichisrecognizedbythetargetlanguageaudiencetomaketheversionbetterunderstood(Shuttleworth&Cowie59)．Specificallyspeaking，theprincipleofdomesticatingtranslatingliesintheversionwhichisrequiredtocontinuethecontentoftheoriginaltext．Domesticationembodiesgeneralcharacterofthetargetculturewhichcancauseresponseamongwesternreadersandminishesthedistancebetweenthetargetreadersandthesourceculture．Asthetargetreadersoftenperceiveaversiononthebasisoftheirownculturalconception,theysometimeshardlyknowabouttheexactlanguageandcultureoftheoriginaltext．Onthatcondition,domesticationisusedtomakesurethetargetreadersCallperceiveandappreciatetheversionaLsthesourcereadersdo．LinYutangissuccessfultranslatorwhenspreadingtheChinesecultureintranslationprocess．Nevertheless，舔mentionedabove，oneofthemainaimofLin27
四川师范大学硕士学位论文YutangistointroducetheChineseculturetothewesterncountries．InLinYutang’Sstandardofsmoothness，hepointsoutwhatthetranslatorhastobeloyaltoisnotthewordoftheoriginaltextbutthesentencesmadeofwords(qtd．in罗新璋428)．Hence，whencomingacrossspecificChineseelementswhicharenoteasyforthewesternreaderstocomprehend，LinYutangchoosesdomesticationstrategytomaketheversionmorefluentandeasiertobeappreciated．1．ST：欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜。TT：IliketOcomparetheWestLaketo‘MissWest，’prettyinagaydressandprettyinsimpleagain(179)．ThepoemdescribesthebeautifulsceneryoftheWestLake，inwhichSuTungpocomparesthebeautyofthelaketothatof‘陌Shr’(西施)，afamousancientinChinesehistoryinlateSpringandAutumnPeriod．Ifthename”西施”isdirectlytransliteratedtoChinesepinyin‘'X7SH’，thewesternreaders，whomaynotknowwhat‘"XiShr’is，wouldfeelpuzzledaboutthename．Therefore，Lintranslatesthenameinto”MissWest”tOtellthewesternreadersthatthebeautifulsceneryoftheWestLakeisrelatedtothebeautyofalady．Atthesametime，Linalsomentionstherelatedinformationabout‘'XiShr’inthefollowingcontextofthepoem,whichwouldmakeiteasyforthewesternreaderstounderstandtherelationshipbetweenalakeandaladyandappreciatetheirbeautytogether．Thisisanexampleofdomestication．2．ST：府主舍人，存心为国，俯念舆民，燃香霭以祈祷，对龙湫而垦望，优愿明灵敷感。TT：NowIamgoingtoletyoureturntothemountaintops．Praydonotembarrassus，theofficials(80)．WhenSuTungpowasappointedasthemagistrateofShanxiprovince，therehappenedtobeadroughtthere．Thusheconductedhisdutytoprayforrain．Afterthat28
TheRepresentationofLinYutang'sSubjectivityintheTranslationofGayGenus：theLifeand17mesofSuTungpopray,aslightshowercame，whichwasfarbehindtheneedofthecrops．Therefore，itWasnotasuccessfulprayenSuTtmgpothoughtaboutthereasonandfoundthattheMountainSpiritwhoWasinchargeoftheraininthatareahadbeenappointedadukeinTangDynastywhilenamedacountbySungemperor．Theofficialrankofcountwasinferiorthanthetitleofduke．HebelievedthatbeingdegradedinrankmightbethereasonfortheangeroftheMountainSpirit．Therefore，SuTungpoimmediatelyhelpedthechiefmagistrateofthedistricttowriteaproposaltotheEmperor,askingthatthespiritshouldbenamedasitWasinTangDynasty．Andnext，hetoldthespiritthathecouldensurethepreviousrank．ThewholecountrywaseagerlyconcemedabouttheresultofthepraySOthatseveralthousandpeoplegatheredtowaitfortherain．Nevertheless，notasingledropappearedeventhoughdarkcloudshaddarkenedthesky．SuTungpothoughtthatthechiefmagistrateandhimhaddonealltheycouldtoprayfortherainSOthatthespiritshouldunderstandtheirsincerityandmakealotrain，or～theywouldfeelsorryforotherpeople．sourcetextcontainsnumerousChineseelementssuchasprayingforrain，holdingceremony,showingrespecttotheMountainSpiritandsubmittingawrittenstatementtotheemperor．AccordingtOLinYutang，theseChineseculturalelementsaretoomuchforthewesternerstounderstandatonetime．ThereforeheadoptsdomesticationtoexpresstheinnerembarrassmentofTungpodirectly,whichmakesiteasierforthewesternerstounderstand．However,thiskindoftranslationstrategyomitssomecontentsofthesourcetextandreducestheculturalinformationsuggestedinthesourcetextSOthatthetargetreadershavenoopportunitytoknowwhatChinesepeopledotoprayforarain．3．ST：内重之末，必有奸臣指鹿之患。外重之弊，必有大国问鼎之忧。风采所系，不问尊卑，言及乘舆，则天子改容。事关廊庙，则宰相待罪。TT：Theresultofovercentralizationwasthatafewcorruptmenclosetothecourtwereabletomaketheemperortheirtoolforpower,whiletheresultofover-decentralizationWasthattheprovincialgovernorsbecametoopowerfuland
四川师范大学硕士学位论文sometimesraisedthebannerofrebellion．Ifitisconcernedthepersonalcharacterandmoralsoftheemperor,healwayslistenedwithattentiverespect；ifitconcernedimportantgovernmentpolicies，thecabinetministersheldthemselvesreadyforquestioning(150)．Atthattime，WangtAnshih(王安石)，thepremier,promulgatednewpoliciesandbegantorepeltheimperialcensorswhosemainresponsibilitywastoestablishthechannelsforpublicopinionsandregulatetherulingregimeandpolicies．Nevertheless，SuTungpowasagainstthepoliciesandbelievedthattheimperialcensorateWasessentialtoagoodgovernment．Therefore，hewarnedtheemperorofdifferentresultsofabolishingtheimperialcensorate．“ZhvLfi'’(指鹿)comesfromtheidiom“ZhiL讧WdiM岔’(指鹿为马)(《史记·秦始皇本纪》)，whichmeanstheacttoturnthefactsupsidedown．ThereonceWasaprimeministerinQinDynastynamedChaoGao(赵高)，whodesiredtoriseinrebellionbutwasafraidnottobesupportedbyothers．Thus，hebroughtadeeratthecourtandsaidthatitWasahorse．Thepurposeofhisdeedwastofindoutandpersecutethepersonwhodidn'tsupporthim．Therefore，SuTungpoanalyzedtheseriousresultsofrelyingonafewcorruptmen．BecausetheirmainpurposeWasjusttogainbenefitandgetpowerfromtheemperor,whichwoulddefinitelyleadtotheconfoundingresultofrightandwrong．‘'Ding”(鼎)，thetripod，isthesymbolofpowerinancientChina．“、№nDmg’’(问鼎)isfromSpringandAutumnAnnals(《左传·宣公三年》)．InSpringandAutumnperiod，theKingofChupretendedtosendsoldierstoLuoshui(洛水)，aplaceofZhouDynastytoasktheweightofthetripodbutindeedattemptedtousurpthethrone．Lateron，peopleuse”askingtheweightofthetripod'’toimplythemeaningofseizingpower．Therefore，theeffectsofover-decentralizationisthatafterbecomingpowerfulenoughtheprovincialgovernorswouldattempttousurpthethroneandriseinrebellion．Both“ZhiL盯’and“、耽nDmg’stemfromfamoushistoricalstoryinancientChinaSOthatthemomenttheeducatedChinesereadthetwophrases，theywill30
TheRepresentationofLinYutang'ssusjectivityintheTranslationofThe——G——ayGenus：theLif。．e．．．．．．a．．．．n．．．．．d．．．．．．．1．．．7．．．ru．．．．．．e．．．．s．．．．．．o．．．f．．．．．．S．．．．．u．．．．．．．T．．．．．u．．．．n．．．．印．．．．．．—o—immediatelyrefertotheancientstorynaturally．Nevertheless，thewesternreadersmayseldomrecalltheimpliedculturalinformationasmuchastheChinese．AccordingtosentencetranslationproposedbyLinYutang，thetranslatorhavetoputemphasisonthesignificanceofcoherenceandcontinuityofwordsinasentenceandneedtocomprehendthemeaningofonesentenceoftheoriginalonawholeandthenexpressesitonthebasisofthegrammarofthetargetlanguage．Thus，LinYutangdirectlytranslatesthemeaningofthetextwithoutreferringtotheoldstorieswhichwouldincreasethecomplexityofunderstandingofthewesternreaderstowardsthetext．“Chdngyfi'’(乘舆)literallyreferstothecarriageusedbytheemperor．InancientChina，commonpeoplecouldnotcallthenameoftheemperordirectly．Iftheyhavetotalkabouttheemperor,theywoulduseotherwordsrelatedtotheemperortoshowtheirrespect．‘,IAngMffto”(廊庙)referringtotheimperialcourt，theplaceinwhichhighrankofficialsdiscussthecurrentaffairs．Ontheseoccasions，it's．notproperto●●simplytranslateboth“ChdngYfi”and“L宣ngM渤”intheirliteralmeanings．Therefore，LinYutangexplainsthemas‘'thepersonalcharacterandmoralsoftheemperor'’and‘‘governmentpolicies’’tomadethetextmoreunderstandabletothewesternreaders．3．3LinYutang’SSubjectivityintheChoiceofTranslationMethodsTranslationisnotonlytheexchangeoftwolanguages，butalsothecommunicationbridgeofcultures．Theculturedifferencescanbesolvedbydifferenttranslationmethods．Thechoosingoftranslationmethodsisdirectlyinfluencedbythetranslator’Sculturalinclinationduringthetranslationprocess．LinYutangisinclinedtochoosethesourcetextthatCanrepresenttheChineseelementsandphilosophywhichareconsistentwithhiscultivationandlifephilosophy．Thus，hechoosespoemsandprosesofSuTungpoasthesourcetextstoexpresshissimilarspiritualstatusoffreedomandself-contentment，whichareexactlywhatLinYutanghopestotransfertothewesterncountries．Therefore，theapplicationofthetranslationmethodsisconsistentwiththetranslator'sculturalinclination．Accordingto
四)llNi范大学硕士学位论文differentpurposes，variousmethodsaretakenflexiblybyLinYutangtoconveyhisculturalinclination，includingculturalcompensation，culturalborrowing，culturaltranspositionalongwithculturalomission．3．3．1CulturalCompensationCultureliesineveryaspectoflanguage．Becauseoflargequantitiesofdiscrepanciesinlanguageandcultureofdifferentnations，theproblemofsolvingtheculturaldiscrepanciesturnsouttobethekeypointintranslation．AccordingtoWangDongfeng，thebackgroundinformationheldbybothsidesofcommunicationactivityisomittedandthisphenomenoniscalledsituationaldefault(文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构55)．Iftheomittedpartisrelatedtocontextinformation，itiscontextualdefault．Ifitisconnectedwiththeculturalinformationbeyondthecontext．Thenitisculturaldefault．Healsothinksthatcontextualdefaultandculturaldefaultbelongtosituationaldefault．Theomittedpartofcontextualdefaultcanbefoundinthecontextwhileculturaldefaultcannot．Culturaldefaultisaculturespecificcommunicationphenomenon．ThetranslationmethodstakentocompensatetheomittedpartarecalledculturalcompensationaccordingtoWangDongfeng(文化缺省与翻译补偿234)．ThepresupposedreadersofSuTtmgpo’SworksareChinesefromthesourceculture，whosharethesameculturalinformationwiththewriter．Thereforethewriterneedn’ttoexplainallculturalinformationinlinewithintralingualcommunicationinhistext．However,theforeignreaderswhodonotsharethesameculturalinformationwouldfacetheproblemofthevacuumofsense．Theycannotconnectthetextualinformationwiththeknowledgeandexperiencebeyondthecontext，whichwouldleadtothefailureofconstructingsemanticcoherenceandsituationalcoherence．Accordingtothetranslationstandardoffaithfulness，LinYutangaddressesthatthetranslatorhastheresponsibilitytotranslatethecontentandthemeaningoftheoriginalwork(qtckin罗新璋425)．NowthatSuTunpoisanancientChinese，therewouldbemanyobstaclesfortargetreaderstocomprehend．Therefore，Lintakessome32
TheRepresentationofLinYutang'sSubjectivityintheTranslationofThe—GayGenu—s．：theLife—a—nd———limes．o．．．．f．．．．．．Su．．．．．．．．T．．．．．u．．．．．．n．．．．．g．．．．．．p．．．—o—strategiestocompensatethevacuuminsteadoftranslatingthemliterally．AccordingtoWangDongfeng，thismethodiscalledas“culturalcompensation'’andhealsoconcludestwotypesofculturalcompensation：explanationinthetextandexplanationoutsidethetext(文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构56)．3．3·I．1ExplanationintheTextAccordingtoWangDongfeng，explanationinthetextreferstothetranslationmethodwhichdirectlyaddsimpliedinformationofthecontentinthetextSOthattargetreaderscangetcoherentcomprehension(文化缺省与翻译补偿248)．1．ST：圣天子在上，凡所以怀柔之礼，莫不备至。下至愚夫小民，奔走畏事者，亦岂有他哉?凡皆以为今日也。TT：HisImperialMajestyhasconferredupontheethedifferenthonors，andwehavekeptupthesacrifices，allforthisdaywhenwemayneedthee(79)．Thisisanofficialprayeraskingforrain．WhenSuWasofferedpositioninShanxiprovince，therehappenedtobeadroughtforalongtime．Thefarmerswouldsufferfromhungeriftheraindidnotcomeimmediately．InancientChina，localpeopleespeciallythemagistrateofthatdistrictwouldprayfortheGodinchargeofrain．Therefore，SuTungpoasthemagistrateofthatdistrictwenttothepoolinfrontofaTaoisttemplewherethereWassupposedtobehomeoftheGodofRaintopleadforrain．HefirstlyflatteredtheGod舶mtheaspectoftheImperialMajestywhohadalreadyconferredtheGoddifferenthonorsandthentoldtheGodwhatcommonpeoplehaddoneforhim．HoweveLtheliteralmeaningofthesourcetextwrittenbySuTungpodoesnotexpressclearlythedetailsaboutwhatcommonpeoplehavedoneSOthatthewesternreadersmaynotknowtheimpliedinformationofthetext．Therefore，LinYutangaddsup”wehavekeptupthesacrifices”toexplainwhatthelocalpeoplehavealreadydonetoshowtheirrespectstotheGod．Asinancienttimes，sacrificewasaregularceremonytoshowrespectandhonortotheGod，hopingtowardoffcalamitiesandbringgoodluck．Peoplewouldpreparedifferentkindsofpoultrylike33
四川师范大学硕士学位论文cattle，sheep，pigsorchickenalongwithwineasthepresentsforGod．2．ST：寒灯相对记畴昔，多雨何时听萧瑟。TT：Remember,mybrother,wheneveryousitinthelamplightonacoldevening，howwepromisedeachotherthatonedayweshallsleepinoppositebedsandlistentotheraininthenight(75)．SuTungpowasappointedtothecouncilorofjusticeatFengshiang(凤翔)iIlthesixthyearofChiayu(嘉佑)，aplacefarawayfromthecapitalwherehisfatherworked．Asinancienttimes，itwasnotfilialtoleavetheoldwidowedfatherlivingaloneSOthatTungpo’SbrotherTseyu(子由)hadtostayatthecapitaltotakecareoftheirfather．Thismeantthetwobrotherwerefacedwiththefirstpartingintheirlives．Therefore，SuTungposentthepoemlettertoexpresshisfeelingstohisbrothenTheideaof‘‘sleepinoppositebedsandlistentotheraininthenight”(风雨对床)isfromthepoemofapoetWeiYingwu(韦应物)inTangDynasty“宁知风雨夜，复此对床眠”(《示全真元常》)，whowritesittoexpressthefeelingoflivingahappylifewhenbrothersorrelativesreunion．InLinYutang’Stranslation，headds“sleepinoppositebeds’’tocompletetheimpliedculturalinformationofthepoemandkeepitsloyaltytothesourcetext，whichisinaccordancewithLinYutang’Stranslationstandardoffaithfulness．Besides，heexplainsthemeaningofthe”sleepinoppositebedsandlistentotheraininthenight”inthefollowingcontext，whichcanhelpthetargetreadersunderstandtheideaofthepoemmoreclearly．3．ST：是以不论尊卑，不计强弱，理之所在则成。TT：Inallthings，greatandsmall，oneshouldnotdependonforce，butmustobservereasonandthenatureofthings．Forinallthingdoneaccordingtoreasononeisboundtosucceed(137)．34ThearticleisalsoaboutthenewpoficypromulgatedbythepremierWang
Anshih(王安石)．Thenewpolicyincreasedthefarmers’burdenandcauseddiscontentamongthewholecountry．Thus，SuTungpowrotethelettertoexpresshisconcernaboutpeopleandattackedthepolicyofimposingloanoffarmers．Hetoldtherulerofthecountrythatthewholecountrywasdissatisfiedwithhimanditwasbetternottorelyonpowertorulethepeople．LinYutangadds“oneshouldnotdependonforce，butmustobservereasonandthenatureofthings’’toexplainSuTungpo’Sperspectivetowardspolicies．Ifthetextistranslatedintheoriginalwaywithouttheaddedinformation，itcanremainsimplicityofthesentence．Nevertheless，thewesternreadersmaynotlearnabouttheChineseperspectiveofpursuingreasonandnatureofthingsinsteadofrelyingonpowertosuppressthepeople．Therefore，LinaddsmorewordstoexplainwhatistheChinesewaytogovernthecountry．4．ST：因以所画篑笤谷偃竹遗予。TT：HegavemethispaintingoftheValleyofYuntang[tallbamboos](239)．ThesentenceistakenfromajoumalwrittenbyTungpotomemorizethetruefriendshipbetweenWenTung，abamboopainterandhim．TungpocriedforthreedaysoverWen’death．Whenhetookouthiscollectionofpaintingtolook，thescenethatWenTunghadsenthimthepaintingofbamboosappeared．BamboocultureisdeeplyrootedinthedailylifeoftheChineseandthecharactersofbambooarehighlyadmiredbytheChinesepeople．Throughoutthecenturies，bamboohasinspiredtheimaginationoftheartistswhohavewrittenpoetryandprosetoexpresstheiradmirationforbamboo．Therearenumerousbeautifulpoemsdescribingtheuniquecharactersofbamboo．Forinstance，“插棘编篱谨护持，养成寒碧映沦漪”(《咏东湖新竹》)iswrittenbyLuYou(陆游)，apoetinSongDynasty,topraiseforthepurityandeleganceofthebamboointheEastLake．Yuntang，aplaceinShanxiprovince，isfamousforitstallbamboosgrownalongtheriver,whichmakestheplacearepresentativeoftallbamboos．Nevertheless，thetranslation‘'thispaintingoftheValleyofYuntang’’maymisleadtheforeignreadersto35
四川师范大学硕士学位论文thinkthatthepaintingisjustaboutthelandscapeofavalleyinsteadoftallbamboos．Therefore，Linadds‘'tallbamboos'’inthetexttomakeitclearwhatthecontentofthepaintingare．5．ST：建中靖国之意可恃以安。TT：Youcanjudgebythetitleofthenewreign[whichsuggestscompromiseofpartystrife】(482)．WhenSuTungpoheardofChangChun’S(章悖)banishmentofbeingsenttoaremoteplaceatanoldage，hewrotealettertoChangChun’Ssonforthepurposeofcomfortingandconsolinghim．Intheletter,hetoldthesonthattheemperorHuitsung(徽宗)wasaverykindperson,whichcouldbeseenfromthetitleofhisreignas“JianZh6ngJingGu6”．‘'JianZhSng”meanstoestablishtheprincipleofjusticeand‘‘J、mgGu6”(靖国)istokeepthecountrystable．ThetitleisactuallytheideaofHuitsungtowellgovernthewholecountrywhenheisnewlyfacedwithpoliticalaffaires．EvenChinesereadersmaynotquiteunderstandthemeaningofthetitleiftheyarenotfamiliarwiththehistoryofthatcertainperiod．SoLinYutangexplainsthedeepmeaningofthetitleinthetextas“compromiseofpartystrife”tohelpthewesternreaderstocomprehendwhySuTungpotellsthesonnottoworryabouthisfatherbecauseofthekindnessofthenewemperor．3·3．1．2ExplanationoutsidetheTextTheadvantageofthistranslationmethodliesinthetextwhereculturaldefaultsoccurffequemly．Itwellexplainstheimpliedculturalinformationofthetextwithoutdestroyingtheartisticintentionoftheauthor(王东风，文化缺省与翻译补偿248)．1．ST：敢向清时怨不容，直嗟吾道与君东。坐谈足使淮南惧，归向方知冀北空。独鹤不须惊夜旦，群鸟未可辩雌雄。TT：HowdareIeXpressdiscontentinatimeofpeace?36
TheRepresentationofLinYutang'sSubjectivityintheTranslationofGayGenus：theLifeandlTrnesofSuTungpoIonlysighthatmyteachingsarefollowingyoueast．Byyourconversation,youcanfrightenthesouthofHuaiRiver,AndafteryourdeparturestrippedbarewillbethenorthofChi．Alonestorkdoesnothavetosoundalarmatmidnight，Itisdifficulttotellthesexofblackcrows(249)．poemiswrittentoLiuShu(刘恕)，oneofSu’Sbestfriends，whoisdismissedhisofficialpositionfromtheimperialcourt．Thepoetexpresseshisangertowardstheofficials。resentmentcompletelybetweenthelines．"怨不容”referstothephilosophicalideaofConfucius“不怨天，不尤人”(《论语宪lh-])))whichcontainsthemeaningthatwhenfacedwithfrustrations，weshouldnotcomplainaboutwhatdifficultsituationweareinorjustblameotherpeople．SuTungpoadmitsheadmiresLiuShualotSOthathecomparesLiutOConfucius．“HmiiN矗nn”(淮南惧)comesfromanallusionthatintheWesternHanDynastythePrinceofHuainanwantedtorebeltheWesternHancourt．Whenheappearedatthecentralcourt，onegreatandcourageousofficialXiaoHe(萧何)，queHedaplotforthePrince’Srebellion．Therefore，SuTungpocomparedLiuShutoXiaoHewhodaredtopointoutthecrimesoftheevilmen．‘'JiBri”(冀北)isaplacefamousforitsbesthorsesinancientclassicsandoftenbecomparedtoaplaceofelites，forinstance“冀土之北，马之所生”(《左传．昭公四年》)“秦西冀北，实多骏骥”(《南齐书．王融传》Jetc．HanYu，agreatTangpoet，saidthatafterhisfriend’SleavingtherewerenolongergoodhorsesinthewholecountrysideofthenorthofChi．Therefore，SuTungpoquotedHanYu’SpoemtoexpressthemeaningthatafterLiu’Sdeparture，therewillbenogoodmenatthecourt．linereferringtothe‘‘lonestork'’comesfromanancientidiom‘‘H6LiJiQan'’(鹤立鸡群)，whichmeansthatastorkstandsaloneamongapoultryyardofchickens．Itisusedtodescribeadistinguishedmanwhoisamongacrowdofpettymen．ThehiddenmeaningofSuTungpoisthattheofficialsatthecourtarejustlikefowlinthepoultryyardwhilethebirdmakingsoundatmidnightissupposedtobea37
四川师范大学硕士学位论文personwithrealability．“辨雌雄”comesfromthetwolinesintheBookofPoetry“俱日予圣，谁识鸟之雄雌”，whichmeansthateveryoneissayingI吼asaint，noone，however,cantellamalecrowfromafemaleone．Theimpliedmeaningistosaythecourtiscrowdedwithapackofblackcrowsothatitishardtodistinguishwhichoneisgoodorbad．ThepoemcontainssixsentencesandeachofthemincludeaChineseculturalstorywhicharequitedifficultforthewesternreaderstounderstandeverysingleofthem．AsLinhimselfpointsoutthatiftheyaretranslatedinaliteralway,thepoemwouldmakenosensetoforeignreadersbecausetheyknowlittleabouttheculturalinformationunlessitisproperlyexplained(林语堂250)．Nevertheless，ifthetranslatoraddsexplanationinthetext，thepoemwouldcontaintoomuchculturalinformationandbreaktheartisticcharacterofthepoem．Therefore，LinYutangdoesnotexplaintheculturalinformationinthepoembutaddexplanationinthefollowingcontext．2．ST：腐鼠何劳吓，高鸿本自冥。TT：Thanksforyourexhibitionofrottenmice，butthehigh-flyingcranedivesintotheclouds(250)．ThesetwolinesincludeanallusionfromChuangtse(庄子)．ThekmgofhiscountryoffershimahighpositionatthecourtwhileChuangtserefusestheofferandtellstheofficialmessengerofthekingastoryasfollows：Oncesomecarrioncrowshasfoundthedeadrottenmiceandeatstheminatree．Atthatmoment，acranejustpassesby．ThecrowsthinkthecranewoulddeprivethemofthedeadrottenmiceSOthattheyscreechthecanetofrightenitaway．Nevertheless，thecrane，asthesymbolofpureandnoblespirit，justflyonuptotheclouds．ThatstoryindicatesSuTungpo’Sattitudetowardstheendlesssquabblesandfightsforpoweramongthepoliticians．Thus，thecoupleofpoemcannotbesimplytranslatedinitsliteralmeaning．LinYutangexplainstheimagesof‘'rottenmice’’and‘'thehigh-flyingcrane’’directlyandmakesfurther38
TheRepresentationofLinYutang'sSubjectivityintheTr{mslationof—T————h————e—————G————a———y——————G．—．．—e—。．n．．．u．．．．s．．．：．．．．t．．h．．．．e．．．．L．．．．．if．．．．e．．．．．a．．．n．．．．d．．．．．．1．．T．．．m．．．．．e．．s．．．．．o．．．f．．．．．S．．．．u．．．．．T．．．．u．．．n．．．g．．．．p．—o—explanationofthe“carrioncrows”byaddingexplanationinthefollowingcontext，whichcanhelpthewesternreadersnotonlycomprehendtheliteralmeaningofthetext，butalsoenjoytheprofoundculturalinformationaswell．3．ST：羞归应为负花期，已是成荫结子时⋯金缕犹歌空折枝。TT：I'mashamedtocomehomeforImissedthespringbloom；Seeingthegenerousgreenofthefruit—ladentree⋯．Butingold-braiddresscelebratestillthebarebough(202)．ThispoemiswrittentOChenShiang(陈襄)，thechiefmagistrateofHangchow(杭州)，tosuperficiallyexpressSuTungpo’SpityformissingtheflowerseasonofthepeonybecauseofhislatereturningtoHangchow．Nevertheless，heactuallyexpresseshispityforthegirlwhohasalreadymarried．Therearetwoallusionsinthepoemtothebelatedcourtship．‘'FLuL矗”(金缕)“KSngZhrZhi'’(空折枝)arebothfromthepoem“劝君莫惜金缕衣，劝君惜取少年时。花开堪折直须折，莫待无花空折枝”writtenbyDuQiuniang(杜秋娘)，afifteen-year-oldgirlinTangDynasty．Thepoemsuggeststhatweshouldcherishandenjoythebeautifulyouthasblossomflowersandplucktheflowerwhentheyareintheblossomseasoninsteadofwaitingfortheemptybough．Lateron,”toplucktheemptybough”isendowedwiththeimpliedmeaningofmissingthecourtship．phrase“ChrngY／nJi6Zi'’(成荫结子)isfromapoemcalledTanhua(花)writtenbyTuMu，afamouspoetinTangDynastyas“如今风摆花狼藉，绿叶成荫子满枝。”(杜牧《叹花》)．ItissaidthatwhenTuMuistravelinginHuchow(湖州)，hefallsinlovewithabeautifulgklandmakesapromisethathewouldcomebacktOmarryherintenyears．Unfortunately,thepoetdoesnotreturnuntilfourteenyearslaterSOthatthebelovedgirlhasalreadymarriedtoanothermanandbecomesamotheroftwOkids．Therefore，thelastsentence‘‘Onleafybendingboughsrichfruitsareborne'’hasbecomeaculturalidiomtodescribeawoman’sbecomingamotherofkids．Meanwhile，“子”intheChineselanguagestandsforboth“fruit”and“son'’．39
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Thefirstcoupletclearlyexpressesthepoet’Spitytocomehomelateandmissedtheflowersblossomorthegirl'SyouthindeedSOthatthegirlmarriestoanothermanandbecomesamotherofsomechildrennow．Thethirdcoupletsexpressesthepoet’Sdeepregretandapologyforhisbelatedlove．LindeeplygraspthepityofTungpoand●一一-^，一一●，一一directlytranslatedthewordsintheirliteralmeaningandaddedculturalinformationinthefollowingpartsasanexplanation,whichmaintainstheoriginaltasteofthepoem．4．ST：塞上纵归他日马，城东不斗少年鸡。TT：Ifeelliketheoldman’shorsethathasreturnedtothefort，andwillnolongerhaveyouth’Scockfightsintheeastcity(255)．Regardingtheevilasfliesinfood，SuTungpoalwaysconsidersthemasenemies．Inhisletters，henotonlycriticizesthepovertyofpeopleandtheheavytax，butalsopointsouttheevildeedofthepettymenatthecourtdirectly,whichobviouslyoffendstheevil．Finally,acensorchoosessomeevidencesinhisletterstoindicatehisdisrespecttowardsthegovernment，statingthatSuTungpoisdisloyaltotheEmperor．Consequently,SuTungpoisarrestedimmediatelyandputintoprisonformorethanfourmonths．Afterbeingreleasedfromtheprison，hisinspirationforpoemsflowsagainandwritesthispoem．“SaiShangGuTM酽’(塞上归马)referstoaChineseidiom“塞翁失马焉知非福"(《淮南子·人间训》)，whichtellsastorythatalloldmanlosthishorsebutfinallythisturnedouttobeagoodthing．Anditreferstoaparablethatnooneknowswhatisreallygoodorbad．“ShOoNifinJi"’(少年鸡)comesfromastoryinTangDynasty,duringwhichtimemanypeoplewerekeenontheactivityoffightingcocks，especiallytheemperorXuanZong．AboynamedChiaChang(贾昌)WasexcellentinfightingcocksSOthatheobtainedtheemperor’Sfavorandwasofferedthepositionofcourtactor．Obviously,‘'youth’Scockfights’’impliesthatthoseinpoweratthecourtarelike”courtjestersandactors”．Both“SaiSlatingGuiM五”(塞上归马)and“ShOoNi矗n贸’(少年鸡)arefamousidiomsinChinesehistory．WhichwouldremindtheChinese
The．．—R—epr．．．e．．．．s．．e．nta．ti．．．—o—nofL———i—nYu—ta—ng'sS——ubject—i——v—ityintheTranslationofTheGayGenus：theLifeandBmesofSuTungporeadersoftheancientstoriesnaturallywhentheyhearthem．But，itisalwayshardforthewesternreaderstounderstandthembeforetheygetsomerelatedknowledge．Therefore，LinYutangconductsdetailedexplanationinthefollowingcontexttomakethemmoreunderstandabletothewesternreaders．3．3．2CulturalBorrowingAssuggestedinOxfordAdvancedLearner"sEnglish—Chinesedictwnary(6thediti010thattheword‘'borrow”referstotakewords，ideas，ere．丘Dmanotherlanguage，person,etc．andusethemasyourown(182)．‘'CulturalBorrowing”，putforwardbyHerveyandHiggins，means‘'borrowingtheexpressiveformfirstfromthesourcelanguageandthenputitintothetargetlanguagewherethereis110equivalentform'’(Shuttleworth&Cowie46)．AndthiswouldremaintheoriginalflavorofSOurCelanguage．AsamasterofChinese，LinYutangoftenshowshispassiontowardsChineseculture．HisloveforChinesecultureurgeshimtospreadittothewesterncountries．Therefore，whencomingacrosssomeuniqueChinesematerials，Linisinclinedtoadopttranslkerationmethodtocopewiththem．Furthermore，targetlanguagereadersalsoexpecttoknowmoreaboutChineseelementswhentheyreadsomethingrelatedtoChina．Consequently,culturalborrowingisagoodchoicetocatertotheirexpectationasweU．．1．ST：开笼若放雪衣女，长念观音般若经。TT：Openthecageandsetthesnow-dressmaidenfree!Shewillsayherwholelife，”BlessedbeKuanyinl”(197)．Kuanyin(观音)，oneofthemostpopularsupernaturalbeingsinBuddhism,iswidelyknownbyChinesepeopleasasymbolofwisdom,sympathyandkindness．ShehasbeenSOstronglyrespectedthathersculptureisenshrinedintemples，paintingsandman-madearts．Whileinwesterncountries，peoplecalltheirreligiousspiritGodand41
四川师范大学硕士学位论文Goddess．Theywouldsay“Godblessyou’’toeachothertoshowtheirrespecttotheGodandatthesametimemakewishestotheirfriends．“BlessedbeKuanyin'’isquitesimilarto“Godblessyou'’．Therefore，LinYutangkeepsthespecificreligiousflavoroftheEastasreligionisoneofthemostsignificantpartsofChinesecultureintermofthecloserelationshipbetweenreligionandculture．AndthetargetreaderscanalsoeasilyguesswhatKuanyinis．2．ST：擢登翰林之位。TT：．．．tOtherankofhanlinscholar(104)．Hanlinisanofficialtitleofthescholarwhohascompetencetobetheassistantoftheemperorandgivesoutadviceonpoliticalaffairs．ThetitlecanbedatedbacktotheTangDynastyanddevelopsintovariousfunctionsatdifferentdynastiesafterwards．AsthereisnoexactlyequalwordsinthewesternvocabularyofHanlin，LinYutangtranslatesitdirectlywithtransliteration．Theexoticanduniqueculturalinformationisquitefreshtothetargetreaderswhohardlyhearthewordbefore．Forexample，wordslike‘'tofu’’and‘'kungfu”arequitefamiliartotheforeignerswhiletheChinesealsowouldnotfeelstrangewhentheyhear“sofa'’and“humor'’．Therefore，LinYutangmaintainstheexoticflavorofChinesecultureandarouses也einterestsofthewesternreaders．3．3·3CulturalTranspositionTheterm“CulturalTransposition”isproposedbyHerveyandHiggins．TheyaddressthatalltypesofculturaltranspositionisasubstitutionofliteraltranslationalthoughintheprocessoftransferringthecontentoftheSOurCetexttothetargettext，thetextmaydeviatefromtheliteraltranslationtoadegree(Shuttleworth&Cowie49)．Theyalsopointoutthatthiskindoftranslationmethodismorecloselyrelatedtothefeatureoftargetlanguageinsteadofthesourceone．Therefore，itCanbeconcludedinthetranslationstrategyofdomestication．42
TheRepresentationofL／nYutang‘sSubjectivityintheTranslationofGayGenus：theLifeand17rnes《&Tungpoculturalinformationmaynotbeconveyedaltogetherwiththemeaningofsourcetextthroughthemethodofculturetransposition．Nevertheless，thistranslationmethodreducestheblockofcomprehensionamongtargetreadersraisedbyculturaldifferences．Meanwhile，itwellreflectstheculturalinclinationofthetranslator,whoputsthetargetreadersinthefirstplace．InLinYutang’Stranslationworks，hetakesthismethodtocopewithculturaldifferencesandmakestheversionmoreconciseinformandmorecorrespondedwithtargetculture．Forinstance，LinYutanghasutilizedtheculturaltranspositionmethodtofacilitatecomprehensionofthetargetreadertowardsthetextwhenthetranslationsubjectisconnectedwithancientChinesemeasurement．I．ST：千里孤坟，无处话凄凉。T．T：Icann．otco．me!oyourgraveathousandmilesawaytoconversewithyouandwhispermylong(91)．2．ST：欲求五亩宅，洒扫乐清净。TT．1wanttofindafarmoffiveacres，andclearallvexationsfrommybreast(215)．3．ST：拟将一段鹅豁绢，扫取寒梢万尺长。TT：HewishtopaintabamboogrovetenthousandfeethighonapieceofGooseValleysilk(239)．AncientChinesemeasurementsystemisquitedifferentfromthoseofwesterncountries．Forinstance,"R”、“文”、“垦”aretakenforlengthand“亩”forarea．Whileinthewesterncountries，peopleuse“meter'’、“mile’’todescribelengthand“square”forarea．Andtheseunitsarenotequalinnumber,“千里”isnottheequivalenttot‘athousandmiles”，“五亩”doesnotequal“fiveacres”andthelengthof“万尺”isnotthesameas‘'tenthousandfeet”．Therefore，LinYutangadoptstargetlanguageorientedmethodtoreducetheunderstandingobstaclesofthetargetreaderstomakethecontentfamiliartothem．Furthermore，theancientChineseofficialpositionisalsoa43
四川师范大学硕士学位论文culture-specificphenomenonSOthatculturaltranspositioncanbeutilizedwhendealingwiththeseterms．4．ST：夫制置三司条例司，求利之名也。TT：Youhaveestablishedthebureauofeconomicplanningwhichisforthepurposeofsecuringrevenue(151)．“Ti矗olisr’isaspecialtermofChinesepoliticaldepartmentintheSongDynastywhichisinchargeofaffairesaboutthecountry’Seconomy．Linsubstitutesitwith‘‘bureauofeconomy'’astheysharethesimilarfunctionsinthegovernmentdepartmentSOthatthetargetreaderscanunderstandthefunctionofthepoliticaldepartmentimmediatelywithoutbeingconfused．3．3．4Cultural0missionAccordingtoWangDongfeng，themethodforthetranslatortodeliberatelydeletesomepartsofthesourcetextinordertOavoidthepossibilityofconfusingcausedbyculturaldifferenceiscalledculturalomission(文化缺省与翻译补偿251)．TointroduceChinesecultureandpeople’Sattitudetowardslifetotheworldisalong-cherisheddreamofLinYutang，SOhestandsonthetargettextcultureandtakesthetargetreader’Scomprehensiondifficultyintoconsiderationwhenthereexistsculturaldefault．AsLinYutangsaysin‘。OnTranslation”，faithfulnessdoesnotequaltoword-for-wordtranslationanditisunnecessarytotranslateeverywordoftheoriginalwork(qtd．in罗新璋425)．Actually,LinYutangoftendeletesoromitssomepartswhicharedifficultforthetargetreaderstocomprehendwithoutaffectingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext．1．ST：人非尧舜，安得每事尽善。TT：Nooneisasage；youcannotalwaysberight(148)．
TheRepresentationofLinYutang's—S———u————b———j———e———c——．t．．i．．v．．—i——t——y．—．EulogmedasbenevolentandmorallyperfectbyChinesepeople，YaoandShunareprominentfiguresinChinesehistory．Thesetwodiligentsage-kingsareglorifiedfortheirvirtueandregardedasmodelsofthefollowingChinesemonarchsandemperors．TheyadvocatethepeopletobekindtoeachotherandteachthemhowtoproductSOthatundertheirleadingthevillageisprosperingandexperiencedgreatpeace．Shunisalsoextolledforhisfilialpietyandkindnesstohisparentseventhoughheistreatedhostilitybyhisfamily．Therefore，thetwosagesstayinahi曲positionofChinesepeople’SmindandthereremainssometraditionalChineseproverbsreferringtothesetwoemperorsas“人非尧舜，谁能尽善"and“祖舜宗尧”，bothofwhicharesuggestingthevirtueofthetwosages．ThekeypointofthissentenceistointroduceChineseattitudewhentheymakeamistake，SOLinYutangomitsYaoandShunaswellastheirculturalinformationinthetranslationanduses“asage”toexpressthecharacterofthem。Althoughculturalomissionmethodgoesagainstthetranslation’-。standardoffidelity,itclearsthecomprehensionhinderoffore适nreaderswhoarenotfamiliarwiththetwosagesandhelpsthemtoappreciatetheversionmorefluently．Meanwhile，itreflectsLinYutang’Sculturalinclinationtowardswesternculture．2．ST：借君拍板与门槌，我也逢场作戏莫相疑。TT：MayIborrowthedoorrapperandlitanyclapper?Kindlytakethisinaspiritoffun(188)．“逢场作戏”(fdngch冱ngzu6x0firstreferstobarnstormersinancientChinawhodidvariouskindsofperformanceinpublicwhencomingacrossamarketgathering．However,duringthehistoricalevolutionoftheword,themeaningof“逢场作戏”haschangedandcontainedderogatorysensewhichmeanttheunctuousrelationshipofpeople．"不过借他船坐坐舒服些，用他菜吃适El些，逢场作戏，这有何妨”(《孽海花》)．WhenSuTungpoadvisedthemonktoappreciatetheperformanceoftheprostitute，hesaidthatwhathehaddoneWaSpurelyforfuninsteadofinsultinganyone．Therefore，LinYutangintentionallyomitstheimpliedderogatorymeaningoftheword,45
四川师范大学硕士学位论文whichavoidsmisunderstandingofthetargetreadersandputsemphasisontheirappreciationandacceptingabilitytowardsChineseculture．
ConclusionForovertwothousandyears，thefocusoftranslationsmdieshavealwaysbeenontheloyaltytosourceteXts，resultingintheinvisibilityanddilemmastatusofthetranslator．Sincetheculturalturn,thetranslatorarenolongerreducedtoailinferiorstatusintranslation．Thetranslator’Sstatushasbeenimprovedastheestablishingofthesubjectivityofthetranslator．Theinterpretationofthesourcetext，whmhcallsforthetranslator’Ssubjectivity,goesthroughoutthewholetranslationprocess．Consequently,thetranslator’Ssubjectivityintervenedinthesourcetextdeservestobere．evaluated．Case．studyinthis’thesisis+aboutthetranslator’Ssubjectivity’ofLin’Yutangin‘thetranslationpartofthebookTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpo，includinghistranslationstandards，translationstrategies，thechoiceofthesourcetextetc．Hissubjectivity,whichisrepresentedinperceiving，conducting，affectingandrecreatingthesourcetext，includesthemotivation，creation，andinitiativespiritofthesubject．Consequently,thewholetranslationprocessofLinYutangindicateshissubjectivityasatranslator．ThethesisalsoinvestigateshowLinYutang’Stranslationtheoriesconductimpactonhistranslationwork．ThedevelopedtranslationtheoriesofLinYutangdistinguisheshim台omothercounterpartsforthereasonthatLinYutang’StranslatingprocesscontainsmoretheoreticalCOnsCiousnessthanothertranslators．InhisarticleOnTranslation，LinYutangputsforwardthreetranslationstandardsasfaithfulness，smoothnessandbeautyandstresseson‘‘sentencetranslation'’whichattachesimportancetothecoherenceandcontinuityofwordsi11onesentence．Thetranslatorneedstocomprehendthemeaningofonesentenceoftheoriginalfirstandthenexpressesitonthebasisofthegrammarofthetargetlanguage．Thesetheories，formedinLinYutang’Stranslationprocess，servesasanguidanceofhistranslationpracticeas47
四川师范大学硕士学位论文well．TheanalysisofthethesisrootsinLinYutang’SexchangesofbothlanguagesandculturesbetweenwesterncountriesandChina．LinYutang’SknowledgeonChinesehistory,language，literature，andespeciallythephilosophyofConfucianism，TaoismandBuddhismhaveenabledhimtobeanexpertofChinesecultureSOthatheexpressesthemtothewesterncountriesthroughhisowncomprehension．WithhispurposeofintroducingChineseculturetothewesterncounties，LinYutangusesseveraltranslationmethodstogetherflexiblyaccordingtohistranslationstandards，whichwellexemplifiesthetranslator’Screativityandinitiative．HeadoptsforeignizationtoinsistonthefidelityoftheversionwhenheintendstoreservethespecificflavoroftheChinesecultureandintroducethemtothewesterncountries．While，whencomingacrosssomeuniqueChineseelementswhicharedifficultortoomuchforthetargetreaderstocomprehendanddigest，LinYutangpreferstopolishhisversionfluentlyandsmoothlybyusingdomesticationstrategytocaterforthetasteofthewesternreaders．Itisexpectedthatthisthesiswillmakealittlecontributiontothecomprehensivestlldyandobjectiveevaluationofthetranslator’SsubjectivityofLinYutang．Inthecross—culturalcommunicationofthewestandtheeast，LinYutanghaswongreatreputationduetohiseffortsintheculturalexchangeprocess．LinYutanghelddeeploveforChinaanddevotedhimselftoSino-Westerncommunicationwithhisbilingualcompetence．TheauthorhopesthatthecasestudyofTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpowillbroadenthescopeofpreviousresearchesandopenanewperspectiveofstudyingthetranslator’SsubjectivityofLinYutanginhistranslatedworksandeventhetranslationsinhisEnglishwritings．ComparedwithLinYutang’Sotherworks，thetranslationresearchofTheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpoisrelativelyneglected．Therefore，theauthorofthisthesisalsohopestoarouseproperattentiontothisworkamongtranslationscholars．
BibliographyEnglishWorksBassnett，SusanandAndreLefevere．Eds．ConstructingCultures：EssaysonLiteraryTranslation．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，2001．Print．Bassnea，SusanandAndreLefevere．Translation，HistoryandCulture．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，2004．Print．Bassnett，Susan．TranslationStudies．3rdcA．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，2004．Prhat．Derrida，Jacques．ofGrammatology．Trans．GayatriChakravortySpivak．Baltimore：·‘。。’：。’‘-JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress，1974．Print．Foucault，Michel．TheOrderofThings．Tram．anonymous．NewYork：VintageBooks．1973．Print．Gadamer,Hans—Georg．TruthandMethod．London：SheedandWard．1975．Print．Gadamer,Hans．Georg．PhilosophicalHermeneutics．California：UniversityofCaliforniaPress，1976．Prm．Gentzler，Edwin．ContemporaryTranslationTheories．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，2004．Print．Lawence，Venuti。TheTranslator'sInvisibility：AHistoryofTranslation．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，1995．Print．Lefevere，Andre．Translation，RewritingandtheManipulationofLi地mryFame．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，2004．Print．LinYutang．TheGayGenius：theLifeandTimesofSuTungpo．Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress，2009．Print．Shuttleworth,MarkandMoriaCowie。DictionaryofTranslationStudies．Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，2004．Print．49
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望!!!竺婴堑AcknowledgmentsFirstofall,1wouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoalltheteachersattheSchoolofForeignLanguagesatSichuanNormalUniversity,whoseinstructionsandguidancehavemademythreeyearsattheuniversityatrulyrewardingexperience．Inparticular,1wishtoexpressmysincerethankstosuchprofessorsasProfessorYangYingyu，ProfessorYanLinhaiandProfessorGongXueping，fromwhoselecturesIhaveprofitedtremendouslyoverthethree—yeargraduateprogramme．WordsfailmewhenItrytoexpressmyheartfeltthankstomyadvisor,ProfessorYangYingyu，forallherinspiringideasandkindhelpthroughouttheprocessofmygmduationpaperwr—it遗：Withoutherheipfulsuggestions，herclearguidanceandherpatientcorrections，theaccomplishmentofthisgraduationpaperwouldhavebeenimpossible．53
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