城堡隐喻--《哈姆莱特》与基督教空间叙事

单位代码10635学号112015310000770硕士学位论文城堡隐喻——《哈姆莱特》与基督教空间叙事论文作者：胡方园指导教师：罗益民教授学科专业：英语语言文学研究方向：英美文学提交论文日期：2018年4月2日论文答辩日期：2018年5月19日学位授予单位：西南大学中国重庆2018年4月 独创性声明学位论文题目：城堡隐喻——《哈姆莱特》与基督教空间叙事本人提交的学位论文是在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中引用他人已经发表或出版过的研究成果，文中已加了特别标注。对本研究及学位论文撰写曾做出贡献的老师、朋友、同仁在文中作了明确说明并表示衷心感谢。学位论文作者：签字日期：2018年4月2日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解西南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权西南大学研究生院（筹）可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书，本论文：□不保密，□保密期限至年月止）。学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：2018年4月2日签字日期：2018年4月2日 TheCastleMetaphor:HamletandtheChristianSpaceNarrationHuFangyuanSupervisorProfessorLuoYiminAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofM.A.inEnglishCOLLEGEOFINTERNATIONALSTUDIESSOUTHWESTUNIVERSITYApril,2018 AcknowledgementsIamgreatlyindebtedtoallthepeoplewhohaveprovidedtheirsincerehelp,encouragement,andsupportduringmypostgraduatestudyinSouthwestUniversity,especiallyatthemomentwhenthethesisisaccomplished.Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatestandheartfeltgratitudetomyrespectablesupervisor,ProfessorLuoYimin,whohasexertedafar-reachinginfluenceonmystudyandviewoflifewithhischarmofpersonality,rigorousscholarship,andprofoundknowledge.Particularly,itishisnumerousinvaluablesuggestions,insightfulfeedback,constructivecommentsandincessantencouragementthatcontributetotherevisionandimprovementofthisthesis.Moreover,Ialsoowemuchtohimforhisenlighteninglectures,dedicatedguidance,criticalthinking,which,ofcourse,areoflifelongsignificancetome.Especially,theweeklyWinds-among-the-ReedsSaloninthepastthreeyears,indeed,benefitmesubstantiallyfortheinspiringideas,instructionsontheoriesandmethodology,moreprofoundunderstandingofliteraturenotonlyhavebroadenedmyhorizons,butalsofacilitatemypersonalgrowthinanall-roundway.Besides,whatIamdeeplyimpressedisthatProf.Luoconstantlysharesmanyusefulbooksandarticleswithus,whichisextremelyconducivetomylateracademiclife.MysincerethanksarealsoconveyedtothefollowingexcellentprofessorsandteachersintheCollegeofInternationalStudies:ProfessorLiuLihui,ProfessorYanKui,ProfessorLiuYu,ProfessorGuoFangyun,ProfessorMengFanjun,AssociateProfessorLiFang,AssociateProfessorWangYongmei,AssociateProfessorShenJingsong,AssociateProfessorXiaodanandMissWangYing.Withouttheirsplendidlectures,thought-provokingadvicesandvaluableguidanceonresearchapproaches,myrich,colorfulpostgraduatestudyandlifewouldbeimpossible.Atthesametime,IamgratefultomydearfriendsandclassmatessuchasLiJiali,XieTing,LüYingying,LinMengdi,QinYaandPangLihua,etc.fortheiraccompanyandencouragement.Finally,andespecially,Imustextendmydeepestgratitudetomybelovedparents,aswellasmyfaithfulcompanion,WangYuzhu,whosecontinuinglove,care,devotionandsupportenablesmetopursuemyfurtherstudysmoothly. ContentsAbstract..................................................................................................................................I摘要................................................................................................................................IIIIntroduction...........................................................................................................................1ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpace.................................................9A.TheCastleWithinastheHell...................................................................................9B.TheWalloftheCastleastheEarth........................................................................18C.TheCastleWithoutastheHeaven..........................................................................26ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngel..32A.TheDevilWithintheCastle...................................................................................32B.TheHumanBetweentheCastleWithinandWithout.............................................39C.TheAngelWithouttheCastle.................................................................................47ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperion......................52A.SatyrasaDeviloftheHell....................................................................................52B.HerculesasanEarthlyBeingoftheEarth..............................................................57C.HyperionasanAngeloftheHeaven......................................................................63Conclusion..........................................................................................................................66Notes...................................................................................................................................68Bibliography.......................................................................................................................70i TheCastleMetaphor:HamletandtheChristianSpaceNarrationAbstractHamlet,asoneofprominenttragediesofWilliamShakespeare,hasattractednumerouscriticsandscholars’attentionduringthepastmorethanfourhundredyears,leadingtoalargequantityofbooksandessaysonit.ThecastleisacommonsettinginShakespeare’sworks.Withregardtothis,manyresearchersbothathomeandabroadhaveconductedtheirstudiesprofoundlyfromdifferentaspects.Inthisthesis,basedontheviewsoftheChristianity,psychologicalapproach,aswellasmythologicalandarchetypicaltheories,thetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceofthecastleinHamletisexploredindepthbyanalyzingitsmetaphoricalmeanings.Thecastle,whichcanbedividedintothecastlewithin,thewallofthecastleandthecastlewithout,istreatedasasymbolofChristianspacethatisconstitutedbytheHell,theEarthandtheHeaven.TheworldwithinthecastlerepresentedbyClaudiuscanbeseenastheHell;theworldwithoutthecastlerepresentedbyOldHamletcanbeviewedastheHeaven;whiletheworldbetweenthecastlewithinandwithoutrepresentedbyHamletcanberegardedastheEarth.Furthermore,ClaudiusistakenasthesymboloftheDevil,kingHamlettheAngelandHamlettheHuman.Thethesisconsistsofthreechapters.Inthefirstchapter,thecastlewithin,thewallofthecastleandthecastlewithoutareseenasthetrinity“world”oftheChristianspaceonthetheoreticalbasisoftheChristianity.TheworldwithinthecastlecouldbedeemedasacorruptGardenofEdenwhichcanalsobeseenastheHell.ClaudiuscouldbeviewedastheserpentandGertrudeastheEve.ThewallofthecastlecouldberegardedasthetransitionalworldbetweentheHellrepresentedbydesireandtheHeavensymbolizedbytheAngel.Withtheresponsibilitytosetthechaoticworldrightandrevenge,HamletcouldbetakenastheincarnationofsaviourJesusandrevengefulJesusatthesametime;hecanbeseenastheHumanbetweentheHeavenandHell.Therefore,thewallofthecastleistreatedastheEarth.TheworldwithoutthecastlecouldbedeemedastheHeavenoftheChristianspace;OldHamletcanberegardedastheincarnationofAdamowingtohisvirtues.Inaddition,theworldwithoutthecastleisI 西南大学硕士学位论文morepureandorderlythantheworldwithinthecastle.Therefore,thecastlewithoutcouldbeseenastheHeavenoftheChristianspace.Inthesecondchapter,theapproachofpsychoanalysisisappliedtoanalyzingtheid,egoandsuperegoofClaudius,HamletandOldHamlet.ClaudiuscanbedeemedastheDevilwithhisevilsandsins.OldHamletwithoutthecastlecouldbeviewedastheincarnationoftheAngelwithhisstrongsenseofmorality.HamletwhoseegocankeepthebalancebetweenidandhissuperegoisregardedastheHuman,thatistosay,hecancoordinatetherelationshipsbetweenhisdesireandmorality.Inthethirdchapter,onthetheoreticalbasisofthemythologicalandarchetypalcriticism,ClaudiusmaybetreatedasSatyrandtheserpentintheGardenofEdenthatistheDevil;HamletcouldbeseenasHeracleswithhisresponsibilitytosetthedisorderedworldrightandtakerevenge,hecanalsobeviewedasahero;OldHamletwithvirtuesandmeritscanbeconsideredasHyperionandanangel.Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionmaynotonlybeviewedastheDevil,HumanandtheAngel,theymayalsoberegardedasthesymbolsofthetrinityworldoftheChristianspace.Theconclusionsareasfollow.Firstly,intermsofnarrativeskills,ShakespearepresentsthepictureofChristianspaceinHamletthroughnarrationandsketching.Secondly,HamletindicatesShakespeare’sthoughtsabouttherelationshipamongtheGod,humanandghost,aswellastherepositionofmanintheuniverse.Thirdly,HamletcouldbetreatedasbothahumanistandamanholdingChristianbeliefs,whosefear,anxietyanddepressionarecausedbytheclosedcastleandthedevelopmentofscienceinthenewera.Finally,Hamletlaysasolidfoundationforthelatergothicnovels:foronething,thegothicthemesandplotssuchasmurders,incest,poisonandusurpationbecomethemajorelementsoflatergothicnovels;foranotherthing,thecastleisalsothenecessarysettingofalmostallthegothicnovels.Hence,HamletcanbeconsideredasadescriptivetragedythatillustratesapictureofChristianspace.KeyWords:castle;metaphor;Hamlet;Christianspace;narrationII 城堡隐喻——《哈姆莱特》与基督教空间叙事摘要《哈姆莱特》是莎士比亚最具代表性的悲剧之一，四百多年来受到了众多评论家和学者的关注，关于它的研究著作及论文层出不穷。其中，城堡是莎士比亚作品中常见的一个场景，已有许多学者从不同角度对其进行了深入研究。本文以基督教理论、心理分析理论和神话原型批评理论为基础，通过分析城堡的象征意义来探究《哈姆莱特》中城堡的基督教空间。城堡分为城内、城墙和城外，分别象征着地狱、人间和天堂这三重基督教空间。以克劳狄斯为代表的城内世界被视为地狱，以老哈姆莱特为代表的城外世界被视为天堂；而以哈姆莱特为代表的城外与城内之间的世界被视为人类世界。其中，克劳狄斯是魔鬼的象征，老哈姆莱特是天使的象征，哈姆莱特是人的象征。本文分为三章。第一章以基督教理论为基础，将城内、城墙和城外分别视为地狱、人间和天堂这三重基督教空间。城堡内的世界可以被看作是一个堕落的伊甸园，也就是地狱。克劳狄斯和乔特鲁德分别可以被看作是蛇和夏娃。城墙代表处于城内和城外的中间世界，也就是以欲望为代表的地狱和以天使为代表的人间的过渡世界。哈姆莱特因同时肩负匡扶正义和复仇的责任而被视为救世主耶稣和复仇者耶稣的化身，他也可以被视为处于地狱和天堂之间的人间的代表。因此，城墙可以被视为人间。城外的世界可以被看作是天堂。老哈姆莱特因其完美的品德而被视为亚当的化身。与城内的堕落世界相比，城外的世界秩序井然，更加自然纯净。因此，城外可以被视为天堂。第二章结合心理分析理论对城堡内的人物克劳狄斯、哈姆莱特以及老哈姆莱特的本我、自我和超我进行分析。城内的克劳狄斯因其心中充满邪恶、身上背负罪恶而被视为魔鬼。城外的老哈姆莱特因其强大的超我，即强烈的道德感，而被视为天使的化身。哈姆莱特的自我能平衡好本我和超我的关系，即他可以理性地处理欲望与道德之间的关系，因而被视为处于天使和魔鬼之间的人。III 西南大学硕士学位论文第三章中，根据神话原型批评理论，克劳狄斯因其贪婪堕落被视作萨蹄尔，他也类似于伊甸园中的蛇，也就是魔鬼；哈姆莱特因其身兼匡扶正义的和复仇的责任而被视为赫拉克勒斯，他也可以被视为是英雄。老哈姆莱特因其完美的品德被视为是许佩里翁，他也类似于天使。萨蹄尔、赫拉克勒斯和许佩里翁不仅可以被看作是魔鬼、人和天使，也可以被看作是地狱、人间和天堂这三重基督教空间的象征。本文的结论如下：首先，从叙事技巧角度来说，莎士比亚通过讲故事和画画的形式描绘了一幅《哈姆莱特》中的基督教空间图。其次，《哈姆莱特》这部作品也体现了莎士比亚对神、人和鬼关系的思考，以及人在宇宙中位置的重新定位。再次，哈姆莱特可以被看作是一个人文主义者和基督教信仰者。他的恐惧，焦虑和忧郁，一方面是由城堡的封闭结构造成的；另一方面，也源于新科学和新时代发展的影响。最后，剧中城堡内发生的一系列谋杀、乱伦、毒杀、复仇、篡位等主题和情节成为后世哥特小说的主要元素；城堡也成为后世哥特小说必备的场景。《哈姆莱特》为后来哥特小说的发展奠定了基础。因此，《哈姆莱特》是一部描绘基督教空间的悲剧作品。关键词：城堡；隐喻；《哈姆莱特》；基督教空间；叙事IV IntroductionTheElizabethanAgeisthemostgloriousandsignificantperiodinthehistoryofEngland,whichstressesonthecapability,valueandaspirationsofhuman.Themoststrikingfeatureofthiseraisitsenergy,freehumanityandvarietyofmanhood.Generallyspeaking,theElizabethanAgeismoremedievalthanmodern.Thewaytodistinguishingthemodernworldfromthemedievalisitsattitudetowardsthereligion.“QueenElizabethandherstatesmenestablishedatemporaryequilibriuminChurchandState—agovernmentwhichwasessentiallyacompromisebetweentheoldandnewspirit…ThefruitsproducedweretheModernEnglishChurchandtheEnglishdrama.”1WilliamShakespeare,oneoftoweringfiguresintheElizabethanAge,isthemostprominentEnglishpoetanddramatistinhistory.ThecastleinHamletisamysteriousplace.Theplaybeginswiththenight-shiftsoldierswhoareguardingthecastleonthewallandhaveseentheghostofOldHamletfortwice.Thentheghostappearsagainthere.Thisremindsusoftheghostinthegothicfictions.InRenaissance,thecastlesarebuiltinclassicalstyleandgothicstyle,whicharethesymbolsoftheage.Thepointedarches,thesoaringheightsandthelongnarrowwindowsarethecharacteristicsofthegothiccastle.Becauseofitsclosedspaceandthedarknessinit,theoneswholivetheremayfeelgloomyanddepressed.ThecastleinHamletisakindofcastlelikethis,whichwitnessesmurders,incestandmadness,etc.,makingtheplaygoersfeelhorrible.ItneedstobeaddedthattheenclosedspaceandgloomofthecastlemaybeoneofthereasonsthatcausethedepressionofHamletandthemadnessofOphelia.Inaddition,theWarwickCastle,oneofthefourgreatestgothiccastlesinBritain,istheplacewhereEdwardIVhasbeenimprisonedformanyyearsbeforehebecomesthekingofEnglandandisnotfarfromShakespeare’shometown.Thisgothiccastlemaygivehimtheinspirationforhiscreation.Therefore,thecastleinHamletcanberegardedasagothiccastle.ThegothicelementsandplotsinHamletpavethewayforthedevelopmentoflatergothicfictions.Theseelementssuchasthevirginalmaiden,hero,tyrantandruffiansandthesettingsinHamletarethenecessarypartsofgothicfictions.ThecastleinHamletisdescribednotonlytoimplythatthesettingofthestoryisinthepast,butalso1 西南大学硕士学位论文toshowthatthepeoplelivinginitareenvelopedbydarkness.Moreover,thegothiccastleinHamletgivestheplaygoersanimpressionoftheisolation,lettingthemfeelscaredandbeawareofthereligiousassociationsofthegothicstyle.Inaddition,thecherishingofthepastthatisalsooneofthefeaturesofgothicfictionsisincorporatedinHamlet.HamletcanrecitepartoftheAeneaswhichisoneoftheclassicalRomanepics.ItprovesthatHamletisapersonwhocherishesthepastglories.Inthissense,Hamletcanbeseenasarolemodelofthegothicfictionsthatlaysthefoundationfortheboomingofthelatergothicfictions.JustaswhatHoraceWalpole,thefirstgothicnovelist,hasclaimed,heimitatesthethemes,plotsandthesettingofHamletinhisfamousmasterpieceTheCastleofOtranto.AsamanlivinginthelateRenaissance,Shakespearegivesthefullestexpressiontohumanistidealsandshowshisownattitudetowardsreligion.Accordingtosomescholars,ShakespeareisaRomanCatholic.Someotherresearchersinsistthatheisapuritan.Therearestillsomecriticswhomaintainotherdifferentviews.ThisthesisintendstoillustrateShakespeare’sthoughtsaboutthetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamlet.DanteAlighieripresentsthepictureofthethreekindsofspaceinhisnotablemasterpieceDivineComedy:Hell,PurgatoryandHeaven.JohnMiltonalsoexhibitsasimilarpictureinhisParadiseLostandParadiseRegained.“Shakespeare’sattitudetowardsChristianityisneitherprofessionalnortheological.Hisreligionshowshisattitudetowardslifeandhumanity.Ithastheuniversality,thetoleranceandthedeephumanityofhisdramaticart.”2HamletisoneofShakespeare’smostworld-renownedtragedies,inwhichShakespeare’sopinionsaboutRenaissanceandChristianityareincorporated.“Shakespeare’sDenmarkisakindofborderland,lyingonthefringesofmodernEurope,halfwaybetweentheworldofpaganheroismandthenewworldofChristiancivility.ShakespeareportraysHamletasacultivatedandsophisticatedproductofmodernChristianEurope,whoissuddenlyaskedtostepoutofauniversityclassroomandintoasituationultimatelyderivedfromthebarbaricworldofNorsesaga.ThuswhatmakesHamletthequintessentialtragicfigureoftheRenaissanceisthattheinnercontradictionsoftheeracometoconsciousnessinhisalertandcapaciousmind.”3FromthewordsandbehaviorsofHamlet,itisclearlytoseethatHamletholdstheviewofChristianity.2 IntroductionHamlet’sbeliefinChristianityismirroredfromthefollowingaspects.Firstly,Hamlet’sbeliefinChristianityisillustratedbyhisattitudestowardssuicide.HamletlivesinmodernChristianworldandhebelievesthathissoulisimmortal.IntheperiodofRenaissance,suicideisviewedasanobledeed.ThepeopleinRenaissancemightcommitsuicidewhentheythinktheirtimeiscoming.AsforHamlet,healsoconsiderssuicideasaheroicactionandattemptssuicideatthebeginningtoendallthetroubleshefaces.However,heisstillhesitatingtodothatforheisworriedabouthisafterlife.Fromhisfamoussoliloquy“Forinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycome,whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,mustgiveusapause”4,itisobviousthathecaresabouthisafterlifeandmustweightheresultofsuicidethathewouldbesaved,ordamnedafterthat.TheviewsontheafterlifearewhatChristianityalwaysdeclares.OnthegroundsofChristiandoctrines,peopleshoulddogoodthingsinthislifetogetsalvationinafterlife.Fromthisaspect,itcanbeseenthatHamletknowsChristianityquiteclearly.Secondly,Hamlet,whosebeliefinChristianityisshownbyhisattitudestowardsrevenge,ispuzzledbytheproblemof“eternity”.Ontheonehand,Christianityforbidssuicide;ontheotherhand,“Christianityoffersapatternofrevengemoresinisterthananythingimaginedinclassicalantiquity.”5IntheOldTestament,Godisdescribedasvengeful;whileintheNewTestament,Godoffersforgivenesstothesinners,buthewilldamnthoseunrepentantsinnersforeternity.InActThreeSceneThree,HamlethasthechancetokillClaudiustoavengehisfather’sdeath,butheisdeterminednottokillhimforheispraying.ThisisbecausehewantstoshatterClaudius’bodyanddamnhissoulatthesametime.Thirdly,Hamletexpresseshisadmirationforclassicantiquitythroughhismemoriesofthepast.“HamlethasadistinctlyChristiansenseofthetransiencyofthegloryoftheancientworld.”6InActFiveSceneOne,hesighswiththenobilityofAlexandertheGreatwhoreducestodust.Inaddition,Hamlet’syearningfortheancientglorydemonstrateshisbeliefinChristianity.Lastly,Hamlet’scomplicatedattitudestowardsclassicalheroismreflecthisbeliefinChristianity.Foronething,Hamletdeemsthat“ambition”isdivine;foranotherthing,herealizesthatheroismisjustanidealinvain.“Herecognizeshowinfiniteand3 西南大学硕士学位论文transienttheobjectsofthisheroismare,andfromHamlet’seternalperspectiveasaChristian,allthisearthlygloryshrinkstothedimensionsofaneggshell.”7HisdiverseopinionsonheroismmirrorhisbeliefinChristianity.ThefouraspectsmentionedaboveshowHamlet’sbeliefinChristianity.“AnalyzingtheclassicalandtheChristianstrainsinHamlet’scharacterrevealsthecomplexityofShakespeare’sportrayal,acomplexitywhichmirrorstherichnessoftheRenaissanceitself.”8ThisalsoillustratesthelinksamongHamlet,ChristianityandRenaissance.AsoneofthemostpopularworkwrittenbyShakespeare,Hamlet,togetherwithShakespeare,hasservesasthefocalresearchsubjectinthepastseveralhundredsofyears,which,definitely,witnessesthethrivingstudyconductedbynumerousscholarsbothathomeandabroad.Thefollowingisabriefoverviewaboutthestudiesrangingfromtheseventeenthcenturytothetwentiethcentury.Intheseventeenthcentury,BenJohnson,apre-eminentcriticofShakespeare,affirmsthatShakespeareisthe“souleoftheAge”thatcannotbepraisedtoomuch.Shakespeare’sfellow-actorsHemingeandCondell,whocollectedhisplaysandprintedthefirstFolio,likewiseprefixanaddresswithsomecriticalremarks.Theycallhimahappyimitatorandgentleexpresserofnature.In1640,whenaneweditionofShakespeare’spoemswaspublished,apoemwasappendedtoitbyananonymousauthor,whopraisedthatnatureadmiresherselfinShakespeare.JohnDryden,oneoftheleadingwritersintheRestorationperiod,regardsShakespeareas“themanwhoofallmodern,andperhapsancientpoets,hadthelargestandmostcomprehensivesoul”9inhisfamousEssayonDramatickPoesie,hecontinueslikethis:“ShakespeareandFletcherwroteplayswithirregularplots;onlyBenJohnson’splayswereperfect;yetweadmireBenJohnsonandloveShakespeare.”10Theeighteenthcenturyisanagethatputsemphasisonreason.Neo-classicistsconsiderAristotle’s“ThreeUnities”asadiscipline.NicolasRowespeakshighlyofShakespeareforhisimagination,character-drawing,judgement,taste,instinctin1709.“Inthesameyear,AddisonalludestothecrowingofcockinHamlet,whichhecallsacountrytraditionremadeintoabeautifulpieceofpoetrybytheagreeablewildnessofShakespeare’simagination.”11AlexanderPope,aleadingfigureoftheNeo-classicism,illustratesasfollows:“TheopinionthathewantedlearningmayhavebeenduetoBen4 IntroductionJohnson’spartisans,ortotheblundersofthosewhofirstpublishedhisworksandfalselyascribedsomeplaysandpassagestohim.”12Inthenineteenthcentury,“Shakespearereceivedfirst-fruitsofhisglory.OntheContinent,heishonoredinadoubleway—bytheadmirationoftheGermansandthecontemptoftheFrench.”13TherearesomecriticswhohaveshowntheirshiningideasaboutHamletfromavarietyofangles.SamuelTaylorColeridge,whoisoneofthegreatestcriticsinthecentury,maintainsthat“Hamlethaseveryexcellencebutthepowertoact;helivesinmeditationanddoesnothingbutresolve”14.AnothercelebratedwriterCharlesLambassertsthat“Shakespeare’splaysareleastfittedtobeperformedonthestage,becauseactingdealsonlywiththesuperficialthingsofpassion,whereasShakespearerevealstheinternalworkingsandmovementsofagreatmind”15.Inthetwentiethcentury,FranzHornpointsoutthat“HoratioisnotHamlet’sfriendinthehighersenseoftheword,hadhebeenamanofunusualintellecthewouldhaveinfluencedHamletandchangedthecourseofevents”16.LudwigTieck,oneofthefoundingfathersoftheRomanticMovementofthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,considersthatHamletisessentiallyunheroic.Accordingtohim,Hamletistheonewhoexpresseshis“contemptforlife,combinedwithover-excitedattachmenttoit”17.LudwigBoernedescribesHamletastheonlyplaythathasaNortherngroundandaNorthernheaven.“Shakespeare,inhisunderstandingofnature,knewhowtosuithisatmospheretohischaracters—theblue,sunnySouth,tothelivelyandwitty,tojoyandhastypassion,tothequick,decisivedeed—theSouthwherenightisonlysleepingday;—tothemelancholy,brooding,dreamingHamlet,alandofcloudsandlongnights,ofmistsandgreyskies,alandwheredayisonlysleeplessnight.”18AugustDoeringprovideshisremarksaboutHamlet’spsychology:“Hemustcontinuetoliveinthispervertedworld,buthowminglewithitsaffairssinceallisevil?Whytroubletoavengevirtuewhenthereisnosuchthingasvirtue?Whytroubleaboutthemoralorderwhenhecanseeinitnopermanence?”19Thestudiesonthecastlemetaphorsarenotrichrelatively.Manyresearcherstendtoexploretheinfluencethecastlehasexertedonthecharacters.Someofthemtreatthecastleasmaze.Othercriticsillustratetheanxietyandconflictsofthecharacterswholiveinthecastle.ThesettingofHamletisagothiccastle,inwhich,theid,superegoandegooftheprotagonistsarefullyexpressed.Hence,theapproachofpsychoanalysisisappliedin5 西南大学硕士学位论文thisthesis.TheinteriorofthecastleinHamletistakenasthehell,theworldoutsidethecastleastheheaven,andthewallofthecastleastheearth,“becausecharactersintheGothicarefrequentlyflat,thegenrelendsitselfeasilytoallegoricalinterpretation”20.“AlthoughFreud,too,emphasizedthatsymbolsandsymptomsareoverdetermined,ormayfulfillseveralneeds,andcautionedagainstassumingauniversalmeaningforsymbols,theGothic’selementsprovidedarichfieldforelementarygenital-huntinganalysis.”21InFreud’sopinion,“Theidisthereservoirofthelibido,theprimarysourceofallpsychicenergy.Itfunctionstofulfilltheprimordiallifeprinciple,whichisconsideredtobethepleasureprinciple.”22Theegoisdominatedbytheprincipleofreality,whilethesuperegoisgovernedbythemoralcodes.“Wemightsaythattheidwouldmakeusdevils,thatthesuperegowouldhaveusbehaveasangels,andthatitremainsfortheegotokeepushealthyhumanbeingsbymaintainingabalancebetweenthesetwoopposingforces.”23ThemythicalarchetypesofClaudius,kingHamletandHamletareSatyr,HyperionandHeracles.“Mythologicalapproachiswiththerelationshipofliteraryartto‘someverydeepchord’inhumannaturethatmythologicalcriticismdeals.Themythcriticisconcernedtoseekoutthosemysteriouselementsthatinformcertainliteraryworksandthatelicit,withalmostuncannyforce,dramaticanduniversalhumanreactions.”24CarlGustavJungistheforemostmythologistofourtime.“Mythsaresymbolicprojectionsofpeople’shopes,values,fears,andaspirations.”25IntheviewofAlanW.Watts,“Mythistobedefinedasacomplexofstories—somenodoubtfact,andsomefantasy—which,forvariousreasons,humanbeingsregardedasdemonstrationsoftheinnermeaningoftheuniverseandofhumanlife.”26Furthermore,“mythisadynamicfactoreverywhereinhumansociety;ittranscendstime,unitingthepastwiththepresentandreachingtowardthefuture.”27Themainbodyofthisthesisisdividedintothreechapters,whichareorganizedasfollows:Inthefirstchapter,thetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamlet—theHell,HeavenandEarth,areexplored.ThecastleinHamletcanbecategorizedintothreeparts,namely,thecastlewithin,thecastlewithoutandthewallofthecastle,whichcorrespondstotheHell,HeavenandEarthrespectively.Becauseofthemurders,usurpationandincestinit,thegothiccastleiscountedasthecorruptGardenofEden6 IntroductionwhereClaudiusistheserpentwhoseducesEveandGertrudeisEvewhoisbeguiledbytheserpent.Therefore,thevillainClaudiuswithinthecastlerepresentstheHell,whereasthevirtuousmenlikekingHamletsymbolizestheHeaven.AsregardsHamlet,hestandsfortheEarth,whichiscomparedtotheworldbetweentheHellandHeaven.Inthesecondchapter,theapproachofpsychoanalysisisemployedtoanalyzetheid,superegoandegoofthecharactersinHamlet.IntermsofthecharacterswithinthecastlesuchasClaudius,Gertrude,RosencrantzandGuildenstern,theiridreducesthemtobetheDevils.Hamlet’segocankeepthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperegoandherepresentsHumanbothwithmeritsanddefects.KingHamlet’ssuperegoismorepowerfulthanhisidandego,thatis,hehasastrongsenseofmorality.Therefore,heisconsideredastheAngelwithoutthecastle.Wherebytheinterrelationsbetweenthetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamletandthesymbolicHuman,AngelandDevilarerevealedclearly.Inthethirdchapter,Claudius,HamletandkingHamletareregardedasSatyr,HeraclesandHyperionrespectivelyonthebasisofmyth-archetypaltheory.HyperionstandsfortheidealofkinginHamlet’smind.Satyr,asaninsignificantgod,ruinstheimageofidealman.HeraclessymbolizestheidealmaninRenaissance.Inaddition,Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionalsorepresentthetrinity“world”ofChristianspacethatShakespearesketches.Byemployingthreedifferentapproaches,theanalysisinthethreechaptersrevealsthetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamletfromthreedistinctaspects.Thelogicrelationsamongthethreechaptersarepresentedasfollowing:Chapteronedepictsthewholepictureofthetrinityworld.ThecastlewithinwhichisseenasacorruptGardenofEdencanberegardedasthesymboloftheHell;thewallofthecastlecouldbetreatedasthesymboloftheEarthwithHamletasitsrepresentativeinit.ThecastlewithoutisdeemedasthesymboloftheHeavenwithOldHamletasitsrepresentativeinit.Chaptertwoexploresthereasonsleadingtothethreekindsofcharactersthroughtheanalysisofcharacters’id,superegoandego.TheiddrivesClaudiustobetheDevilwithinthecastle.Hamlet’segocankeepthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperego,makinghimamanofreason.KingHamlet’ssuperegopromptshimtoactlikeanAngel.Accordingtotheconclusionofchapteroneandchaptertwo,wecanconcludethatClaudiuscouldbedeemedastheDevilwholiveswithinthecastle;HamletcanbeviewedastheHumanwhostandsbetweenthecastlewithinandcastlewithout;OldHamletcanberegardedas7 西南大学硕士学位论文theAngellivingwithoutthecastle.ChapterthreesuggeststhesimilaritiesbetweenSatyrandClaudius,HeraclesandHamlet,HyperionandoldHamlet.WecanfindthatClaudiusisaserpentasrepresentedanddescribedintheHolyScripts;HamletmayberegardedasaHeroandOldHamletasanAngel.TheserpentrepresentstheDeviloftheHell;theHerorepresentstheHumanontheEarthandtheAngelrepresentstheHeaven.Therefore,Satyr,HeraclesandHyperioncouldbeseenasthesymboloftheHell,EarthandHeaven.Onthewhole,HamletisasplendidtragedythatdemonstratesShakespeare’ssuperbskillsinexpressinghisthoughtsabouttherelationshipamongtheDevil,HumanandAngel,whichalsopresentsexquisitelyapictureoftrinity“world”ofChristianspace.Shakespeareisnodoubtoneofthegreatestplaywrightsandmosteminenttoweringfiguresinhistory.8 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceThecastle,asthemainsettinginHamlet,canbedividedintothreeparts:thecastlewithin,thecastlewithoutandthewallofthecastle.TheyrepresenttheHell,HeavenandEarthrespectively,whichconstituteawholepictureoftrinity“world”ofChristianspace.A.TheCastleWithinastheHellThecastlewithin,whichcanbecomparedtoacorruptEden,isregardedastheHellowingtothemurders,incestandbetrayalsinit.1.TheCastleWithinasaCorruptEdenThecastlewithinfullofevilsisregardedasacorruptGardenofEden.HAMLET:Fieon’t,ahfie,’tisanunweededgardenThatgrowstoseed,thingsrankandgrossinnaturePossessitmerely.(1.2.135-137)FromthewordsofHamlet,itcanbeinferredthattheworldisregardedasanunweededgarden,whichisnottherealGardenofEdeninBible,butacorruptgardeninDenmark.Theking,Claudius,isamurdererwhilethequeenisanincestuouswoman.Almostallthepeopleinthecastlesparenoefforttogaintheprofits,forwhichtheywilldoanythingbyfairmeansorfoul.Hence,thegardenisfullofcorruption.HAMLET:Thatonemaysmile,andsmile,andbeavillain;AtleastI’msureitmaybesoinDenmark.(1.5.108-109)IntheeyesofHamlet,Denmarkisaprisonfullofvillains.Apersoncanbeamurdererandawolfinhissheepatthesametime.Claudiusisagoodexample.Ononehand,heshowshisgenerosityhypocriticallybyregardingHamletashissuccessor;Ontheotherhand,hedesperatelywantstokillHamlet.Asamatteroffact,thereare9 西南大学硕士学位论文numeroushypocriteslikeClaudius.Therefore,thecastlewithincanbeseenasacorruptEden.HAMLET:There’sne’eravillaindwellinginallDenmarkButhe’sanarrantknave.HORATIO:Thereneedsnoghost,mylord,comefromthegrave,Totellusthis.(1.5.123-126)Inthedialogueabove,HamlettellsHoratiothatDenmark,aworldwithplentyofvillains,canbecomparedtoaprison.AnditisthesebadmenthatspoilthereputationofDenmark.Horatiodefinitelyagreeswithhim.Furthermore,thecastleisthemainsettingoftheplay.Therefore,itcanbeseenasaprisonaswellasacorruptGardenofEden,inwhichthekingClaudiusservesasaserpentandthequeenasEve.Bothofthemarebadeggs:Claudius,atruescoundrel,poisonsoldHamletinordertoobtainoldHamlet’scrownandtemptsGertrudetomarryhimtosatisfyhislust.Allthesesinscanbefoundhereandthereinthegothiccastle,andthecharactersliveinawaysimilartotheDevils’.Inthissense,Denmark,intheeyesofHamletandHoratio,istheHell.CLAUDIUS:Why,’tisalovingandafairreply.BeasourselfinDenmark.Madam,come.ThisgentleandunforcedaccordofHamletSitssmilingtomyheart,ingracewhereof,NojocundhealththatDenmarkdrinkstodayButthegreatcannontothecloudsshalltell,Andtheking’srousetheheavenshallbruitagain,Re-speakingearthlythunder.Comeaway.(1.2.125-128)HAMLET:Thekingdothwaketonightandtakeshisrouse,Keepswassail,andtheswaggeringup-springreels,AndashedrainshisdraughtsofRhenishdown,Thekettle-drumandtrumpetthusbrayoutThetriumphofhispledge.HORATIO:Isitacustom?HAMLET:Aymarryis’t,Buttomymind,thoughIamnativehere10 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceAndtothemannerborn,itisacustomMorehonouredinthebreachthantheobservance.Thisheavy-headedreveleastandwestMakesustraducedandtaxedofothernations.Theyclepeusdrunkards,andwithswinishphraseSoilouraddition;andindeedittakesFromourachievements,thoughperformedatheight,Thepithandmarrowofourattribute.(1.4.8-22)WhatcanbeconcludedfromthetwodialoguesisthatthepeopleinDenmarkhavethecustomofdrinking.ThekingClaudius,wholovesdrinkingverymuchandoftenrequiresthecannonstobefiredtocreateafestiveatmosphere,istherepresentativeofthem.HistyrannymakesDenmarkahellforhispeople.Claudius’sbehaviorsvividlyreflectthatheisatyrant.UnlikeoldHamlet,thekingClaudiusleavesabadimpressiononhisfellowpeopleandDenmark’sneighboringcountries.Forhim,hisgainmeanseverything,whiletheinterestsofhispeopleandthereputationofDenmarkareoflittleimportance.Thushe，asaking,oftenenjoyshimselfwithhispower,beingalwaysdrunk,whilethecommonpeopleinDenmarkliveaquitemiserablelife.Claudius’sluxuriouslifeincreasestheburdenonhispeople’sshoulder.Atthesametime,hishabitofexcessivedrinkingalsodamagesthereputationofDenmark.Becauseofhim,TheCastleWithinbecomestheHellforthecommonpeople.HAMLET:TwothousandsoulsandtwentythousandducatsWillnotdebatethequestionofthisstraw.Thisisth’impostumeofmuchwealthandpeace,Thatinwardbreaks,andshowsnocausewithoutWhythemandies.Ihumblythankyousir.CAPTAIN:Godbuyyousir.(4.4.25-29)Thesegmentaboveillustratesthatthekingdesirestoobtainthemilitaryfamebysendingthesoldierstofightforthebarrenland,which,accordingtoHamlet,ismeaningless.OwingtooldHamlet’sdedicationandgreatefforts,Denmarkisrichandpeacefulfornow,butthepotentialdangersmaystillexplodesomedayinthefuture.11 西南大学硕士学位论文Nevertheless,toseekthebubblereputation,thekingcommandsthesoldierstogotothebattlefield,withoutcaringabouttheirlives.Evidently,theirsacrificeisundeserved.Foreventhoughitissafefornow,thepeoplemayberebelagainsthistyrannysoonerorlater.Asaresult,Denmarkwillbeindangerandchaosonceagain.Itcouldbeobservedthatthekingisacorruptdrunkardandthepeopleliveadog’slifeinthecastle.Itisnowonderthattheso-called“magnificent”castle,inHamlet’sview,isadecayedEden,forHamletknowsthetruecolorofClaudiuswell.UnlikeClaudius,hecaresmoreaboutthewell-beingofpeopleandsoldiersinDenmark.Hedecidestomaketheworldbackontrackafterhearingtheghost’snarration.Hence,becauseofClaudius’smeaninglessmilitaryactions,thecorruptcastlewithincanbetreatedastheHell.GENTLEMAN:Shespeaksmuchofherfather,saysshehearsThere’stricksI’th’world,andhems,andbeatsherheart,Spurnsenviouslyatstraws,speaksthingsindoubtThatcarrybuthalfsense.Herspeechisnothing,YettheunshapèduseofitdothmoveThehearerstocollection.(4.5.4-9)OPHELIA:Andwillanotcomeagain?SongAndwillanotcomeagain?No,no,heisdead,Gotothydeath-bed,Heneverwillcomeagain.Hisbeardwasaswhiteassnow,Allflaxenwashispoll,Heisgone,heisgone,Andwecastawaymoan,God-a-mercyonhissoul.(4.5.185-194)WecanfindfromOphelia’swordsabovethatsheisdepressedandmad.Thereasonsareasfollows:Firstly,thedeathofhisfatheristhedirectcauseofhermadness.Inthesecondpartabove,shemurmursherfather’sdeath,whichpresentsapuregirlwholovesherfatherwithallherheartandsouleventhoughherfatherPoloniusmakesuseofhertogetclosetotheroyalfamily.Secondly,theclosedcastleisanotherreason12 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpacethatcausesherdepressionandmadness.Theclosedcastleresemblesaprison,wherealmostallthebehaviorsarerestrained.Shelivesinthecastleforalongtime,thusithasexertedmuchinfluencegreatlyonher.Thereislittlefreedominthisplace,letalonethesweetloveandhappiness.Sosheisinclinedtofeelmirthless.Thirdly,herloveforHamletalsoleadstohermadnessandbluemood.ShelovesHamletdeeply,however,sheisaskedbyherfatherPoloniusnottoacceptHamlet’sletterforsomereasons.Shefollowsherfather’sadviceintheend.Shesuffersgreattormentmentallyfromthisdilemma,beingsorrowfulforalongtimeandbecomingmadatlast.Allthesefactorsresultinthebreakdownofherfragilemind.Thenthispatheticgirldrownsherselfinapond,leavingthecorruptworld.Thelastbutnottheleast,Ophelia’smadnessanddeathrevealthatthecastlewithinisacorruptGardenofEden.HisfatherandClaudiustakeadvantageofherfortheirownpurposes.Sheisthevictimofthecorruptworld.Inhereyes,thecorruptworldistheHell.Onaccountofthereasonsabove,thecastlewithincanbeviewedastheHellwhereClaudiusistheserpentwhoseducesEve–Gertrude.2.ClaudiusastheSerpentClaudius,whohasdoneagreatmanyevilthings,isviewedastheserpentintheGardenofEden.TheghostofkingHamletalsocallshimtheserpent.GHOST:Tisgivenoutthat,sleepinginmyorchard,Aserpentstungme.SothewholeearofDenmarkIsbyaforgedprocessofmydeathRanklyabused;butknow,thounobleyouth,Theserpentthatdidstingthyfather’slifeNowwearshiscrown.(1.5.35-40)NowtheserpentwasmoresubtlethananybeastofthefieldwhichtheLORDGodhadmade.Andhesaiduntothewoman,Ye,hathGodsaid,Yeshallnoteatofeverytreeofgarden?Andthewomansaiduntotheserpent,wemayeatofthefruitofthetreesofthegarden:Butthefruitofthetreewhichisinthemidstofthegarden,godhathsaid,yeshall13 西南大学硕士学位论文noteatofit,neithershallyetouchit,leastyedie:Andtheserpentsaiduntothewoman,yeshallnotsurelydie:ForGoddothknowthatinthedayyeeatthereof,thenyoureyesshallbeopened,andyeshallbeasgods,knowinggoodandevil.Andwhenthewomansawthatthetreewasgoodforfood,andthatitwaspleasanttotheeyes,andatreetobedesiredtomakeonewise,shetookofthefruitthereof,anddideat,andgavealsountoherhusbandwithher;andhedideat.(Genesis2:1-6)BasedonthewordsofthekingHamlet’sghost,itisobviousthatClaudiusisaserpentwhostungkingHamlet,remindingusoftheserpentintheGardenofEden.ItisSatanwhobecomesaserpentandseducesEvetoeattheapple.Consequently,AdamandEvearebanishedfromtheGardenofEden.InHamlet,ClaudiusnotonlykillsoldHamletandusurpsthethrone,butalsoseducestheseemingvirtuousqueenGertrude,sohecanbecountedastheserpentincorruptGardenofEden.KingHamlet’sghostsays,“Theserpentthatdidstingthyfather’slifenowwearshiscrown”.ClearlyClaudiusistheonewhoseduceskingHamlet’squeenandsitsonhisthroneaswell.IntheopinionofkingHamlet’sghost,Claudiusisentirelyanabhorrentruffian.ItcannotbeoverstatedthatClaudiusisatraitoraswellasanincestuousbeast.GHOST:ThuswasI,sleeping,byabrother’shand,Oflife,ofcrown,ofqueen,atoncedispatched.(1.5.74-75)TheghostofkingHamlettellsthetruthofhisfather’sdeathandasksHamlettotakerevengeonthevillainClaudius.ThekingHamletiskilledbyClaudius,hiscrownandwifearealsocapturedbythesnakyruffian.Thatis,thereasonwhyhepoisonsoldHamletisthatheeagerlyintendstoobtainthethroneandhisqueenGertrude.AndClaudiusisreallyaserpentinthecorruptGardenofEden.CLAUDIUS:(Aside)Oh,’tistootrue.Howsmartalashthatspeechdothgivemyconscience!Theharlot’scheek,beautiedwithplasteringart,IsnotmoreuglytothethingthathelpsitThanismydeedtomymostpaintedword.Oheavyburden!(3.1.49-54)14 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceThewords“O,Heavyburden”inClaudius’smonologuereferstostingofhisconscienceaswellastheCrossintheholyBible.Hethinksthatheisjustliketheharlotandtheplasteringartwouldnotcoverupwhathehasdone.TheGodknowswellallhisuglydeeds;forinstance,hekillshisbrotherandgetsmarriedwithhisqueendrivenbyhisdesiresforthepowerandlust.Forhim,theonlysolutiontoeasehispainofself-accusationistoprayandconfess.Whileinfact,heneveractuallyconfesses,heevenplanstokillHamlettokeepthecrowninhisownhand.Beinganadulteratebeastwhoneverwantstoconfesssincerely,hewoulddowhatevertokeepwhathehasowned,suchashiscrown,hisqueenGertrude.Apparently,ClaudiusistheserpentinEdenwhomakesitcorrupt.ThecastlewithinbecomestheHellbecauseofhisevildeeds.3.GertrudeasEveGertrude,thequeeninthecastle,isseenasEveintheGardenofEden.Sheismerelyaseemingvirtuouswomanwhoisbeguiledbytheserpentandisobsessedwithherdesiresandlust.SosheisacorruptEve.HAMLET:Isthisaprologue,ortheposyofaring?OPHELIA:Tisbriefmylord.HAMLET:Aswoman’slove.(3.2.133-135)PLAYERQUEEN:TheinstancesthatsecondmarriagemoveArebaserespectsofthrift,butnoneoflove.AsecondtimeIkillmyhusbanddeadWhensecondhusbandkissesmeinbed.(3.2.163-166)PLAYERQUEEN:Bothhereandhencepursuemelastingstrife,Ifonceawidow,everIbewife.(3.2.203-204)HAMLET:Madam,howlikeyouthisplay?GERTRUDE:Theladydothprotesttoomuchmethinks.HAMLET:Ohbutshe’llkeepherword.(3.2.210-212)GertrudeisthequeenofDenmark.Shemarriesherhusband’sbrotherClaudius15 西南大学硕士学位论文shortlyafterthedeathofhishusband.Herattitudestowardloveandmarriagearemirroredfullyfromthedialogueabove.Theplayerqueen’svowtotheloyaltyofloveandmarriagemakesGertrudefeeluncomfortable,forshedoesnottakeherfirstmarriageseriously.Inhereyes,itisnotnecessarytobealwaysloyaltoherfirsthusbandoldHamlet.Shedoesnotcareabouttheunexpecteddeathofhisfirsthusband,butrushestomarrythenewking.JustlikeEveintheGardenofEdenwhoeatstheappleaftertheserpenttellingherthefruitwillmakeherwise,Gertrudechoosestomarrythenewkingbecauseofherowndesireforpursuingthehonorablequeen’sposition.Inheropinion,theonlywaytobethemosthonorablewomaninDenmarkistomarrythenextking.SheisseducedbytheserpentClaudiusandevenbelievesthathewouldpassonthepowertoHamlet.Asaresult,shedoesnotcareaboutoldHamlet’sdeath,nordoesshemindwhetheritisalawfulwaythatClaudiusgetsthecrown.ThussheisEveinthecorruptGardenofEden.AfterseeingtheplayHamletplanned,shebelievesthattheplayerqueen’swordsareexaggerated.Sheholdstheviewthatwomenneednottokeepherchastityafterherhusband’sdeath.InRenaissanceperiod,Gertrude’sdeedscanbeseenasincest.However,shedoesnotthinkso.WhenHamlettellsherthetruthofherhusband’sdeath,shedoesnotbelieveit.Despiteshemayfeelguiltyforwhatshedid,butsheneverchanges.Andshedoesnothingtoavengeherhusband’sdeath.Specifically,shedoesnotdowhatawifeandamothershoulddo,becausesheonlyattachesgreatimportancetoherhonorandpower.Sheissoselfishthatshedisregardsherhusband’ssuddendeathandherson’sfeeling.HAMLET:Toserveinsuchadifference.Whatdevilwas’tThatthushathcozenedyouathoodman-blind?[Eyeswithoutfeeling,feelingwithoutsight,Earswithouthandsoreyes,smellingsansall,OrbutasicklypartofonetruesenseCouldnotsomope.](3.4.76-81)HamletasksGertrude,“Whatdevilwasn’tthatthushathcozenedyouathoodman-blind?”Clearly,Hamletdoubtswhetherhismother’seyesareactually16 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpacecoveredbyDevil’stricks.ClaudiuscanbeseenastheDevil.Then,GertrudeiscozenedbyClaudius.GertrudecreatesagoodimpressiononHamlet.Soitisapuzzlingthatwhyshechoosesnottocareaboutherhusband’spassingawaybuthurriestomarryhishusband’sbrother.Hamletdoesnotbelievehismotherisamuddleheadedwoman,becausethereasonsforherhusband’sunnaturaldeathwouldbequiteevidentifshethinksoveritcarefully.Theharshfactisthatifsheistrulyvirtuous,shewillnotmarrytheviciousandadulteratebeastClaudius.Sheshouldfeelshameforwhatshedid.Therefore,sheisawomansansfeeling,sightandsenseofshame.Furthermore,HamletalsodoesnotbelieveGertrudeiscozenedbyClaudius’strick.SheshouldhavebeenabletodistinguishClaudiusfromoldHamlet:theformerisadevilandmonster,whilethelatteris“God”.Ifshehadasenseofshame,shewouldnotmarryClaudiusandmakeherreasonyieldtothelust.SheasksHamlettospeaknomoreforshefeelsthat“thesewordslikedaggersenterinmyears”.Fromherfollowingremarkslike“OHamlet,speaknomore”“Ospeaktomenomore”and“nomore”,wecanfindthatGertrude’smoodischangeable:ShebegsHamletnottosayanymoreatfirst,butatlastsheissofuriousthatsheordersHamlettostop.ThisportraysGertrudeasawomanwhoisnotgenuinelyreflectingonherpastmistakes,orsins.Althoughshefeelsguiltyforwhatsheeverdid,sherefusestoadmitthesemistakes.Inaddition,Gertrudetendstodeemthateverythingisalrightandshehasnowrong,beingreluctanttofacewhatshehasdone.HersecondmarriagetoClaudius,inheropinion,doesnotmeanabetrayaltokingHamlet.Sheconsidersherdesireforthelustisacommonthing,ratherthanfeelingsorryforherfirsthusband.AndshecannotseeoldHamlet’sghost.ThusHamletregardsherasawomanwithoutsight,feelingandhearing.Atlast,shebelieveswhatHamletsaysanddecidestokeepsecretsforhim,whichisarightactiontoprotectherson.ButshestilltellsClaudiusthatHamletkillsPoloniusandevenagreesHamlettobesenttoanothercountrytokeephimsafe.ShebelievesClaudiusfromthebeginningtoend.Intheend,sheiskilledbythepoisonouswinepreparedbyClaudius.ThisissimilartoEveofGardenofEdenwhoisbanishedfromtheGardenofEdenbecauseshebelieveswhattheserpentsaidandshehasherowndesiretosatisfy.AdamisbanishedbecausehebelievesinEveblindly.17 西南大学硕士学位论文InDenmarkthereareabundantvillainswithvariouskindsofsins.Forexample,Claudiusisamurderer,abeastandacold-bloodedtyrant,whileGertrudeisanincestuouswomanwhobetraysherhusbandoldHamlet.Hence,thecastlecanbetreatedasacorruptGardenofEden,wherethekingClaudiusistrulyaserpentwhoseducesEve–Gertrude.Tobeprecise,Gertrudeisacorrupt,sinfulEve,forsheonlycaresaboutherreputationandhonorasaqueen,ratherthanherhusbandandherson.Inthegothiccastleexistsmurders,poisonsandthewanderingghost,allofwhicharethenecessaryelementsofagothicnovel,makingtheplaymoreattractiveandmysterioustotheplay-goers.Thewanderingghostontherampartleadsthereaderstoagothicworldfullofmurders,incest,andpoison.Alltheseitemsnotonlyleadthereadersintoamysteriousworld,butalsolaythefoundationforthedevelopmentofthelatergothicnovels.Forthesereasons,thecastlewithinthatresemblesacorruptGardenofEdencanbetakenastheHell.Inparticular,itistheHellforthepeopleinDenmark.B.TheWalloftheCastleastheEarthThewallofthecastleistheboundarybetweenthecastlewithinandcastlewithout,theEarthisthetransitionalspacebetweentheHellandHeaven.Asismentionedabove,thecastlewithincanbeseenastheHellandthewallastheEarthaccordingly.HumanwholivesontheEarthistheonebothwithgoodandevilsidesimultaneously.InrespecttoHamlet,heisatransitionalfigurebetweentheDevilandAngel.Asanavenger,HamletdesiresdesperatelytodestroyClaudius’sbodyandsoulatthesametime.Asasaviour,HamletisalwayspreparedtosavehispeoplefromthetyrannyofClaudius.Inaddition,itisclearfromActOneSceneOnethatheistheonlyonewhocantalkwithhisfather’sghost.Therefore,hecouldbeviewedastheHumanbetweentheDevilandAngelwholivesonEarthwhichisrepresentedbythewallofthecastle.“TheGodoftheOldTestamentisavengefulGod,andtheGodoftheNew,whileofferingforgivenesstosinners,raisesthestakesinvolvedinrevengebydamningunrepentantsinnersforalleternity.”28Inthispart,HamletisregardedastheincarnationoftheSaviourJesusandRevengefulJesusatthesametime.Ontheonehand,hisresolutionmakeshimasaviour.Ontheotherhand,hisrevengefulsideisreflectedfromhisdeterminationtoruinClaudius’sbodyandsoulatthesametime.However,hispurposes18 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceofrevengearenotjusttoeliminatehisownhatred.HealsotriestosavehispeopleandhiscountrybyrevenginghimselfonClaudius.1.HamletasanIncarnationofSaviourJesusHamlet,whohastheresolutionandcapabilitytosetthecorruptworldrightandisrespectedandbelievedbyhispeople,isseenasanincarnationofthesaviourJesus.HAMLET:Thetimeisoutofjoint:Ocursedspite,ThateverIwasborntosetitright.–(1.5.189-190)InthecorruptEden,HamletcanberegardedasthesaviorJesus,whowillsetallthingsright.AswhatissaidintheBible:“…forhewillsavehispeoplefromtheirsins”29,Hamlethastheresolutiontosavehispeople.Foronething,hetrieshisbesttopersuadehismothertokeephervirtue;foranother,heisseekingrevengeforhisfather.Meanwhile,heisalsotheonereallycaresmostabouthispeople.JustlikeJesus,heisborntobringthecorruptcastleinorderagain.Sincehisunclebecamethenewking,Denmarkhasbeenlikeaprisonfilledwithvillains.ItisobviousthathisuncleClaudiusisnottheproperpersonforthepositionofDenmark’sking.HenceHamletthinksthathehastheresponsibilitytosavehispeoplefromthetyrannyofClaudiusandshouldletClaudiuspaythepriceforhisfather’sdeath.Inaddition,hemusttellhismothertherealreasonforhisfather’sdeathandaskhismothertokeephervirtueasawife.But,itisinvainasamatteroffact,becausetheheartoftheking,thequeenandothercharactersareallrotten.Theyneverwanttochangetheirminds;instead,theyaremerelyinclinedtodowhatevertosatisfytheirowndesires.HAMLET:Doesitnot,thinkthee,standmenowupon-Hethathathkilledmyking,andwhoredmymother,Poppedinbetweenth’electionandmyhopes,Thrownouthisangleformyproperlife,Andwithsuchcozenage–is’tnotperfectconscienceToquithimwiththisarm?Andis’tnottobedamnedToletthiscankerofournaturecomeInfurtherevil?(5.2.63-70)19 西南大学硕士学位论文AndtheLordGodsaiduntotheserpent,becausethouhastdonethis,thouartcursedaboveallcattle,andaboveeverybeastofthefield;uponthybellyshaltthougo,anddustshaltthoueatallthedaysofthylife.(Genesis3:14)TheremarksaboveshowthatHamletwhoshoulderstheresponsibilitytoavengehisfather’smurderer,issofuriousthathewantstokillClaudiusassoonaspossibletosetthingsright.ThenClaudiuswillhavenochancetohurtothersinthecastle.Claudius,whokillsHamlet’sfather,seduceshismother,andevenattemptstomurderHamletbyhookorbycrook,isthoroughlyliketheserpentinGardenofEden.IntheBible,theserpentispunishedto“gouponhisbellyandeatthedustallthedaysofhislife”30.Inthissense,HamletcanbecomparedtoJesuswhohastherighttopunishtheserpentinthecorruptEden.HamletisalsodeterminedtopunishtheruffiansinDenmark.Moreover,HamletpossessestheconfidenceandabilitytorevengehimselfonClaudiussuccessfully.InspiteofthemanytrapssetbyClaudius,theyareseenthroughbyHamletalmosteverytime,andClaudiusiskilledbyHamletfinally.Hamletmakeseveryefforttosavehispeople,soheisadmiredandbelievedbythem.AllthisprovesthatHamletisaprinceofwisdomandcourage.OPHELIA:Ohwhatanoblemindishereo’erthrown!Thecourtier’s,soldier’s,scholar’s,eye,tongue,sword,Th’expectancyandroseofthefairstate,Theglassoffashionandthemouldofform,Th’observedofallobservers,quite,quitedown,AndIofladiesmostdejectandwretched,Thatsuckedthehoneyofhismusicvows,Nowseethatnobleandmostsovereignreason,Likesweetbellsjangled,outoftimeandharsh;ThatunmatchedformandfeatureofblownyouthBlastedwithecstasy.OhwoeismeT’haveseenwhatIhaveseen,seewhatIsee.(3.1.144-155)FromOphelia’swords,wecanseethatsheisapuregirlwhobelievesthatHamletisoutofmind.ShesighsthatHamlet’secstasylikeastarbeginsfalling.InOphelia’smind,Hamletisaperfectintellectwhocanshapeorfashionsomethingwithhiswisdom20 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceandcourage.HeissuchaneminentpersonasJesuswhosaveshispeoplefromdifficultiesandguidesthemtoanewworld,soalmosteveryonewouldturntohimforguidance.ItishardforOpheliatoacceptthefactthatHamletismad.Therefore,sheincessantlysighsforthechangesoflife.Afterall,Hamlet,whosewords,behaviorsandthoughtsimpacthisfriendsandhispeoplealot,isbelievedinbythemfirmlyanddeeply.What’smore,Hamletisalsoveryconfidentinhimself,holdingthebeliefthathehastherightandresponsibilitytosavehispeopleandsetthingsright.CLAUDIUS:He’slovedofthedistractedmultitude,Wholikenotintheirjudgement,buttheireyes;(4.3.4-5)Claudius’swordsdemonstratethatevenHamlet’senemieshavetoadmitthatHamletislovedbyhispeopleinDenmark.But,accordingtoClaudius,itisnotwiseforhispeopletobelieveinHamlet,becausetheyjudgeapersonbytheireyesratherthantheirreason.This,ofcourse,isClaudius’sexcuse.Thecommonpeoplehavetheirownsoundjudgements,forwhatHamlethasdoneisbeneficialtohispeople.Inthecastle,Hamlet,theprince,istheonewhoreallyconcernsmoreabouthispeopleandthefutureofthecountry.HealsohastheresponsibilityandabilitytomakethecastlearealGardenofEden.LikeJesus,heisrespectedandlovedbyhispeople.CLAUDIUS:Theothermotive,WhytoapubliccountImightnotgo,Isthegreatlovethegeneralgenderbearhim,Who,dippingallhisfaultsintheiraffection,Worklikethespringthatturnethwoodtostone,Converthisgyvestograces,sothatmyarrows,Tooslightlytimberedforsoloudawind,Wouldhaverevertedtomybowagain,AndnotwhereIhadaimedthem.(4.6.16-24)Inthesegmentabove,ClaudiustriestoexplainthereasonwhyhedoesnotpunishHamletforkillingPolonius.ItisquiteevidentthatClaudiusisworriedaboutHamlet’sprestigeinDenmark.Thereforehecannotkillhiminpublic.SinceHamletiswidely21 西南大学硕士学位论文lovedandbelievedbythepeople,hehasnochoicebuttotrydifferentmeanstokillhimsecretly.Hisremarks“…myarrows,tooslightlytimberedforsoloudawind”alsoexplainsitwell.Furthermore,wecanfindthatClaudiusisnotbelievedbyhispeople.HehastogiveacompellingreasontokillHamlet.IfhepunishesHamletinpublic,hewillbeopposedbythepeople,whichdefinitelywillhaveabadinfluenceonhispoliticalcareerasaking.Allinall,Hamlethasestablishedagoodreputationamonghispeople,soClaudiuscannotkillhimeasily.HORATIO:Nowcracksanobleheart.Goodnightsweetprince,Andflightsofangelssingtheetothyrest.-Whydoesthedrumcomehither?(5.2.338-340)Horatiosighs“Nowcracksanobleheart”afterthedeathofHamlet.Inhiseyes,Hamletistheoneheshouldtrustfromthebeginningtotheend.HeisarepresentativeofHamlet’sfollowerswhoknowsHamletwellandregardshimashisleader.Atthebeginningoftheplay,HoratiochoosestotellHamletinsteadofClaudiustheappearingoftheghost.HeisthewitnessofallthetragediesandtrustedbyHamlet.HenceHamletaskshimtotellFortinbrasaboutthetruth.Inacorruptcastlefullofmurders,casualslaughters,andcarnal,bloodyandunnaturalacts,theirfriendshipisextremelyprecious.Moreover,HoratiotakesHamletasatruefriendaswellasareliableleader.ThisisanotherevidencetoshowthatHamletislovedandbelievedbyhisfriendsandhispeople.TheyconsiderhimasanincarnationofthesaviorJesus.HAMLET:HowstandIthen,Thathaveafatherkilled,amotherstained,Excitementsofmyreasonandmyblood,Andletallsleep,whiletomyshameIseeTheimminentdeathoftwentythousandmen,ThatforafantasyandtrickoffameGototheirgraveslikebeds,fightforaplotWhereonthenumberscannottrythecause,WhichisnottombenoughandcontinentTohidetheslain.Ohfromthistimeforth,Mythoughtsbebloodyorbenothingworth.(4.4.56-66)22 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceAfterhearingthecaptain’sutterance,HamletconsidersthatheshouldassumetheresponsibilitytosavethesoldiersandpeoplefromthecontroloftyrannicalClaudius,whoordershissoldierstofightfortheexpansionoftheterritorysothathecanearnhisreputation.Ontheonehand,hehastoacceleratetheprocessofrevengetosavehispeople’slife.Ontheotherhand,heblameshimselffornotbeingrevengedonClaudiusearlier.Thinkingofthis,Hamletfeelsalittledistressed.ThekingClaudiusisanabhorrenttyrantwhomurdershisfatherandseduceshismotherinthiscastlebuthehasnoresolutiontokillhimforthemomentyet.Hispeoplearecommandedtocombat,fightingfortheestablishmentofClaudius’smilitaryreputation.Buthehasnorighttostopthismeaninglessaction,forwhichhereproacheshimself.Finally,Hamletisdeterminedtoavengeinareasonableway.Fromthisangle,Hamlet’ssenseofresponsibilityurgeshimtogetrevengeonClaudiusimmediately,whichinturnmakeshimbetroubledbydepression.Fromanotherperspective,thecastlethatisbuiltforpreventingenemiesisasafeplaceforpeople.ThusthecastleisaclosedspacewhereHamletandmanyothercharactersalllive,whichmaymakepeople,feeldepressedandtheirmindtwisted.Therearescoresofmannersandrulespeopleneedtofollowtoregulatetheirownbehaviors.Tosomeextent,thecastleisarepresentativeofthecivilization.Nevertheless,thecastleisacorruptonefullofevils.Manypeopleinthecastlewouldachievetheirowngoalsatthepriceofsacrificingothers’profits.Themomenthefindsouttherealcauseofhisfather’sdeath,Hamletknowstherealfaceofthesepeople.AsastudentinWittenbergUniversity,hehashisownbeliefinChristianityanddoesnotwanttokillClaudiuswhenheispraying.Alsohebelievesinthepowerofconfession.ButthegrimfactthatClaudiusistheserpentinthecorruptcastleandhisseemingvirtuousmotherdoesnotwanttoavengehisfather’sdeathreduceshimtopainagain.Hisfather’smiserabledeath,hismother’srushedmarriageandClaudius’svicioustricksmakeHamlethavenochoicebuttotakerevengebyhimself.ThereligiousvirtuesHamletoncebelievedincannotbefoundinthecorruptcastle.Hisbeliefbreaksdown.Buthepersuadeshimselftostandupagainandgetrevengeon23 西南大学硕士学位论文Claudiusinareasonableway.HisbeliefofChristianityhasmadehimtendtobelieveinthekindnessofpeople.Inhisview,ifsomeoneconfessessincerelyheshouldbeforgivenbytheGod.ThoughClaudiusconfesseshissinstoGod,herefusestochangehimselfatall.Ineffect,theclosedcastleandthevillainsinitexertaverynegativeinfluenceonHamlet.Whathefirmlybelievesbeforevanishesthere.However,heisstillconfidentthathehasthecapacitytosavehisfriendsandpeoplefromtheevilcastle,thecorruptEden.EventuallyhemanagestoavengehimselfonClaudiusandpassesthepowerontoFortinbrasbeforehesacrificeshimself.Atthesametime,heletsHoratiotellothersalivewhatreallyhappenedinthecorruptcastletowarnthepeopletobeabetterman.Inthissense,HamletcanberegardedasanincarnationofsaviorJesus.Hamlethasthesolutiontosetthingsright,andislovedandbelievedbyhispeoples.HisdepressionalsoshowshisbeliefinChristianityandhuman’skindness.WhenhefindsthatpeoplelikeClaudiusdoesnotchange,hebecomesgloomy.AsfarasHamletisconcerned,Denmarkisaprisonfilledwithvillains.HeistheoneliketheincarnationofsaviourJesuswhowilltryhardtopunishtheseruffiansandsavethemfromthecorruptGardenofEden,justashesays,“Thetimeisoutofjoint:Ocursedspite,thateverIwasborntosetitright.”2.HamletasanIncarnationofRevengefulJesusIntheNewTestament,Goddoesoffertheforgivenesstothesinners,whilethegodwillpunishthosewhoarereluctanttorepent,whichdemonstratestherevengefulsideoftheGod.HamletisregardedastheincarnationoftherevengefulJesusinthispart,whichcanbeseenexplicitlyfromhisattitudetowardsClaudius.OnaccountofhisbeliefintheeternityofChristianity,hedoesnotwanttokillClaudiuswhenheispraying.Inotherwords,heattemptstodestroyClaudius’sfleshandsoulsimultaneously.ButHamletdoesnotrevengemerelyforhisownhatred;healsodesirestosavehispeoplefromthetyrannicalruleofClaudius.Ineffect,Hamlet’srevengeillustrateshisgoodwishestosetthechaoticworldrightagain.HAMLET:NowmightIdoitpat,nowaisa-praying;AndnowI’lldoit—andsoagoestoheaven,AndsoamIrevenged.Thatwouldbescanned:Avillainkillshisfather,andforthat24 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceI,hissoleson,dothissame—villainsendToHeaven.(3.3.73—78)Hamlet,thesolesonofkingHamletwhoismurderedbyhiswickeduncleClaudius,isobligatedtokillClaudiusforavenginghisfather’sdeath.Accordingtotheabove,hehasthechancetokillthisviciousmurderer.“Andthekingisaloneunguarded,defencelessandwiththesuccessoftheplayHamletjuststaged,heisfinallyconvincedthattheghostdidtellthetruthaboutthemurderofhisfather.IfhehadkilledClaudiusatthismoment,manyifnotallofthedisasterswhichlateroccurmighthavebeenavoided.”31HAMLET:WhenheisDrunkasleep,orinhisrage,orintheincestuouspleasureofhisbed,Atgamea–swearing,oraboutsomeactThathasnorelishofsalvationin’t—Thentriphim,thathefeelsmykickatheavenAndthathissoulmaybeasdamn’dandblack,Ashell,wheretoitgoes.(3.3.89-95)Atthismoment,Hamlet’sreasonisshakenbyhisreligiousbelief.HeinsiststhathemustactinsuchawayforhebelievesthatheshouldobservetheChristiandoctrinestoruinClaudius’sfleshanddamnhissoulsimultaneously.Thinkingofthis,hechangeshismindandlethisimmoraluncleliveforthetimebeinguntilhefindsanotherappropriatechancetotakerevenge.ThereasonwhyHamletdoesnotkillClaudiusisthathebelievesintheeternitythatChristianityproclaimsandhopesClaudius’ssoultobedamned.Asamatteroffact,hisfatherisstillsufferingfromGod’spunishment,sohewillnotletClaudius’ssoulgotoheaven.Inotherwords,HamletnotonlyattemptstoshatterClaudius’sbodybutalsointendstodamnhissoul.Fromthisperspective,itisreasonablethatHamletisregardedasanincarnationoftherevengefulJesus.Thus,Hamletshowshisrevengefulsidetous.WhatheintendstodoisnotonlytheruinofClaudius’sbody,butalsothetortureofhissoul.Asthesolerevengefulsonof25 西南大学硕士学位论文kingHamlet,hecouldbealsoviewedasGodoftheNewTestamentwho“raisesthestakesinvolvedinrevengebydamningunrepentantsinnersforalleternity”32.Inaddition,“thespeechisthoroughlyconsistentwithwhatShakespeareshowsabouthimelsewhere,thatthetermsofheroictaskhavebeendecisivelyalteredbytheChristiancontextoftheaction”33.Hamletisamanofvirtues,buthehassomeshortcomingsaswell.Inthissense,heistherepresentativeoftheEarthbetweentheHellandHeaven.C.TheCastleWithoutastheHeavenAstothecastlewithout,itisdeemedastheHeaven,whichisaworldHamletlongsfor.Asisprovedinpreviouspart,thecastlewithin,thewallofthecastleandthecastlewithoutcouldbetakenastheHell,EarthandHeavenrespectively.AstheplacewhereKingHamlet’sghostlives,thecastlewithoutisapureandorderlyworldthatisclosetonatureanddifferentfromthecastlewithin,acorruptGardenofEden.Owingtohisvirtuesasaking,fatherandhusband,KingHamletiscomparedtotheAngellikeAdamintheGardenofEdenwhofollowstheordersoftheGodandistrickedbyEve.Forhim,thecastlewithoutistherealHeaven.Asanoblemanwithsuchvirtuesasfaithfulness,anddiligence,kingHamletisanincarnationoftheAngel.1.KingHamletasAdamKingHamletisseenasAdaminthecorruptGardenofEden,whoisfaithfultohiswifeGertrude,devotedtohissonanddedicatedtohiscountryaswellashispeople.GHOST:Donotforget.ThisvisitationIsbuttowhetthyalmostbluntedpurpose.noButlook,amazementonthymothersits.Ohstepbetweenherandherfightingsoul:Conceitinweakestbodiesstrongestworks.Speaktoher,Hamlet.(3.4.109-114)Basedontheexcerptsabove,itcanbeseenthatthekingHamlet’sghosttriestopersuadeHamletnottohurthismotherwhenheisplanningforrevenge.AsfarasoldHamlet’sconcern,hisfragilewifedoesnotknowwellaboutClaudiussothatsheisdeceivedbyhimandbecomesavictimofhistricks.Onaccountofhisaffection,he26 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceinsiststhatsheshouldbepunishedbyherownconscienceforhermarriagewiththeserpentClaudius.Thatis,hereallycaresaboutGertrudethoughshehasbetrayedhim.What’smore,kingHamlethastheweaknesssimilartoAdam,inotherwords,theybothareinclinedtoreadilytrusttheirwiveswithoutanydoubts.Thataccountsfortheirbeingbanishedoutofthecastle,ortheEden.InHamlet,kingHamletismurderedbyhisbrother,whereashiswifeGertrudedoesnotconcernthereasonofhisdeath.Conversely,sherushestogetmarriedwithClaudius.InordertobethemosthonorablewomaninDenmark,shebetraysthevowsofmarriageandhisfirsthusbandkingHamlet.IntheEden,AdamisseducedbyEvetoeattheapple.Asaresult,heisforcedtoleavetheEden.Evesayssheisbeguiledbytheserpent.Actually,sheisdrivenbyherdesirethatshewantstobeasmartwoman.Inbrief,thecredulityofkingHamletandAdamtotheirwivesleadstotheirtragedy.AdamisforbiddentogobacktotheGardenofEden,whilekingHamletcannotgobacktothecastleatday.Heisconfinedtofastinfiresfortheday,tillthefoulcrimesdoneinhisdaysofnatureareburntandpurgedaway.GHOST:Iamthyfather’sspirit,Doomedforacertaintermtowalkthenight,Andforthedayconfinedtofastinfires,TillthefoulcrimesdoneinmydaysofnatureAreburntandpurgedaway.ButthatIamforbidTotellthesecretsofmyprisonhouse,(1.5.9-14)GHOST:ThuswasI,sleeping,byabrother’shand,Oflife,ofcrown,ofqueen,atoncedispatched;Cutoffevenintheblossomsofmysin,Unhouseled,disappointed,unaneled;Noreckoningmade,butsenttomyaccountWithallmyimperfectionsonmyhead–(1.5.74-79)GHOST:Faretheewellatonce.Theglow-wormshowsthematintobenear,Andginstopalehisuneffectualfire.Adieu,adieu,adieu.Rememberme.(1.5.88-91)27 西南大学硕士学位论文OldHamlet’sghostarepunishedtowanderatnightandconfinedtofastinfiresfortheday,forhemustpaythepriceforhiscrimesdoneinhisdaysofnaturetogetthesalvation.AsforAdam,heispunishedbyGod“insweatofthyfaceshaltthoueatbread,tillthoureturnuntotheground”34.Adamshouldworkhardtoearnaliving.WhenhewasintheGardenofEden,heneedednottoworryaboutthefood.“Heisinthepositionofold-agepensioners,enjoyingperpetualyouth.”35Nowhehastoworkhardtogetbreaduntilhisdeath.Hewillbeforgivenandgethissalvationafterdeath,ifheworkshardandstrivestobeaSamaritan.Hence,itisobviousthatkingHamlet’sghostandAdamareexperiencingtheprocessofatonementtogetthesalvation.HamletandAdamhavelostwhattheyhavebeforeandareforbiddentogobacktotheEdenagain.FromthewordsofoldHamlet,itcouldbededucedthatheisnotallowedtowalkorgobacktothecastleintheday.Evenatnight,hecanjustwanderonthewall.FewpeopleotherthanHamletcanseehim.Originally,kingHamletneedsnottobeanxiousabouthisliving.Yethedies“unhouseled,disappointed,unaneled”suddenly,sohehasnochoicebuttosufferfromthepunishmentinthehelltogethisownsalvation.Becauseoftheircommonexperience,kingHamletcanbeseenasAdam.2.KingHamletasaGoodHusband,FatherandKingThepeopleinDenmarkareveryimpressedwithkingHamlet’svirtues:Heisnotonlyagoodhusbandandadevotedfather,butalsoadedicatedmonarchwhoiswellreceivedbyhispeople.HORATIO:Isawhimonce,awasagoodlyking.HAMLET:Awasaman,takehimforallinall.Ishallnotlookuponhislikeagain.(1.2.186-188)AccordingtotheconversationbetweenHoratioandHamlet,thekingHamletreallyleavesagoodimpressiononhisson,aswellashispeople.KingHamletisregardedasaperfectmanbyhissonHamlet,andinHoratio’smind,heisagoodking,thoughhehasmethimforonlyonce.Naturallythesonoftenhasfaithinhisfather.Hamlet,anadultandascholarwhohashisownreasontojudgeapersonfromdifferentaspects,always28 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpaceeulogizeshisfatherwithbeautifulwords.Hethinksthathisfatherisnotonlyanicehusbandandadevotedfather,butalsoagoodking.KingHamletdevoteshimselfwhollytothenation’sprosperityandpeople’swell-beingduringhisreign.Therefore,heisrespectedandsupportedgreatlybyhispeople,justaswhatismentionedbyHoratio:“Heisagoodlyking.”Inaword,oldHamletisakingofvirtueslikeAngel.GHOST:ButhowsomeverthoupursuesthisactTaintnotthymind,norletthysoulcontriveAgainstthymotheraught.LeavehertoheavenAndtothosethornsthatinherbosomlodgeToprickandstingher.(1.5.84-88)Andhesaid,whotoldtheethatthouwastnaked?Hastthoueatenofthetree,whereofIcommandedtheethatthoushouldstnoteat?Andthemansaid,“thewomanwhomthougavesttobewithme.Shegavemeofthetree,andIdideat.”(Genesis3:11-14)InGardenofEden,AdambelievesinhiswifeEvesomuchthatheeatstheapplewithoutanydoubts.Inthissense,Adamisadevotedhusband.Intheplay,oldHamletstilltrustshiswifeGertrudeeventhoughshehasmarriedhisbrotherClaudius.AndheaskshissonHamletnottohurthismother,forhejustwishesthatGertrudeispunishedbyherconscience.ThedevotiontotheirwifeisacommonvirtuethatAdamandkingHamletshare.OwingtohiscredulitytoEve,AdamisbanishedfromtheEden.Inthisplay,kingHamlet’sghostappearsonthewallofthecastleforseveraltimes,wanderingatmidnightandgoingbacktothehelltosufferfrompunishment.Theghostappearsinthecastleonlyonce,butGertrudedoesnotseehim.Tosomedegree,kingHamlet’sfateissimilartoAdam’s,bothofwhomarebanishedfromtheEdenbecauseoftheircredulitytowife.OldHamlet’swifeisseducedbyClaudius,justlikeEveisbeguiledbytheserpent.FromthewordsofkingHamlet’sghost,itisevidentthatheisagoodhusband,fatherandmonarch.Tobeginwith,kingHamletloveshiswifesosincerelyanddeeplythathebelievesthatsheisseducedbyClaudiusandisjustavictimoftheserpent.Asa29 西南大学硕士学位论文husband,heisfaithfultoloveandmarriage.Moreover,kingHamlet’sghostwarnsHamletthat“buthowsomeverthoupursuesthisactTaintednotthymind”.Hedoesnotwanttowitnesshisson’smindistaintedbytherevenge,orHamletishurtintherevenge.Soheisatrulydevotedfather.Meanwhile,heisanindustriouskingwithgreatdedicationrespectedandlovedwidelybyhispeople.Withaviewtotheseaspects,kingHamletisamanofvirtueswhocanbeseenasAdamcreatedbytheGod.AdamcouldbeviewedastheAngelinGardenofEden.Inthissense,kingHamletistheAngeloutsidethecastle.Insummary,thetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceofthecastleinHamletisanalyzed.Thecastlewithin,thecastlewithoutandthewallofthecastleareregardedastheHell,HeavenandEarthrespectively.TheworldbetweenthecastlewithinandwithoutstandsfortheEarth.Firstly,thegothiccastleisregardedasacorruptGardenofEdenwhichisfullofcriminals,evils,andhorribleincidents.Claudius,avillainandaninfamoustyrant,poisonshisbrotherkingHamletforhisthroneandhiswife.Thusheiscomparedtotheserpent.TheincestuousqueenGertrudeisseenasEveforshemarrieswithClaudiushastilywithoutcaringaboutthecauseofhishusband’ssuddendeathatall.TheevilscommittedbythesewickedpersonsreducethecastlewithintotheHell.Secondly,HamletwhoholdstheChristianviews,isregardedassaviourJesusandrevengefulJesusatthesametime.HenotonlyhastheabilityandresolutiontosetthecastlerightandsavehispeoplefromClaudius’sautocracy,butalsodesirestoruinClaudius’sfleshanddamnhissoulsimultaneouslysothatthemurderercannotgototheHeaven.However,hispurposesofrevengearenotjusttoeliminatehisownhatred.HealsotriestosavehispeopleandhiscountrybyrevenginghimselfonClaudius.Lastly,thecastlewithoutwhereKingHamlet’sghostlivesisapureandorderlyworldthatisclosetonatureanddifferentfromthecastlewithin,acorruptGardenofEden.KingHamletsharessomevirtueswithAdaminGardenofEden,beingafaithfulhusband,adevotedfatherandadiligentking.Hemaybedeemedasanangelwithoutthecastle.Therefore,thecastlewithoutcanbeviewedastheHeavenoftheChristianspace.Furthermore,thecastleisendowedwithgothicfeaturesbysuchelementsasaseriesofhorribleincidentsandthegrotesquecharacters.Forexample,themurder,theusurpingofthethrone,theincestcommittedbythescoundrelsinthecastle,creatinga30 ChapterOneTheTrinity“World”oftheChristianSpacehorribleandmysteriousatmosphere.ThesegothicthemesandplotsinHamletlayafoundationforthedevelopmentofthelatergothicnovels.31 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelTheapproachofpsychoanalysisisemployedinthischaptertoexploretheinnerworldofthecharactersinHamlet.Specifically,theid,egoandsuperegoproposedbySigmundFreudinhisstructuralmodelofthepsycheareused.A.TheDevilWithintheCastleTheidofvillainslikeClaudius,Gertrude,RosencrantzandGuildensternisanalyzedtorevealtheirdesiresrespectively.1.Claudius’sIdTheanalysisoftheidofClaudius,thebiggestDevilwithinthecastleislaidout.GHOST:Ay,thatincestuous,thatadulteratebeast,Withwitchcraftofhiswits,withtraitorousgifts-OwickedwitandgiftsthathavethepowerSotoseduce–wontohisshamefullustThewillofmymostseemingvirtuousqueen.(1.5.42-46)Solust,thoughtoaradiantangellinked,Willstateitselfinacelestialbed,Andpreyongarbage.(1.5.55-57)FromthenarrationoftheoldHamlet’sghost,wecanfindthetruththatClaudiusisanadulteratebeast.ItishimwhoseducesthemostseemingvirtuousqueenGertrudeandmurdersoldHamletwhenheissleepingintheorchard.ThenhebecomesthenewkingofDenmark.Aboveall,Claudius’idisshowedbyhislustanddesire.Heevenmarrieswithhissister-in-lawaftermurderinghisbrother,withoutconcerningthemoralityofthesociety.Itisanobviousreflectionofhisid.Hissuperegowhichisdominatedbythemoralrulesissuppressedbyhisid.Thus,hisegocannotkeepthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperego.Then,hebecomesanincestuousandadulterate32 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelbeast.Furthermore,hisidisalsomirroredfromhisdesireformorepower.Tobespecific,hemurdershisbrotherkingHamletinordertogetthecrown.Inparticular,hemakesasmokescreentomakethismurderlooklikeanaccident.Eversincehecomestothethrone,hisendlessdesireforpowercauseshimtobeanotherCain,whokillshisbrotheroutofjealousy.Whathepursuesperpetuallyispower,regardlessofhisrelationshipwitholdHamlet.Apparently,Claudius’sidismuchstrongerthanhissuperego,whichleadstothemurder.Inshort,hisidthatisgovernedbyhisdesireforpowerandlustreduceshimtoanadulteratebeastandacold-bloodedmurderer.CLAUDIUS:AndEngland,ifmylovethouhold’stataught,Asmygreatpowerthereofmaygivetheesense,Sinceyetthycicatricelooksrawandred,AftertheDanishsword,andthyfreeawePayshomagetous–thoumaystnotcoldlysetOursovereignprocess,whichimportsatfull,Byletterscongruingtothateffect,ThepresentdeathofHamlet.DoitEngland,Forlikethehecticinmybloodherages,Andthoumustcureme.TillIknow’tisdone,Howe’ermyhaps,myjoysweren’erbegun.(4.3.54-64)TheletteraboveillustrateslivelyClaudius’sdesiretokillHamletwiththehelpofthekingofEngland.Hedoesn’tconcealhishatetoHamlet.InconsiderationofHamlet’sprestigeinDenmark,heisafraidtokillHamletinDenmark.TheaccidentaldeathofPoloniusgivesClaudiustheexcusetoexpelHamletoutofDenmark.SoheasksRosencrantzandGuildensterntosendthelettertothekingofEngland.ThoughhedeclaresthatHamletwillbethenextkingofDenmarkinpublic,heisreluctanttoletHamletcometothethroneineffect.However,heisworriedaboutHamlet’sabilityandprestigeamonghispeople,sohewantstomurderHamletassoonaspossible.Inordertopreserveagoodimageofkingand“father”,hetriesnottokillHamletbyhimself.InsteadheaskstheEnglandkingtokillHamletforthesakeofthefriendshipbetween33 西南大学硕士学位论文DenmarkandEngland,whichisreallyavicioustrap.HebelievesthatifHamletisalive,hewillnotbehappyatall.While,infact,hisdesirewillneverbesatisfied.ForthepurposeofbeingthemonarchofDenmarkforever,heplotstokillHamletaftermurderinghisfather.Asisknowntoall,“Theidisthereservoiroflibido,theprimarysourceofallpsychicenergy.Itfunctionstofulfilltheprimordiallifeprinciple,whichFreudconsiderstobethepleasureprinciple.”36Here,Claudius’sidistokeepthecrowninhisownhand.ClaudiuswritesthathewillnotbehappyifHamletisalive.ItshowsClaudius’sanotherid–tokeephimhappy,whiletheonlywaytoachievethisistobeingonthethroneeternally.AndthedeathofHamletwillmakehiswishcometrue.SohedecidestokillHamletwiththehelpofthekingofEngland.“Theidis,inshort,thesourceofallouraggressionsanddesires.Itislawless,asocial,andamoral.Itsfunctionistogratifyourinstinctsforpleasurewithoutregardforsocialconventions,legalethics,ormoralrestraint.”37Claudius,thekingofDenmark,cannotkillaprincewithoutanyexcusesandreasonsthough.FromhislettertothekingofEngland,wecanfindthatheissoeagerlytomurderHamletthathemakesfulluseoftwonation’srelationshiptothreatenEnglandkingtokillHamletinEnglandimmediately.Denmark’sinterestsareusedbyhimtosatisfyhisowndesire.Thushisidistogratifyhisinstinctsforpleasurewithoutregardforsocialconventions,legalethicsormoralrestraints,whichiscertainlylawless,asocialandamoral.Itishisidmakeshimaselfish,ruthlesstyrant.CLAUDIUS:IwillworkhimToanexploit,nowripeinmydevice,Underthewhichheshallnotchoosebutfall,Andforhisdeathnowindofblameshallbreathe,ButevenhismothershallunchargedthepracticeAndcallitanaccident.(4.7.62-67)ThewordsofClaudiusabovedemonstratethatClaudiuswantstomakeHamlet’sdeathanaccident.InRenaissance,duelistolerated.SoheordersLaertestofightwithHamletinpublic.IfHamletiskilledintheprocessoffighting,itwillberegardedasan34 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelaccident.Noonewilldoubtit.Again,ClaudiustriestomurderHamletwithoutsullyofhisownhand.HestillasksotherstokillHamletinordertomaintainhisgoodimageasaking.HemakesuseofLaertes’sdesiretorevengeHamlet,thatis,tokillHamletinpublic.Then,noonewillbelievethatClaudiuskillsHamlet.Itisjustanaccident.Claudius’sidneverchanges,thatis,heattemptstokeepafirmgriponpowerforever.ForClaudius,Hamletisapotentialthreattohiscrown.AftermurderingoldHamlet,hestillfeelsnosafety,forheisalsoanxiousaboutthatHamletwillfindoutthetruthofoldHamlet’sdeatheventuallyandthentakerevengeonhim.Therefore,hetrieseverymeanstokillHamlet.Evidentlyhisidhasmadehimacold-blooded,cruelandamoralbeastinsteadofaman.Heiscontrolledbyhisidandhewilldowhatevertoachievehisgoal.CLAUDIUS:Hebeingremiss,Mostgenerous,andfreefromallcontriving,Willnotperusethefoils,sothatwithease,Orwithalittleshuffling,youmaychooseAswordunbated,andinapassofpracticeRequitehimforyourfather,(4.7.133-138)CLAUDIUS:Andthathecallsfordrink,I’llhavepreferredhimAchalicefornonce,whereonbutsipping,Ifhebychanceescapeyourvenomedstuck,Ourpurposemayholdthere.(4.7.158-161)AccordingtowhatClaudiussays,itiseasilytofindoutClaudius’stwotrickstomurderHamlet.ThefirstistorequiringLaertestochoosetheunbatedswordtokillHamlet.ClaudiusknowsHamletwell,sohemakesfulluseofHamlet’sremissionandgenerositytosetthistraptokillHamlet.ThenLaertessayshewilldiptheknifeinanunctionofamountebankandusetheknifetokillHamlet.Meanwhile,ClaudiusproposesanothertricktomakesurethatHamletisdeadintheprocessoffighting.HepreparesapoisonouswineforHamlet.IncasethatLaertescannotkillHamletwithhisknife,Claudiuswilllethimdrinkthetoxicwine.Itisaninterlocking.HiswishtokillHamletcomestruethistime.Hamletiskilledatlastandheisdeadtoo.35 西南大学硕士学位论文Here,Claudius’sidissostrongthathisegoandsuperegocannotstophimfromkillingHamlet.Heisentirelycontrolledbyhisid.ToachievethegoalthatheisthemonarchofDenmarkforever,heplotstokillHamletformanytimes.EverytimeherefusestokillHamletbyhimselfandhepersuadesotherstodoso.Whatheconcernsmostisthecrown,disregardingthecodesofethicsandsocialrules.Andhewilldowhatevertoholdontothepowerinhishand.“Theegoisoftengovernedbytherealityprinciplewhilethesuperegoisusuallydominatedbythemoralityprinciple.”38FromthewordsofFreud,wecanconcludethatClaudius’superegoissoweakthatitcannotstopClaudius’sid.Theego’sfunctionisto“keepushealthyhumanbeingsbymaintainingabalancebetweenthesetwoopposingforces”39.Therefore,Claudius’segocannotmaintainthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperego.Consequently,hisegoislocatedinamoredisadvantagedposition.Hence,anabnormalClaudiusappears.HisreasoncannotpreventhimfromkillingHamlet.Fromthisangle,ClaudiusbecomestheworstDevilwithinthecastle.CLAUDIUS:Setmethestoupsofwineuponthattable.IfHamletgivethefirstorsecondhit,Orquitinanswerofthethirdcharge,Letallthebattlementstheirordnancefire.ThekingshalldrinkstoHamlet’sbetterbreath,AndinthecupaunionshallhethrowRicherthanthatwhichfoursuccessivekingsInDenmark’scrownhaveworn.(5.2.239-246)FromthewordsofClaudius,wecanfindthatClaudiusisaccustomedtolivingaluxuriouslife.SupposingthatHamletwonthevictoryinduel,hewouldcelebratingitby“lettingallthebattlementstheirordnancefire”,whichistoowasteful.Furthermore,theunionheshallputinthewinecupisbiggerthanthejewelonthecrown.Denmarkisnotsowealthynow.ThoughDenmarkisarichcountryduringthereignofoldHamlet,DenmarkhasbecomeworsethanworsesinceClaudiuscomestothethrone,thereasonsarevaried.Forexample,toearnthebubblemilitaryreputation,hesendshissoldierstofightforthebarrenland.Moreover,theking’sordinarylifeisfullofluxuriousexpense.36 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelHere,Claudius’idisillustratedthroughhislustfortheluxuriouslife.Heisakingwholovestoshowoff.Thedescriptionaboveisonlyoneexampletoshowhisextravagantlife.Inthepreviouschapter,HamletmentionsthatthepeopleofDenmarkareregardedasdrunkards.Claudiusistherepresentativeofthesedrunkards.Hislustforthewineandluxuriouslifemakeshimafatuousandself-indulgentrulerwhoisnotinclinedtowakeup.Aimingtoleadaneverlastingextravagantlife,hesparesnoefforttomurderHamletsothathecouldbethemonarchaslongaspossible.Hencehissuperegoistooweaktorestrainhimfromdrinkingandpursuingtheluxuriouslife.Therefore,thebalancebetweenhisidandsuperegocannotbemaintainedbyhisego.Thenhebecomesafatuouskingandadrunkard.HeistheDevilwithinthecastle.2.Gertrude’sIdTheidofthequeenGertrude,whoisindulgedinherpursuitofhonor,powerandlust,isexploredinthispart.HAMLET:Nay,buttoliveIntheranksweatofanenseamèdbed,Stewedincorruption,honeyingandmakinglove.overthenastysty.GERTRUDE:Ohspeaktomenomore,Thesewordslikedaggersenterinmyears.NomoresweetHamlet.(3.4.92-98)InthedialoguebetweenHamletandGertrudeabove,HamletpointsoutGertrude’sincestuousbehaviordirectly.AndGertrudeisshamefulandsheasksHamlettospeaknomore.IntheeyesofoldHamlet,Gertrudeisatleastamostseemingvirtuousqueen,whoisjustseducedbyClaudius.Andsheknowsnothingaboutthetruthofhisdeath.While,accordingtoHamlet,Gertrudeisnotamuddle-headedwomanwhoknowsnothingaboutthedifferencebetweenoldHamletandClaudius.Nevertheless,shedoesnotcareaboutthesuddendeathofherhusbandandmarriesthenewkingimmediatelyinstead.Therefore,Hamletsighs,“Fragile,thynameiswoman.”40Hebelievesthathismother’sloveinhisfatheristoofragile.HerequestshismothernottokeeptheincestuousrelationshipwiththevillainClaudiusanymore.Afterlisteningtothis,37 西南大学硕士学位论文GertrudedoesshowherguiltyforoldHamlettosomedegree.FromthecondemnationofHamlet,weknowthatGertrude’sidisthelust.Firstly,herdesirefortheenjoymentoflustisillustratedbyherimpetuousmarriagewithhishusband’sbrotherClaudius,shortlyafterkingHamlet’sdeath.Actually,heridimpelshertoperformsuchanincestuousbehavioratthattimewithoutregardingforsocialmorality.Hersuperegocannotforbidheridtopursuetheenjoymentofsexualpassion.Putitinanotherway,heregocouldnotmaintainthebalancebetweenheridandsuperego.Eventually,shebecomesanincestuousqueenintheeyesofherson,Hamlet.Secondly,herlustalsoliesinherobsessionwithpowerandhonor.Asawomanwhowishestobethequeenaslongaspossible,Gertrudeisdriventochoosetomarrythenewking,takingnoaccountofHamlet’sfeelingandreaction.Ineffect,shehaslivedinthecastleforalongtimeandknowsClaudiusaswell.Butshestillgetsmarriedwithhim,becominganadulteratewomanultimately.Gertrude’sidforthepowerandhonorismuchstrongerthanhersuperego.ThoughhersuperegoworkswhenHamletcondemnsher,onlythenshefeelsguilty.Freudpointsoutthat“anoveractivesuperegocreatesanunconscioussenseofguilt”41.Yetitistooshort.Soonafterthat,GertrudestilltellsClaudiusthatHamletkillsPolonius.Thisvividlyprovesthathersuperegoisdefeatedbyheridatlast.Buthersuperegodoeswork.Thenhersuperegoisreflectedfromhershortsadness.WhatmakesGertrudebeaseemingvirtuousqueenandanadulteratewomanisherid,thepursuitforpowerandhonor.SheisanotherDevilwithinthecastle.3.GuildensternandRosencrantz’sIdTheexplorationofGuildensternandRosencrantz’sidispresentedinthispart.Bothofthemareobsessedwiththedesireformorepower.HAMLET:ThatIcankeepyourcounselandnotmineown.Besides,tobedemandedofasponge,whatreplicationshouldbemadebythesonofaking?ROSENCRANTZ:Takeyoumeforaspongemylord?HAMLET:Aysir,thatsoaksuptheking’scountenance,hisrewards,hisauthorities.Butsuchofficersdothekingbestserviceintheend:hekeepsthemlikeanapeinthecornerofhisjaw,firstmouthedtobelastswallowed.Whenheneedswhatyouhavegleaned,itis38 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelbutsqueezingyou,and,sponge,youshallbedryagain.(4.1.11-19)HAMLET:’TisdangerouswhenthebasernaturecomesBetweenthepassandfellincensedpointsofmightyopposites.(5.2.60-62)GuildensternandRosencrantz,studentsofWittenbergUniversity,arebothHamlet’sfriends.Inthefirstdialogueabove,HamletcomparesRosencrantztoaspongethatsoaksuptheking’scountenance,hisrewardsandauthorities.Tosomedegree,bothRosencrantzandGuildensternaresponges,fortheydonotcherishtheirfriendshipwithHamletandpreparetospyonHamletandmurderhimonhiswaytoEngland.Theyarebothsocialclimberswhodesiretogetmoretrustandprofitsfromtheking.ThereisnowonderthatHamletdoesnottrustthemanymoreandcallthemsponge.Asamatteroffact,theyaremerelythetoolsaswellastheaccomplicesofClaudius.Finally,theirdestinyisdoomed:Theypaythepriceofbetray,justasHamletsays,“Whenheneedswhatyouhavegleaned,itisbutsqueezingyou,and,sponge,youshallbedryagain.”Inthesecondpart,HamletalsoimpliesthedestinyofRosencrantzandGuildenstern.“’Tisdangerouswhenthebasernaturecomesbetweenthepassandfellincensedpointsofmightyopposites.”Atlast,HamletchangestheletterthatClaudiusgivesthemandmakestheEnglandkingkillthem.TheyarethevictimsofthebattlebetweenHamletandClaudius.TheidofGuildensternandRosencrantzistogetmorepowerandprofitsfromtheking.Unfortunately,theyareonlytoolsofClaudiusforhisownsake:killingHamlet.Theiridsurpassestheegoandsuperegosothattheydescendtoruthlesssocialclimberswhobetrayfriendshipanddowhatevertheycanatanyprice.Theiriddrivesthemtodoevilthings.Hence,GuildensternandRosencrantzarealsotheDevilswithinthecastle.B.TheHumanBetweentheCastleWithinandWithoutHamletisamanwithwisdom,reason,resolution,courageandsenseofjustice,whichisimpactedbyhisid,egoandsuperego,andtheirinter-relations.1.Hamlet’sIdHamletisaDanishprincewhohasexperiencedaseriesofchangescausedbythe39 西南大学硕士学位论文ruffianClaudius.Healsowitnessestheharshsituationwithinthecastlefullofsins.Allofthisexertsgreatinfluenceonhisid.HAMLET:TheTimeisoutofjoint:Ocursedspite,ThateverIwasborntosetitright–Naycome,let’sgotogether.(1.5.189-191)HAMLET:Doesitnot,thinkthee,standmenowupon–Hethathathkilledmyking,andwhoredmymother,Poppedinbetweenth’electionandmyhopes,Thrownouthisangleformyproperlife,Andwithsuchcozenage–is’tnotperfectconscienceToquithimwiththisarm?Andis’tnottobedamnedToletthiscankerofournaturecomeInfurtherevil?(5.2.63-70)HAMLET:Howweary,stale,flat,andunprofitableSeemtomealltheusesofthisworld!(1.2.133-134)Hamlet’swordsabovetellusthathestrivestosetthecorruptworldright.Havingtheresponsibilitytorevenge,herealizesitisnecessarytopunishClaudiusandnotlethimdoanyfurtherharmtoothers.Hehasastrongdesirethatheshouldfulfilltheobligationtoavengehisfather’sdeath,forhebelieveswhathisfather’sghostsays.Unlikeotherscoundrelsinthecastle,hedoesn’tmakeanyeviltricksthoughhehasmanychancestokillClaudius.HeisnotinclinedtokillClaudiuswhileheispraying.What’smore,hefocusesmoreonhispeople’slife,whiletheothersmerelyregardtheirownhappinesswithoutcaringaboutothers’feelingsandevenlives.Hamletfeelsverysorrowfulanddepressedbecauseofhisfather’smiserabledeath,butheneverlethismindbedominatedbythoughtsofrevenge.OvertlyHamlet’sidisnotonlyrevenge,butalsothedesiretosetthecorruptworldright.Inordertoaccomplishthemission,hedoesn’tconcernhisownlife.Bycontrast,heendeavorstocaremoreabouthismother,Ophelia,andevenkeepsaneyeontheevilClaudius.Onaccountofthis,hisplanofrevengeisalwayssuspended.Furthermore,themurderresultinghisfather’sdeath,hismother’sincestuousbehavior,hisfriends’40 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelbetrayalandthespyingofthepeoplearoundhimpromptsHamlettobedeterminedtosetthiscorruptGardenofEdenrightagainasfastaspossible.Meanwhile,hehasnochoicebuttorevengeClaudiusinhisownwaytomaketheworldbetter.ThethirdpartshowsHamlet’shatredtowardsthecorruptworld.ItalsoshowsHamlet’sChristianbelief.“Hamlet’scontemptusmundiattitudeisperhapsthemostChristianaspectofhischaracterandcertainlytheonemostintensionwithhisadmirationforclassicalheroism.Unlikeaclassicalhero,hedoesnotfeelathomeinthisworld.Farfrombelievingthisworldisallmanhas,heishauntedbyvisionsofaworldbeyond.”42Therefore,Hamletisyearningfortheworldbeyondthecastle,wherethereareAngelsinsteadofDevils.Ineffect,thisisalsoanidofHamlet.2.Hamlet’sSuperegoAsregardsHamlet,ontheonehand,heisamanwhohasastrongsenseofmorality,followinghisfather’ssuchsuggestionsnottoharmhismotherwhentakingrevenge;Ontheotherhand,healsotrustintheeternityofChristianity,desiringtobeeternal,sohemustdogoodthingsasChristiandoctrinesrequire.Thenhissuperegoisendowedwiththestrengthtocompetewithhisid.HAMLET:AsIperchancehereaftershallthinkmeet,Toputananticdispositionon–Thatyouatsuchtimesseeingmenevershall.(1.5.171-173)AccordingtowhatHamletsaysabove,heintendstopretendtobemadwhenitisnecessary.Itisanapproachtotestothers,too.AlthoughHamletintheplayalwayssayssomethingunrelatedtothetopic,whathesaysistrueandappropriateifcarefullyanalyzed.Forinstance,HamletcallsGuildensternspongeinthepreviouspart,whichseemsridiculous.Butthismetaphoristhetruemirrorofthem,showingthatheknowsthemthoroughly.ItprovesHamletisnotmad.Furthermore,Hamlet’spretenceisdesignedtoprotecthimself.Otherwise,ClaudiuswouldnottreathimasathreattohisthroneandmeditatedeeplyonmurderingHamlet.Inotherwords,ClaudiusdoesnotbelievethatHamletismad,thoughPolonius,Opheliaandotherpeoplethinkso.SoheneverchangeshisdecisiontokillHamlet.Inthissense,wecanfindthatHamletjust41 西南大学硕士学位论文pretendstobemad.It’sagoodwayforhimtocarryouthisplansofrevengeandprotecthimselfatthesametime.Hamlet’ssuperegofunctionswell.Hedoesnotlethisidconquerhimself;andheremainstoberational.HepersistsinavengingoldHamlet’sdeathinareasonablewaywithouthurtingothers.Hedoesnotdoanythingthatmayviolatesocialrulesofmorality.Therefore,hisegocanbeinbalancewithhissuperegoandid.Inconclusion,heisareasonableprinceinsteadofamadman.HAMLET:IfhisoccultedguiltDonotitselfunkennelinonespeech,Itisadamnèdghostthatwehaveseen,AndmyimaginationsareasfoulAsVulcan’sstithy.Givehimheedfulnote,ForImineeyeswillrivettohisface,AndafterwewillbothourjudgementsjoinInthecensureofhisseeming.(3.2.70-77)CLAUDIUS:Whatdoyoucalltheplay?HAMLET:TheMousetrap.Manyhow?Tropically.ThisplayistheimageofamurderdoneinVienna.Gonzagoistheduke’sname,hiswifeBaptista.Youshallseeanon.’Tisaknavishpieceofwork,butwhato’that?Yourmajesty,andwethathavefreesouls,ittouchesusnot.Letthegalledjadewinch,ourwithersareunwrung.(3.2.215-220)Hamlet,who,ofcourse,isnotmad,tellshisfaithfulfriendsHoratioabouthisplan.Ononehand,heasksHoratiotoobserveClaudius’sexpressionsonhisface,toseewhetherhewillbeshockedwhenheseesthemurderscene;ontheotherhand,hewillwatchatClaudiusatthesametime.Attheendoftheplay,theywillseeminglyjointheirjudgementsincensureofClaudius.FromthearrangementofHamlet,itcanbeseenthathehasawell-developedplantotestClaudius.Hedoesnotreadilybelievetheghost’swords.Conversely,heapplieshisownwaytoverifytheauthenticityofthemurder.Hecalls“TheMurderofGonzago”Mousetrap,whichisatraptotestClaudius.IfClaudiusistouchedbytheplotoftheplay,thentheghost’swordsmustbetrue.Althoughhewantstorevengeeagerly,hedoesn’tgotokillClaudiusimmediately.Onthecontrary,42 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelhechoosestotesthimandthencarryouthisretaliationinhisownway.Laertes,whosefatherisalsodead,isnotareasonedyoungmanwithmaturemind.Onknowinghisfather’sdeath,herushestocourttoinquireClaudiusaboutthecause.Ridiculously,hethenispersuadedbyClaudiustofightwithHamlet.HeeventriestokillHamletbydippingtherealknifeinthepoison.InordertotakerevengeonHamlet,hebecomesamonster.HefollowsClaudius’sordersandadvices,andcommitstheseamoraltrickswithoutdoubts.Thoughhefinallycomestohissenses,itistoolate.Heisdead,becominganothervictiminthebattlebetweenHamletandClaudius.WhileHamlet,unlikeLaertes,keepshisheadclear.Intheplay,theprotagonistHamletissensibleandsteady.Eventhoughhediesatlast,heisstillaheroinourmind.Fromthetwodialoguesabove,wecanfindthatHamletneverbehavesinamannerthatgoesagainstmoralcodeduringtheprocessofrevenge.Therelationsbetweenhissuperegoandidarebalancedowingtohisego.Thus,heisnotreducedtoarevengefulmonsterlikeLaertes.HamletistherepresentativeoftheHuman.GHOST:LetnottheroyalbedofDenmarkbeAcouchforluxuryanddamnedincest.ButhowsomeverthoupursuesthisactTaintnotthymind,norletthysoulcontriveAgainstthymotheraught,leavehertoheaven.Andtothesethornsthatinherbosomlodge.Toprickandstingher.(1.5.82-87)HAMLET:Ohheart,losenotthynature;letnoteverTheSoulofNeroenterthisfirmbosom.Letmebecruel,notunnatural:Iwillspeakdaggerstoherbutusenone.Mytongueandsoulinthisbehypocrites,Howinmywordssomevershebeshent,Togivethemsealsnevermysoulconsent.(3.2.354-360)Accordingtothewordsofghost,Hamlet’smissionisasfollows:“LetnottheroyalbedofDenmarkbeacouchforluxuryanddamnedincest.”ItisHamlet’smissiontoend43 西南大学硕士学位论文theviciousrelationshipbetweenhismotherandClaudius.Atthesametime,hemustsparenoeffortstokeephisminduntainted,anddonothurthismother.It’snotonlytheghost’sexpectationsbutalsoHamlet’sgoal.Inthesecondpart,Hamlettellshimselfthathedoesn’twanttobeanotherNero.Hewillpersuadehismothertobeavirtuouswomanthroughtellingherthereasonforhisfather’sdeath.Inaddition,hewillletherownconsciencepunishher.Despitethatheknowsthathemustsaysomethingcrueltotorturehersoul,heindeeddoesnotwishtohurtheratall.Buthemustdoittomakehismotherknowthetruthandtheshamefulmistakeshehasmade.Hamletis,certainly,asensibleman,beingawareofDo’sandDon’ts.HisidrequireshimtoavengehisfatherkingHamlet’sdeath,butheisstillabletoobservetheethicalrules.Asason,heshouldaccepthisadviceandhemusttryhisbesttofreehismotherfromtheincestuousrelationship.Hehastolethismotherbeawareofthemistakesshehascommittedandbepunishedbyherownconsciencewithouthurtingtoher.What’smore,heattemptstopersuadehertoendtherelationshipbetweenherandClaudius.Thenhisfather’ssoulwillbecomfortedandhismothercouldbesavedfromthisdecaycastle.Fromthispointofview,Hamlet’segocankeepthebalancebetweenhisegoandid,makinghimarationalmanandadevotedson.HAMLET:Beingthusbenettedroundwithvillainies,OrIcouldmakeaprologuetomybrains,Theyhadbeguntheplay.Isatmedown,Devisedanewcommission,wroteitfair.Ioncedidholdit,asourstatistsdo,Abasenesstowritefair,andlabouredmuchHowtoforgetthatlearning;butsir,nowItdidmeyeoman’sservice.WiltthouknowTh’effectofwhatIwrote?HORATIO:Aygoodmylord.HAMLET:Anearnestconjurationfromtheking,AsEnglandwashisfaithfultributary,Aslovebetweenthemlikethepalmmightflourish,Aspeaceshouldstillherwheatengarlandwear,Andstandacomma’tweentheiramities,44 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelAndmanysuchlikeas-esofgreatcharge,Thatontheviewandknowingofthesecontents,Withoutdebatementfurther,more,orless,Heshouldthosebearersputtosuddendeath,Notshrivingtimeallowed.HORATIO:Howwasthissealed?Hamlet:Why,eveninthatwasheavenordinant.Ihadmyfather’ssignetinmypurse,WhichwasthemodelofthatDanishseal;Foldedthewritupintheformofth’other,Subscribedit,gave’tth’impression,placeditsafely,Thechangelingneverknown.(5.2.31-53)BasedontheconversationbetweenHamletandHoratio,itcanbeseenthatHamletforgesClaudius’sletterandsaveshisownlifesuccessfully,whichalsopresentsadispassionate,sensibleprince.Henotonlyhastheknowledgeofsavinghimselfindanger,butalsoasksthekingofEnglandtokillGuildensternandRosencrantz,whichisactuallyanapproachthatcanbeconsideredas“killingtwobirdswithonestone”.Undoubtedly,Hisarrangementisappropriateandelaborate.Hamlet’segoservestosavehimselffromthedangeroussituation,whichalsohelpshimtoaccomplishhismissionsuccessfully.Meanwhile,hissuperegoworks.AsforRosencrantzandGuildensternwhoarecommandedbyClaudiustokillhim,HamletkillsthemindirectlywiththeassistanceofthekingofEngland.Itisthebalanced,harmoniousrelationsbetweenhisidandsuperegothathelpshimtosavehimselfsuccessfully.Inaword,heisawise,calmandreasonableman.3.Hamlet’sEgoAninseparablepartofHamlet’sidistoavengekingHamlet’sdeath.However,hissuperegomakeshimhesitatetodoevilthings.Tosomedegree,hisegofunctionswell.Inaddition,heisnotaperfectman.HisbeliefinChristianitypromptshimtobeavirtuousmanaswell.HAMLET:NowmightIdoitpat,nowaisa-praying,AndnowI’lldo’t–andsoagoestoheaven,45 西南大学硕士学位论文AndsoamIrevenged.Thatwouldbescanned.Avillainkillsmyfather,andforthat,IhissolesondothissamevillainsendToheaven.(3.3.73-78)HAMLET:Upsword,andknowthouamorehorridhent,Whenheisdrunkasleep,orinhisrage,Orinth’incestuouspleasureofhisbed,Atgamea-swearing,oraboutsomeactThathasnorelishofsalvationin’t–Thentriphimthathisheelsmaykickatheaven,AndthathissoulmaybeasdamnedandblackAshellwheretoitgoes.Mymotherstays.Thisphysicbutprolongsthysicklydays.CLAUDIUS:Mywordsflyup,mythoughtsremainbelow.Wordswithoutthoughtsnevertoheavengo.(3.3.88-98)ItisascenethatthekingClaudiusispraying,whileHamlethesitatestokillhim.Atlast,HamletdecidesnottokillClaudius,foritwillprovidehimagoodchancetogotoheaventhen.Claudiuskillshisfatherwithhisfather’scrimesbroadblown,soit’snottheappropriatetimetokillClaudius.InHamlet’sview,Claudiusshouldbekilledwhenheisdoingsomethingevil.ThenhewillbepunishedbyGodandgetnosalvationatall.ThereisabattlebetweenHamlet’sidandsuperego.Foronething,hisidurgeshimtoseizethechancetokillClaudius.Itisreasonablethatthesonseeksrevengeforhisfather’smurder.Foranotherthing,hissuperegomakeshimbelievethatit’snotagoodchancetokillClaudius,stoppinghimfromkillingClaudiusimmediately.Moreover,Hamletpersuadeshimselfthathismotheriswaitingforhim.Fromthefightsbetweenhisidandsuperego,wecanfindthathissuperegoismorepowerfulthanhisid.Infact,Hamletdoesn’twanttokillClaudiusinconsiderationofthecodesofmorality.Thus,hepersuadeshimselfwithmanyexcusesasmentionedabove.Furthermore,heevenwishestogiveClaudiusanopportunitytoconfesshissinsandrepentofitsincerely,thoughheisamurderer,avillainandanincestuousbeast.However,Claudius’srepentanceisdisingenuous.SohewillnotbeforgivenbytheLord.AsfarasHamletisconcerned,hissuperegomanagestopersuadehimnottokill46 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelClaudius.ItdemonstratesthatHamletisamanwhobelievesinthekindnessofhumannature.While,infact,Hamletdoesnotalwaysactlikeanangel.WecanfindhisvicioussidewhenheisimpactedgreatlybyhisChristianbelief.HepersuadeshimselfthatitisnotsuitabletokillClaudiuswhenheisprayingandhewouldbeabletogotoheavenotherwise.ActuallyhebelievesthatClaudiusdoesnotgivehisfathertheopportunitytorepent.Therefore,Claudiusshouldnotbeprovidedthechancetogotoheaven,andhissoulshouldbepunishedinhelllikehisfather’sghost.Hamlet’sidtokillClaudiusisinfluenced,orisevenstrengthened,byhisChristianbeliefsofeternity,sohewantstoruinClaudius’sfleshandtorturehissoulatthesametime.Consequently,hissuperegocannotstophisidtodestroyClaudiuscompletelyandhisegoisincapableofadjustingthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperego.Asaresult,Hamletbecomesanunreasonablemanatthemoment.Inthissense,Hamletisjustahumanbothwithvirtuousandvicioussideinsteadofanangel.Therefore,HamletistherepresentativeoftheHumanbetweenthecastlewithinandwithout.C.TheAngelWithouttheCastleKingHamletisarespectablemanwithvirtuesandintensesenseofmorality,whichconstitutesthemajorpartofhissuperego.ItishissuperegothatcontributestohisimageasAngeloutsidethecastle.1.KingHamlet’sIdKingHamletisamonarchwithintegrity,aswellasahusbandandafatherwithdedication.Healwaysintendstoprotecthisfamilyandhispeoplefromanyformofharm.Sincehisdeath,hisghosthaskepturginghissontogetrevengeonClaudius.Hisidispartlyshapedbytheseelements.GHOST:Revengehisfoulandmostunnaturalmurder.HAMLET:Murder?GHOST:Murdermostfoul,asinthebestitis,Butthismostfoul,strange,andunnatural.(1.5.25-28)TheidofkingHamletistogetrevengeonClaudius.Heconsidersthatall47 西南大学硕士学位论文murderersarebadguysandClaudiusisextremelyvillainous,inparticular.Inhisview,Hamlet,whoisthesonofkingHamlet,isthemostappropriatepersontoaccomplishthemissiontoseekrevenge,foritisreasonableforhimtobearthisresponsibility.TheghostappearsmanytimesinthecastletoremindHamletoftherevenge.KingHamlet’sdeathreduceshimtoawanderingghostwhocanonlywalkatnight,forhemustacceptthepunishmentatdaytopurgeawayhisnaturalsins.Witnessingofhisappearanceonthewallofthecastle,Hamletisoverwhelmedwithsorrow.Inaddition,thestrikingtruthofhisfather’sdeathmakeshimfeellittleloveinthecorruptcastle.KingHamlet’sidissimple,thatis,themurdererClaudiusshouldbetakenrevengeonwithouthurtingGertrudeatthesametime.HisunnaturaldeathandmiserableprocessofatonementmakeshimurgeHamlettoavengeforhim.HewantstoseethatClaudiusispunishedbyhisson.Itishisidfromthebeginningtotheend.2.KingHamlet’sSuperegoKingHamletobservestheethicalcodesstrictlyinhisthislifeandafterlife,beingresponsiblebothforDanishpeopleandhisfamilymembers.Hissuperegousuallytriumphsoverhisidandego.GHOST:OwickedwitandgiftsthathavethepowerSotoseduce–wontohisshamefullustThewillofmymostseemingvirtuousqueen.OHamlet,whatafallingoffwasthere,FrommewhoselovewasofthatdignityThatitwenthandinhandevenwiththevowImadetoherinmarriage,andtodeclineUponawretchwhosenaturalgiftswerepoorTothoseofmine.(1.5.44-52)LetnottheroyalbedofDenmarkbeAcouchforluxuryanddamnedincest.ButhowsomeverthoupursuesthisactTaintnotthymind,norletthysoulcontriveAgainstthymotheraught.LeavehertoheavenAndtothosethornsthatinherbosomlodgeToprickandstingher.(1.5.82-88)48 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelFromthesecondpartabove,wecanfindthatkingHamlet’ssuperegoisworking.Firstly,intheeyesofkingHamlet,hiswife,Gertrudeisamostseemingvirtuousqueen.AllhermistakesandsinsarecausedbyClaudius.It’sClaudiuswhoseduceshiswifeandreduceshertoanincestuouswoman.Hebelievesinhiswifethoughshehasbetrayedhimforherownsake.Fromthispointofview,itcanbeconcludedthatkingHamlethasastrongsenseofmorality:Hedoesn’tbreakthemarriagevowstheymade;Heloveshiswifeandheisloyaltohiswife;Hetrieshisbesttobelieveinhiswifeandforgiveher;HeevenrequiresHamletnottohurthismotherintheprocessofrevengeandletherbepunishedbyherownsenseofguilty.Inbrief,kingHamletisadevotedhusbandwholoveshisqueenGertrudegenuinely.Hehasastrongsenseofmorality.HebehaveslikeanAngel.Moreover,theidofthekingHamletalsodemonstratesthatheisagoodfather.KingHamlet’sghostasksHamlettotakerevengeinanallowablewayandnottobetaintedbytheactofrevenge.Forhim,itisnottoleratedifhissondescendstoavillain,whichwoulddoharmtoHamlethimselfaswellasDenmark.SoitisobviousthatkingHamlet’ssuperegoisstrongerthanhisid,makinghimagoodhusbandandadevotedfatherwhoislenient,reasonableandkind.Unquestionably,heistheAngelwithoutthecastle.3.KingHamlet’sEgoBecauseofHamlet’sstrongersuperego,hisidissuppressedbyhissuperegosothathisegotendstosuperego.HAMLET:Doyounotcomeyourtardysontochide,ThatlapsedintimeandpassionletsgobyTh’importantactingofyourdreadcommand?Ohsay!GHOST:Donotforget.ThisvisitationIsbuttowhetthyalmostbluntedpurpose.noButlook,amazementonthymothersits.Ohstepbetweenherandherfightingsoul:Conceitinweakestbodiesstrongestworks.Speaktoher,Hamlet.(3.4.106-114)49 西南大学硕士学位论文ItistheonlychancethatkingHamlet’sghostsucceedsinenteringthecastle.HecomesheretowarnHamletnottoforgethisresponsibilityofrevengeandrequireshimtoavengeassoonaspossible.Thiswarning,ineffect,iskingHamlet’sid.Moreover,healsoadvisesHamletnottohurtGertrude,forhethinksthatGertrude’ssoulistorturedbyherconscienceandsheismiserableduringthetime.HeevenbelievesthatGertrudeistooweaktobearHamlet’scondemnation.SoheasksHamlettocomforther.Hissuperegofunctionswellatthismoment.Incomparison,kingHamlet’ssuperegoismuchstronger.Hecertainlywantshissontoavengehisdeath.Meanwhile,hissenseofmoralitypromptshimtorequireHamletnottohurthiswife,whoisalsoHamlet’smother.KingHamlet’ssuperegoisstrongerthanthatofhisson.Foronething,heisafaithfulhusbandwhoisloyaltomarriageandbelievesinhiswifeallthetime;foranotherthing,heisarationalfatherwhowarnsandgivesuggestionsintimesothatHamletwouldnotbereducedtoamonsterbecauseoftherevenge.Furthermore,hedoesnotwanthiswifetobehurtbyhissonintheprocessofrevenge.Hence,kingHamletisagoodhusbandaswellasadevotedfather.Asismentionedinthefirstchapter,kingHamletisalsoagoodking.Therefore,kingHamletistheAngelwithoutthecastle.Tosumup,theid,superegoandegoofClaudius,HamletandkingHamletareanalyzedonthetheoreticalbasisofpsychoanalysistoexpresstheideathattheyrepresentDevil,HumanandAngelofChristianspacerespectively.Specifically,thepeoplewholiveinthecastlearefilledwithdesires.ByanalyzingtheidofsuchnegativecharactersasClaudius,Gertrude,GuildensternandRosencrantz,itcanbeconcludedthattheiridsaredominatedbydesiresforpower,honorandlust,etc.Sotheyarereducedtodevilsthathavecommittedanumberofcrimeswithinthecastleatlast.Theirsinsmakethecastlemorehorrible,featuringgothicstyle.BasedontheexplorationofHamlet’sid,superegoandego,itcanbesummarizedthatHamlet’segoiscapableofmaintainingthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperego,makinghimamature,wiseandreasonableman,whobothhassensibilityandsense.Besides,hisChristianbeliefmakeshimaviciousman.Therefore,heisnotperfect.Hecanbetreatedasarepresentativeofhumanbeingsbetweenthecastlewithinandwithout.AsforkingHamlet,hissuperegofunctionsbetterthantheothertwothroughthestudyonhisid,superegoandego.In50 ChapterTwoTheCastleWithin,BetweenandWithout:theDevil,HumanandAngelotherwords,hisstrongsenseofmoralityenableshimtobeagoodhusband,adevotedfatherandacommittedking,whoisthesymbolofangelwithoutthecastle.Toaccountforthis,Renaissancemustbementionedhere.TheperiodofRenaissancewitnessedgreatchangesinvariousaspects.Forexample,newsciencesemergedanddeveloped,theauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchwasshaken,humanismrose,whichimpactedgreatlyonpeople’smind.Peopleatthattimewereapttoindulgethemselvesinenjoyment,andtheymightdosomethingeviltoobtainwhattheywant.Thecharactersinthecastle,includingHamlet,areinfluencedbythishistoricalbackground.Asaresult,manytraditionalvirtuesvanish;someoftheirbeliefsareshaken.Hamlet,whoisarepresentativescholarinRenaissance,cannotacceptallthesechanges,andbecomesdepressed.What’smore,hebeginstoyearnforthepast,whichisillustratedbyhispraiseofhisfather’svirtuesandhisinterestinthemythologiesandplayofancientGreekandRoman.Asamatteroffact,theyearningforthepastgloryisinheritedanddevelopedbythelatergothicnovels.51 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HerculesandHyperionBasedonthemyth-archetypalcriticism,Claudius,HamletandkingHamletaretreatedasSatyr,HeraclesandHyperionwhoarecharactersinGreekmythology.Moreover,aswecansee,Claudius’sactionsremindusoftheserpentintheGardenofEden,withhisevilpurposeandillintention;Hamlet’sbehaviorsgiveusanimpressionoftheherooftheEarthwhobecomesmorematureandreasonable;OldHamlet’swordsandactionsmakeusbelievethatheisanAngeloftheHeaven.A.SatyrasaDeviloftheHellThescoundrelClaudiuscanbecomparedtotheSatyrowingtothesimilaritiestheyshare.Asismentionedinthepreviouschapters,ClaudiuscouldbedeemedastheDeviloftheHell.Tosomeextent,Claudiuscouldalsobeseenastheserpent.Inthissense,SatyrcouldalsobeseenastheDeviloftheHellaccordingly.Claudius,adrunkardandanincestuousbeastisregardedasthefollowerofDionysus—Satyr.HAMLET:Thetimeisoutofjoint:Ocursedspite,ThateverIwasborntosetitright.–(1.5.189-191)HAMLET:Soexcellentaking,thatwastothisHyperiontoasatyr,solovingtomymotherThathemightnotbeteemthewindsofheavenVisitherfacetooroughly–heavenandearth,MustIremember?Why,shewouldhangonhimAsifincreaseofappetitehadgrownBywhatitfedon,andyetwithinamonthLetmenotthinkon’t;frailty,thynameiswoman–Alittlemonth,orerethoseshoeswereoldWithwhichshefollowedmypoorfather’sbodyLikeNiobe,alltears,whyshe,evenshe–OGod,abeastthatwantsdiscourseofreason52 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionWouldhavemournedlonger-marriedwithmyuncle,Myfather’sbrother,butnomorelikemyfatherThanItoHercules.(1.2.139-153)HamletcompareshisfathertotheHyperionandClaudiustotheSatyr.TheSatyr,asynonymouswithlechery,isanattendantofDionysus.Heisahalf-humanbutwiththelegsofgoatandalsoadrunkard.Asmentionedpreviously,Claudiusisamurderer,ausurperandanadulteratebeastthatkillskingHamletforhisthroneandqueen,andhesucceeds.HeactuallyaccordswiththecharacteristicsofSatyr.Inthegothiccastle,heisatypicalDevil.Renaissanceistheagewhentheeconomygrowsrapidlyandthevalueofhumanisstressedon.Ontheonehand,people’smindsarefreedfromthechainsoftheMedievalAge.TheyarenolongerthefollowersoftheAlmightyGodwhoiswaitingfortheGod’smercytogetthesalvationinafterlife.Humancandoalmostwhatevertheycanwithoutworryinganyreligiouspunishment.Ontheotherhand,theeconomicgrowthprovidesawealthyofmaterialthatenrichesman’sdailylife,enablingthemtobeindulgedintheenjoyment.Whattheyemphasizeistosatisfytheirmoreandmoreneeds.Consequently,theybegintodowhateveratanyprice.TakeClaudiusforexample,heneednottoworryabouthisdailylifeaskingHamlet’sbrother.Buthewishestogetmorepower,sohepoisonshisbrotherandgetswhathedesiresimmediately.Inthissense,itissoundtocallhimtheSatyr.Satyr,whosymbolizesClaudiuswithsomanyevilsandsins,isviewedasaDeviloftheHell.InActoneSceneone,OldHamlet’sghostcomparesClaudiustotheserpentwhostoleshiscrownandqueeninhisorchard.Asisknowntoall,theserpentisthesymbolofpureforce(c.f.libido),evil,corruption,wisdomandunconscious.Claudiussharesthesimilaritieslikelechery,corruptionandevilnesswithSatyrandtheserpent.Tosomeextent,theserpentandSatyrsharesomethingevilincommon.Inissense,Claudiusmaybeseenastheserpentaswell.IntheBible,theserpentisdescribedastheincarnationoftheDevilSatanwhocomesfromtheHell.Therefore,onthebasisoftheconditionsabove,wecanmakeadeductionthatSatyrmaybedeemedastheDeviloftheHell.CLAUDIUS:Trywhatrepentancecan.Whatcanitnot?Yetwhatcanitwhenonecannotrepent?53 西南大学硕士学位论文Ohwretchedstate!Ohbosomblackasdeath!OhlimedsoulthatstrugglingtobefreeArtmoreengaged!Help,angels!-Makeassay:Bowstubbornknees,andheartwithstringsofsteelBesoftassinewsofthenew-bornbabe.Allmaybewell.(3.3.65-72)CLAUDIUS:Mywordsflyup,mythoughtsremainbelow.Wordswithoutthoughtsnevertoheavengo.(3.3.97-98)ItisascenethatClaudiusispraying.AccordingtowhatClaudiussays,wecanseethatneitherdoeshebelieveinthepowerofpraying,norisheconvincedthathissinscouldbeforgivenbytheGod.Asamanwhohaslosthisbeliefs,hejustwantstotestthepowerofpraying.IntheBible,Cainkillshisbrotheroutofjealousy,soheispunishedbytheGodtowander.AsforClaudiuswhomurderedhisbrother,hemaygetthesalvationifheprayssincerelyanddogooddeeds.Nevertheless,hedoesn’ttrustthathisgenuineprayandconfessionwillprovidehimachancetogototheheaven.Hisaimistotestwhetherprayingisefficacious.Onthecontrary,HamlethasfaithinGodandbelievesinthepowerofpraying.Inhisopinion,onceClaudiusiskilledwhenheispraying,hissoulwillgotoheaven.HamletmaintainsthatClaudiusshouldbepunishedinhelllikehisfather’sghost.ThenhedeterminestofindanotherchancetokillClaudius.ClearlyClaudiushaslostbeliefs.Heholdstheopinionthatnoonecanpunishorsavehim.ThereforehecontinuestosettrapstomurderHamlet.Fromthispointofview,ClaudiuscanbeseenastheDevilwithinthecastle.HAMLET:Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable,inactionhowlikeanangel,inapprehensionhowlikeagod!Thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals-andyettome,whatisthisquintessenceofdust?...(2.2.196-200)TheutteranceofHamletreflectshisunderstandingonhuman.Atfirst,hespeaks54 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionhighlyofman’sreason,physiqueandaction.Thenhechangeshistoneabruptly,sighing“whatisthisquintessenceofdust?”Inhismind,manisjustthequintessenceofdust,whichillustrateshisdisappointmentaboutthehumanity.Afterall,man’sstatusispromotedgreatlyinRenaissance.TheexpressionthathumanismadefromthedustremindsusoftheGenesis,accordingtowhich,manismadefromthedustbytheGodandheshouldgobacktodust.Owingtotheirmistakesorsins,mancannotbeimmortal.ThereasonwhyHamletisdisappointedliesinthathefindsouttheevilsideofhumanity,inotherwords,manisnotthegodandmaymakemistakes.Especiallywhenheknowsthetruthofhisfather’sdeath,heisshockedbytheweaknessandsinsofhuman.ThusmancannotbetreatedasGod:Theycomefromthedustandshouldgobacktodust.Owingtothevariousevildeedsofman,Renaissancemayalsobecalledascorruptage.ThecastlewithinistheHell.Claudius,asthemostabominablevillainwithinthecastle,canbetreatedastheDeviloftheHell.HORATIO:Isitacustom?HAMLET:Aymarryis’t,Buttomymind,thoughIamnativehereAndtothemannerborn,itisacustomMorehonouredinthebreachthantheobservance.Thisheavy-headedreveleastandwestMakesustraducedandtaxedofothernations.Theyclepeusdrunkards,andwithswinishphraseSoilouraddition;andindeedittakesFromourachievements,thoughperformedatheight,Thepithandmarrowofourattribute.(1.4.12-22)GHOST:Ay,thatincestuous,thatadulteratebeast,Withwitchcraftofhiswits,withtraitorousgiftsO,wickedwitandgiftsthathavethepowerSotoseduce—wontohisshamefullustThewillofmymostseemingvirtuousqueen.(1.5.42-46)Fromthefirstdialogueabove,weknowthatHamletandHoratioaretalkingaboutthecustomofdrinkinginDenmark.Accordingtothem,thekingClaudiusisadrunkardwhowilldrinkalotatalmosteveryceremony.Drinkingexcessivelyhasbecomea55 西南大学硕士学位论文custominDenmark.WhattheghostsaysillustratesthatheiscondemningClaudius’ssinsasanincestuousbeast.Claudiusseducesthemostseemingvirtuousqueentosatisfyhislust.Therefore,Claudius,asadrunkardandanincestuousbeast,isregardedasSatyr.Moreover,“Hamlet’sawarenessofwhatothernationsthinkofDenmarkisinitselfanadmirablequality.Hiswillingnesstoagreewithforeigncriticismofhiscountrymenshowstheindependenceandintegrityofhismind.”43ComparedwithHamlet,thekingClaudiusconcernsmoreabouthisownhappinessandenjoymentratherthanDenmark’sfame.Itisnodoubtthatheismerelyasinistermanboundupindrinkingandpursuinghisdesireandlust.HAMLET:There’sne’eravillaindwellinginallDenmarkButhe’sanarrantknave.HORATIO:Thereneedsnoghost,mylord,comefromthegrave,Totellusthis.(1.5.123-126)BothHamletandHoratioagreethatDenmarkiscorrupt.AndtheElsinorecastleisarepresentativeincorruptDenmark.ThereforethecastlewithincanbeseenastheHell.Hamletsighs:“Thetimeisoutofjoint:Ocursedspite,whicheverIwasborntosetitright.”Inhisview,Renaissanceisanageoutofjoint,anditishisresponsibilitytosetitright.Hehaswitnessedmurder,incestandmanyotherevilsinthecastle.Thepeoplelivinginitarecorruptmoreorless,havingnothingcommonwiththeAngels.Inthiscastlefullofcorruption,theruffianwhomurdershisbrotherbecomesthenewking;Gertrudebetrayshishusbandandmarrieshishusband’sbrother;Peopleinthecastletendstodowhatevertheywanttosatisfytheirendlessdesires.Besides,thedevelopmentofthenewscienceisanotherimportantreasonthatcausesthecorruptionofthecastle.Copernicus’sheliocentrictheoryshakestherootoftheChristianity.Therefore,moreandmorepeopledoubttheexistenceoftheGod.TakeClaudiusasanexample,hedoubtsthepowerofpraying.Inhiswords,whatheprayswillnotflytothegateofheaven.Asamatteroffact,heprayswithoutanysincerity.NotfearingtheGod’spunishment,hecontinueshisplanstokillHamlet.Owingtothesenotoriouspeoplewithevils,thecastlewithinbecomestheHell.ClaudiusisthemostdisgustingDevilintheHellwhoisactuallyequivalenttoSatyr.Tosomeextent,hecanalsobeseenastheserpentintheGardenofEden.Asismentionedabove,boththe56 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionserpentandSatyrhaveevils.ThusSatyrcouldbeseenastheDeviloftheHell.Hence,SatyrcanbeconsideredasaDeviloftheHelloftheChristianspace.B.HerculesasanEarthlyBeingoftheEarthHamlet,asdiscussedinthepreviousparts,istherepresentativeoftheEarth.HerculesistheRomannamefortheGreekdivineheroHeracles.HamletsharesagreatnumberofsimilaritieswithHeracles,whoispowerful,intelligent,andcourageous.Hamlet’sdeterminationandbehaviorsremindustheherowhostrivestosavehispeopleandhiscountryevenbysacrificinghisorherownlife.Buttheherobecomesmorematureandreasonableintheprocessofaccomplishinghismissions.Thoughhesacrificeshimselfatlast,heconquershisenemyClaudiusandsaveshispeople.Inthissense,Hamletcanberegardedasahero.Thustheissueof“HeraclesasanearthlybeingoftheEarth”isanalyzedindepthhere.Hamletischaracterizedbyhiswisdom,bravery,resolution,capability,makinghimresemblewithHeracles.HAMLET:OGod,abeastthatwantsdiscourseofreasonWouldhavemournedlonger–marriedwithmyuncle,Myfather’sbrother,butnomorelikemyfatherThanItoHercules.(1.2.150-153)HamletholdstheviewthathisfatherisdistinctfromhisbrotherClaudiusalot.HisfatherismorevirtuousthanClaudius.KingHamletisrolemodelofintegrityandnobilityforHamlet.Similarly,HamletthinksthathecannotbecomparablewiththeheroHeracles,thesonofAlcmeneandZeus,whoisademi-godandrenownedforhistwelveimmenselabors.Hence,Hamletdaresnottocomparehimselfwithhisgod-likefatherandthedemi-godHeracles.HAMLET:Nay,buttoliveIntheranksweatofanenseamèdbed,Stewedincorruption,honeyingandmakingloveOverthenastysty.(3.4.91-94)57 西南大学硕士学位论文Asisknowntoall,Hercules’sfifthlaboriscleaningtheAugeas’Stables.Thestableshadnotbeencleanedinover30yearsand3000cattlelivedthere.However,HeraclessucceededbyreroutingtheriversAlpheusandPeneustowashoutthefilth.DenmarkislikenedtothenastystybyHamlet.Tobespecific,hismother,inhisopinion,islivinginthenastystywithClaudius.SoitishisobligationtocleanthestyasHeraclesdoes.Intruth,hecannotcleanthestylikethehero.Facingthemessysty,hedoesnotknowwhattodo.Hedeemsthathehasnoabilitytocleanit.Asweknow,Denmark,inHamlet’seyes,isnotonlyanastysty,butalsoaprisonfullofvillains.Heisfirmlyconvincedthathewasborntosetitright,whilehehasdonenothingtothenastysty.HedesirestotakerevengeonClaudius,anincestuousbeastinthecorruptcastle,toprotecthispeopleandDenmark.Buthehasnotaccomplishedthemissionnow,forClaudiusisstillaliveandcontinuestodoharmfulthings.Therefore,Hamletisdisappointedabouthimandattributesthisfailuretohisdelay.AsfarasHamletisconcerned,hedoesnotconsiderthatheisanidealmanlikeHeracleswhocanaccomplishthemissionofcleaningthenastysty.Althoughheisdepressed,hehastoresolvetocleanthestyinareasonableway.HAMLET:Myfatecriesout,AndmakeseachpettyartureinthisbodyAshardyastheNemeanlion’snerve.StillamIcalled.Unhandmegentlemen!ByheavenI’llmakeaghostofhimthatletsme.Isayaway!–Goon,I’llfollowthee.(1.4.81-86)ThewordsofHamletabovepresenttheappearanceofkingHamlet’sghost.HamletdeclaresthatragehasendowedhimselfwiththepowertokillNemeanlionasHeraclesdoes.Asisknowtoall,killingtheNemeanlionisoneofHeracles’twelveimmenselabors.ObviouslyHamletisconfidentthathecansucceedinkillingNemeanlion.HeisveryangryaboutHoratio’sinterception,becausehewantstoknowwhattheghostintendstotellhim.Infact,heisquiteskepticalabouthisfather’sunexpecteddeath.Afterhearingtheghost’swords,hesays:“Omypropheticsoul.”ItmeansthatHamletalreadyknewthathisuncleisamurderer,buthehadnoevidencethen.Butnowtheghost’swordsverifyhisdoubtsbefore.Beingarepresentativeofhumanistsin58 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionRenaissance,Hamletisamanwiththespiritofsuspicionwhodarestodoubtanddoesnotacceptthefactsorresultsrashly.Inshort,HamletcanbecalledHeraclesinthecorruptcastle,forheistheonlyonewhohasthecapability,strength,wisdomandresolutiontosetthechaoticworldright.Althoughhesometimeslosesheart,herecoversfromitassoonaspossibleandgoesontobattle.ThescoundrelClaudiusiskilledeventually,Hamletloseshislifetoo.Anyway,heaccomplisheshismissionofcleaningthenastysty.InShakespeare’seyes,HamletisHeracles,thoughHamlethasnocouragetocomparehimselftoHeracles.Heraclesisindeedtheherowhoaccomplishesthetwelvelabors.HamletandHeraclessharessomequalitiesincommon,suchasdetermination,courageandwisdom.Theybothexperiencealongjourneytoaccomplishamissionandbecomemorematureandreasonablethanbefore.Inaddition,asisknowntoall,HeraclesisthesonofZeusandahuman.Asismentionedinthepreviouschapters,HamletcouldberegardedastheHumanontheEarth.SoHeraclesmaybedeemedasanearthlybeingoftheEarth.HAMLET:Butitwas,asIreceivedit,andotherswhosejudgementsinsuchmatterscriedinthetopofmine,anexcellentplay,welldigestedinthescenes,setdownwithasmuchmodestyascunning.Irememberonesaidtherewerenosalletsinthelinestomakethemattersavoury,nornomatterinthephrasethatmightindicttheauthorofaffectation,butcalleditanhonestmethod,aswholesomeassweetandbyverymuchmorehandsomethanfine.Onespeechin’tIchieflyloved,’twasAeneas’taletoDido,andthereaboutofitespeciallywherehespeaksofPriam’sslaughter.Ifitliveinyourmemory,beginatthisline,letmesee,letmesee–(2.2.397-407)WhatHamletsaysabovedemonstrateshisfondnessoftheRomanculture,whichrevivesandprevailsinEuropeintheperiodofRenaissance.Hamlet,whoisalsoarepresentativeofhumanistsinRenaissance,issointerestedinAeneasthathecanevenrecitepartofit.Besides,hehashisownunderstandingoftheplayanddeclaresthatitisexcellent.ThisprovesthatheisquitefamiliarwiththeRomanculture.ItalsoshowsHamlet’syearningforthepast.Theyearningforthepastisalsooneofthecharacteristicsofthelatergothicnovels.Fromthisaspect,Hamletlaysasolid59 西南大学硕士学位论文foundationforthedevelopmentofthegothicnovels.Furthermore,HamletcomparesClaudiustoSatyr,kingHamlettoHyperion,andhimselftoHeracles,provingthatheisfamiliarwithGreekmythologyandisinterestedinGreekculture.Thus,HamletcanberegardedastherepresentativeofRenaissancescholarandahumanist.HAMLET:Why,thisishireandsalary,notrevenge.Atookmyfathergrossly,fullofbread,Withallhiscrimesbroadblown,asflushasMay,Andhowhisauditstandswhoknowssaveheaven?Butinourcircumstanceandcourseofthought’Tisheavywithhim.AndamIthenrevengedTotakehiminthepurgingofhissoul,Whenheisfitandseasonedforhispassage?No.Upsword,andknowthouamorehorridhent,Whenheisdrunkasleep,orinhisrage,Orinth’incestuouspleasureofhisbed,Atgamea-swearing,oraboutsomeactThathasnorelishofsalvationin’t–Thentriphimthathisheelsmaykickatheaven,AndthathissoulmaybeasdamnedandblackAshellwheretoitgoes.Mymotherstays.Thisphysicbutprolongsthysicklydays.(3.3.79-96)HamletishesitatingtokillClaudius.Atfirst,hethinksitisagoodopportunitytokillhisuncle.However,hefindsClaudiusmaybeabletogotoheaveninthatcase,whichisdefinitelyunequaltohisfatherwhoispoisonedbytheDevilClaudiusbeforehecouldconfess.Consequently,hisfather’sghosthastobepunishedinhellatday.AsClaudius,heshouldbekilledwhileheisdrunk,inhisrageorinincestuouspleasureonhisbed,thenhecannotgototheheaven.ItdisplaysHamlet’sfirmbeliefthatprayingwillenablethesinnertobeforgivenandgotoheaven,whichimpelshimtogiveupthechanceofkillingClaudiusfornow.ThisalsoshowsthatheisamanaffectedprofoundlybytheviewsofChristianity.Hamlet’sbeliefscanbeattributedtohisearlyeducationlifeinWittenberg60 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionUniversity,wherethecelebratedreformerMartinLuthergetshisDoctoraldegreeofPhilosophy.ItisinthisuniversitythatMartinLutherspendsmorethantenyearstranslatingtheBibleandworkstogetherwithanotherLatinteachertoprotecttheholinessoftheBible.ThusHamlethasabeliefinChristianityandbelievesinthepowerofpraying.IntheperiodofRenaissance,people’sreligiousbeliefsbegintochange,butHamletdoesnotchange.Furthermore,hedoesnotwanttogiveClaudiusachancetogotoheaven,mirroringHamlet’ssympathyforhisfather.HewantstodestroyClaudius’sfleshanddamnhissoulatthesametime.Thisprovesthatheisnotaperfectman.HAMLET:Notawhit,wedefyaugury.Thereisspecialprovidenceinthefallofasparrow.Ifitbenow,’tisnottocome;ifitbenottocome,itwillbenow;ifitbenotnow,yetitwillcome–thereadinessisall.Sincenomanofaughtheleavesknows,whatis’ttoleavebetimes?Letbe.(5.2.192-196)ThedialoguebetweenHamletandHoratioillustratesHamlet’sviewthatman’sfateisdoomedandtheeffortsaremeaningless,whichcanberegardedasdeterminismthatprevailsintheMedievalAge.AsastudentinWittenbergUniversity,heisgreatlyimpactedbyviewsandthoughtsofChristianity.Heinsiststhathumancannotchangetheirdestinyforitisalreadydoomed,andtheyhavenochoicebuttoacceptit.Accordingly,weshouldworkhardtoachieveourgoals,buttheresultsaredoomed;everyoneisdestinedtodie,andthetimeofdeathisdoomed.“Ifitbenow,’tisnottocome;ifitbenottocome,itwillbenow;ifitbenotnow,yetitwillcome.”Thus,Hamlet’ssuchakindofviewalsoexpresseshissadness.Basedontheabove,Hamlet,therepresentativeofHuman,canberegardedasHeracles.Therefore,wecanmakeaconclusionthatHeraclescouldbetreatedasanearthlybeingoftheEarthaswell.Besides,italsoshowsHamletisahumanistwithChristianbeliefs.SoheistherepresentativeofHumaninRenaissance.MARCELLUS:SomethingisrotteninthestateofDenmark.(1.4.90)HAMLET:ImperiousCaesar,deadandturn’dtoclay,61 西南大学硕士学位论文Mightstopaholetokeepthewindaway.OthatEarthwhichkepttheworldinaweShouldpatchawallt’expelthewinter’sflaw!(5.1.180-183)HAMLET:There’sne’eravillaindwellinginallDenmarkButhe’sanarrantknave.HORATIO:Thereneedsnoghost,mylord,comefromthegrave,Totellusthis.(1.5.123-126)FromthewordsofHamletandHoratio,itcanbeseenthatDenmarkisrotteninside.InHamlet’seyes,thegothiccastleisfullofvillainslikeClaudius,Gertrudeandvarioussins,suchasusurp,murder,incest,poisonandsoon.ItisalsoarealportrayalofEnglandinthesixteenthandseventeenthcentury.Owingtothis,RenaissanceisnotaperfectageaccordingtoHamlet,HoratioandMarcellusbutacorruptedagetosomedegree.Hamlet’smindisgreatlyinfluencedbytheviewsofChristianityandhislearninginWittenbergUniversity.Thechangesintermsofreligiousbeliefs,thedownturnofmorality,thevanishingofsomevirtuesintheRenaissanceAgemakehimdepressed.Meanwhile,asahumanistinRenaissance,heseekstofindanidealmanandstrivestorealizetheidealsforthesakeofthewholesociety.However,theidealsareruinedbytheevilsandwickedcharacters.Hehasthesenseofobligationtosavehispeopleformthecorruptworldandsetitright.Inthissense,HamletcouldberegardedasatransitionalmanbetweentheMedievalAgeandRenaissance.“Forallhisadmirationforclassicalantiquity,HamlethasadistinctlyChristiansenseofthetransiencyofthegloryoftheancientworld.HeevensoundslikeapreacherinthewayheimaginesthenobilityofAlexandertheGreatreducedtodust.”44HamletfindsthatthegreatestancientheroagainsttheChristianstandardofeternity.Ontheonehand,itshowsHamlet’syearningforthepastglories.Ontheotherhand,itshowsHamlet’s“heroicactionbeginstolosesomeofitslustrewhenviewedfromtheperspectiveofeternity”45.Atthebeginning,HamletisconfidentthathewouldbeaherolikeHeracleswhocanaccomplishhismissions.Ineffect,heisregardedbyShakespeareasHeracles,andhehascourage,wisdomandreasontosetthecorruptageright.Atlast,hemakesit.Nevertheless,hehassomedefectsaswell.Forinstance,Opheliaissatirizedbyhimfor62 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionseveraltimes,forheconsidersthatsheisnotloyaltotheirlove,spoilinghisidealwithrespecttolove.Hamlet,asamanwithChristianbeliefandahumanist,canbetreatedastheHumanontheEarthaswellastheheroHeracles.Therefore,HeraclesmaybeseenasanearthlybeingontheEarth.C.HyperionasanAngeloftheHeavenThevirtuouskingHamletisdescribedasanAngelwithoutthecastleasmentionedpreviously.Owingtohismerits,hecanberegardedasHyperion.ThevirtuousKingHamletisdescribedasanAngelwithoutthecastleasmentionedpreviously.Asadevotedhusband,akindfatherandadistinguishedking,KingHamletcouldbecomparedtoHyperiononaccountofhismerits.ThusKingHamletmaybedeemedasanAngeloftheHeavenwithhisgoodbehaviorsandgoodintentions.HAMLET:Soexcellentaking,thatwastothisHyperiontoasatyr,solovingtomymotherThathemightnotbeteemthewindsofheavenVisitherfacetooroughly–heavenandearth,MustIremember?(1.2.139-143)HAMLET:Hyperion’scurls,thefrontofJovehimself,AneyelikeMars,tothreatenandcommand;AstationliketheheraldMercury,New-lightedonaheaven-kissinghill;Acombinationandaformindeed,WhereeverygoddidseemtosethissealTogivetheworldassuranceofaman.Thiswasyourhusband.(3.4.56-63)HamletcompareshisfathertoHyperion,thefatherofHelios,isoneoftheTitansinGreekmythology.InHamlet’sopinion,hisfatherisanidealman,whichcanbeaccountedforbyfollowingreasons:KingHamletloveshiswifeGertrudesomuchthathedoesn’twanthertobehurt;Heisadevotedhusbandwhoisfaithfultoloveandmarriage–hestillbelievedherevenGertrudebetrayshim.Allofthishaswonhimagoodreputation.Forexample,HoratioassertsthatkingHamletistrulyaneminentking63 西南大学硕士学位论文withintegrityanddiligence.Furthermore,hissonHamletpraiseshimformanytimes:AccordingtoHamlet,Denmarkisarichandpeacefulcountryunderthereignofhisfather,whilehisuncleClaudiusruinsitspromisingfuture.Anyway,kingHamletisadevotedhusband,akindfatherandadistinguishedking.Inthesecondpartabove,Hamletiseulogizinghisfatherwithbeautifulwords:HehasHyperion’shairs,thefrontofJoveandtheeyeslikeMars.Hamletdescribesanidealmanwithperfectappearance,illustratinghisimageoftheidealking.Thisidealisamanofreason,wisdom,courageandvirtueswhoisalsointerestedintheRomanandGreekculture.ComparedwithSatyrwhoisjustafollowerofDionysus,HyperionisanidealgodinHamlet’smind.BeingtheAngelinHamlet’sview,kingHamletistheonlypersonwhocanbelikenedtoHyperion.Moreover,inActoneSceneone,KingHamlet’sghostappearsonthewallofcastletotellHamletthetruthofKingHamlet’sdeath.Meanwhile,healsowarnsHamletthatheshouldnotlettherevengetainthismindandnothurthismother’sheartintheprocessofrevenge.HealwaysappearsattheappropriatetimetourgeHamlettorevengeandsettheunorderedworldrightwhenHamletishesitating.Intheplay,KingHamletactsliketheAngelwhofliestoandfrotodeliverthemessagesastheGodorders.ThetruthofhisdeathissimilartotheoracleoftheChristianity.Inthissense,KingHamletmaybeconsideredasanAngeloftheHeaven.GHOST:ButhowsomeverthoupursuesthisactTaintnotthymind,norletthysoulcontriveAgainstthymotheraught.LeavehertoheavenAndtothosethornsthatinherbosomlodgeToprickandstingher.(1.5.84-88)Theghost’sremarksmirrorindirectlythatkingHamletisagoodhusbandandadevotedfatherwhohasastrongsenseofmorality.Foronething,hisloyaltytoloveandmarriagepromptshimtocareaboutandbelieveinherevenGertrudehascommittedsomethingevil,remindingHamletnottohurther.Foranotherthing,hewouldnotliketoseehisson’smindtobetaintedbyrevengeorherbelovedqueentobehurt.Thus,kingHamletiswithoutdoubtadevotedhusbandandaresponsiblefather.Becauseofhisstrongsenseofmorality,kingHamletchoosestoforgivehiswife’s64 ChapterThreeTheTypologicalNarration:Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionsins,reflectinghisethicalcharacteristics.KingHamletstillfollowsthesemoralityrules.Therefore,hecouldbeconsideredasarepresentativeoftheAngelwithoutthecastle.HAMLET:Howlonghastthoubeengrave-maker?CLOWN:OfallthedaysI’th’year,Icameto’tthatdaythatourlastKingHamleto’ercameFortinbras.HAMLET:Howlongisthatsince?CLOWN:Cannotyoutellthat?Everyfoolcantellthat.ItwastheverydaythatyoungHamletwasborn,hethatismadandsentintoEngland.(5.1.119-125)TheclownistherepresentativeofthecommonpeopleinRenaissance.TheclownnotonlyremembersclearlykingHamlet’sachievements,butalsoHamlet’sageandthedaywhenheovercameFortinbras.Accordingtohim,kingHamletisasplendidmonarch,whichshowsthatkingHamletcreatesagoodimpressiononhispeople.ThecommonpeoplearequiteacquaintedwithwhatkingHamlethasdone,whiletheysaynothingaboutthenewkingClaudius.Hence,kingHamletisagoodking.Inaddition,kingHamletcouldbealsotreatedasAngel.Heisfaithfultohiswifeandtheirlove,marriage;heconcernsmoreabouthisfamilymembers.Meanwhile,heisaprominentmonarchwidelyrespectedandsupportedbyhispeople.ThusitisreasonablethatHamletcallshimHyperion.He,asaking,behaveslikeAngel.Asismentionedabove,kingHamletcanbeseenasHyperionandtheAngelatthesametime.Therefore,itisreasonablethatHyperionisviewedasanangeloftheHeaven.Inthischapter,Claudius,HamletandKingHamletarecomparedtoSatyr,HeraclesandHyperionrespectively.Asismentionedabove,theycanbeseenastheserpentinthecorruptGardenofEden,theheroontheEarthandtheAngelintheHeaven.Therefore,SatyrmaybetakenastheDeviloftheHell,HeraclesasanearthlybeingandKingHamletasanAngeloftheHeaven.Satyr,HeraclesandHyperionarethesymbolsoftheDevil,HumanandAngelandtheyalsosymbolizethetrinity“world”oftheChristianspace.Thetypologicalnarrationrevealsprofoundlythetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamlet.Meanwhile,oneofthetypicalcharacteristicsofthecastle—yearningforthepastisillustrated.Whereby,itmakesitpossiblethattheancientGreekandRomanculturerevives.Furthermore,itisobvioustoseethatHamletisahumanistandamanwithChristianbeliefsintheperiodofRenaissance.65 ConclusionHamlet,whichisregardedasWilliamShakespeare’smostsuccessfulmasterpiece,wascreatedinhislateyears,whenhewasdepressedattheuglinessandbasenessofhumannature.Inthiswork,hisreligiousbeliefsshapedbyhisagearealsomirrored.Duringthepasthundredsofyears,thousandsofcriticsandscholarshaveprovidedtheirviewsonhimandthistragedythroughdedicatedstudies.Eventoday,thedisputeofShakespeare’sreligiousbeliefstillgoeson.ItisnotclearwhetherShakespeareisaRomanCatholicoraPuritan,butitcanbesurethatHamletisaprincewhobelievesChristiandoctrines.Inthisthesis,thetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamlet—theHell,HeavenandEarth,isanalyzedbyusingChristianity,psychoanalysisandmyth-archetypaltheories.Firstly,thetrinity“world”ofChristianspaceinHamletisexploredonthebasisoftheviewsofChristianity.Thegothiccastlecanbedividedintothecastlewithin,thecastlewithoutandthewallofthecastle,whichsymbolizesthetrinity“world”:theHell,HeavenandEarth.ThoserascalsinthecastlelikeClaudius,GertrudeandRosencrantzhavecommittedsomanyevilthingssuchasmurder,usurpation,incest,andbetrayalsthatthecastledescendstoacorruptGardenofEden;hence,theyareDevilsoftheHell.KingHamlet,whoismurderedbyhissinisterbrotherandtheghosthastowanderoutsidethecastle,istherepresentativeoftheHeavenbecauseofhisstrongsenseofmoralityandhismerits.HamletrepresentstheEarth,whichistheworldbetweentheHellandHeaven.Secondly,Freud’spsychoanalytictheory,id,egoandsuperego,isappliedtodiscussthespiritualworldofthemaincharactersinthetrinity“world”.TheidsofscoundrelslikeClaudius,Gertrude,RosencrantzandGuildensternarepredominatedbythedesiresforpowerandlust;asaresult,theyarereducedtotheDevilswhowilldowhateverbyanykindofmeans.AsfarasHamletisconcerned,hisegotriumphsinmaintainingthebalancebetweenhisidandsuperego.ThusheistheHumanembeddedwithbothvirtuesandshortcomings.KingHamlet,whosesuperegoismorepowerful,hasastrongsenseofmorality,makinghimagoodhusband,adevotedfatherandanexceptionalking.Inthissense,heisviewedastheAngelwithoutthecastle.66 ConclusionFinally,inthelightofthemythologicalandarchetypalcriticism,Satyr,HerculesandHyperionareintroducedtorepresentClaudius,HamletandkingHamlet.SatyrstandsforClaudiuswhoistheworstDevilwithinthecastle;HerculessymbolizestheidealmaninRenaissance;WhileHyperioncanbeseenasanAngeloftheAngeloranimageofidealkinginRenaissance.ClaudiusmaybeviewedastheserpentinthecorruptGardenofEden;HamletmaybedeemedasaherolikeHeracles;KingHamletcouldbeconsideredasanAngelfromtheHeaven.Asismentionedabove,SatyrsharestheevilnesswithClaudiusandtheserpent.Therefore,SatyrmaybeseenastheDeviloftheHell.Similarly,HerculesmaybeseenasanearthlybeingoftheEarthandHyperionmaybeseenasanAngeloftheHeaven.Satyr,HerculesandHyperionmaysymbolizethetrinity“world”oftheChristianspace.Allinall,HamletisadescriptivetragedywhichpresentsapictureofChristianspace.ThegothiccastleinHamletistherepresentativeofChristianspace.Thetrinity“world”initrevealsShakespeare’sviewsontherelationshipamongtheDevil,HumanandAngel.ThisalsodemonstratesShakespeare’smeditationontherepositionofhumanintheuniversewhenhewasfacedofthegreatchangesinhistime.HamletrepresentstheidealmaninRenaissance,whoisconfident,courageous,decisiveandsensible.Furthermore,thegothiccastleisasettingthatisappliedinlatergothicnovels.Suchplotsaspoison,murderandincest,etc.becometheindispensablepartsofthegothicnovels.Fromthispointofview,Hamletpavesthewayforthethrivingoflatergothicnovels.Hamlet,asaclassicalcharacter,willliveinthemindofreadersoraudienceseternally.Shakespeare,asatoweringpoetandplaywright,shallshineperpetuallyinthelonghistoryofEnglishliterature.JustaswhatBenJohnsonclaims,“Heisnotofanage,butforalltime”.67 Notes1Shakespeare’sEngland:AnAccountoftheLife&MannersofHisAge(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1916),p.48-49.2Ibid.,p.76.3PaulA.Cantor,Shakespeare:Hamlet(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2004),p.49.4PhilipEdwards,Hamlet,PrinceofDenmark(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2003),p.158.5PaulA.Cantor,Shakespeare:Hamlet(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2004),p.40.6Ibid.,p.43-44.7Ibid.,p.48.8Ibid.,p.49.9AugustusRalli,AHistoryofShakespearianCriticism(London:OxfordUniversityPress,1932),p.4-5.10Ibid.,p.5.11Ibid.,p.13.12Ibid.,p.22.13Ibid.,p.126.14Ibid.,p.132.15Ibid.,p.143.16Ibid.,p.231-232.17Ibid.,p.240.18Ibid.,p.241.19Ibid.,p.449.20DavidPunter,ed.,ANewCompaniontotheGothic(Oxford:BlackwellPublishingLtd,2012),p.311.21Ibid.,p.311.22WilfredL.Guuerin,EarleLabor,LeeMorgan,JanneC.ReesmanandJohnR.Willingham.AHandbookofCriticalApproachestoLiterature,4thed.(Oxford:OxfordUniversitypress,1999),p.129.23Ibid.,p.131.68 Notes24Ibid.,p.158.25Ibid.,p.159.26Ibid.,p.160.27Ibid.28PaulA.Cantor,Shakespeare:Hamlet(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2004),p.40.29TheHolyBible,Print.Eng.KingJamesVers.(SaltLakeCity:DeseretBookCompany,2003),p.1.30Ibid.,p.3.31PaulA.Cantor,Shakespeare:Hamlet(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2004),p.40.32Ibid.,p.40.33Ibid.,p.41.34TheHolyBible,Print.Eng.KingJamesVers.(SaltLakeCity:DeseretBookCompany,2003),p.3.35DennisR.Danielson,Milton’sGoodGod:AStudyinLiteraryTheory(London:CambridgeUniversityPress,1982),p.181.36WilfredL.Guuerin,EarleLabor,LeeMorgan,JanneC.ReesmanandJohnR.Willingham.AHandbookofCriticalApproachestoLiterature,4thed.(Oxford:OxfordUniversitypress,1999),p.129.37Ibid.,p.130.38Ibid.,p.131.39Ibid.40PhilipEdwards,Hamlet,PrinceofDenmark(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2003),p.101.41WilfredL.Guuerin,EarleLabor,LeeMorgan,JanneC.ReesmanandJohnR.Willingham.AHandbookofCriticalApproachestoLiterature,4thed.(Oxford:OxfordUniversitypress,1999),p.131.42PaulA.Cantor,Shakespeare:Hamlet(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2004),p.45.43Ibid.,p.44.44Ibid.,p.43-44.45Ibid.,p.130.69 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