Unit20 Humor一、课文背景知识憨豆先生听说过憨豆先生( Mr.Bean )吗?只知道有红豆、绿豆、荷兰豆。憨豆究竟为何许豆也?憨豆是英国BBC的招牌电视喜剧的剧名,也是该剧的主角的名字。英国喜剧泰斗罗恩.艾金森( Rowan Atkinson)饰演憨豆先生,同时也是该剧编剧之一。大家可千万别小看这颗“豆豆”,他在英国可是号称有1850万观众,在其他语系地区也是赫赫有名、所向披靡。他的幽默内敛、充满平常惊奇和对生活情趣的触觉,已冲破语言障碍,有希望成为卓别林之后的幽默大师。他创造了一种英国式的无厘头。一般人的喜剧都要笑中有泪,或笑中有针砭社会的事,《 Mr.Bean 》的笑中只有笑,没有政治,也没有批评社会,但一点不令人觉得单纯搞笑。英国式幽默:点到为止 肢体表情最出色憨豆先生是个“有点笨拙、有点幼稚、有点单向思维(脑筋不转弯)、有点腼腆、又有点短路的家伙,他的喜剧感来自你我都有可能会发生的日常生活中”。 他平日的穿着则是非常典型的英国保守中产阶级的装扮剧中他的对白极少,几乎都是靠“丰富的肢体动作”和“变化多端的表情”来呈现给观众。讨厌他的人也许会觉得这个故作低能智障的家伙实在令人作呕,但欣赏他的人会觉得他实在太了不起了,能够把英国式的幽默表现的淋漓尽致,可以算“用卓别林方式演戏的英国吉姆凯瑞”。这个开着鲜黄色迷你型小车,常常随身携带心爱的泰迪熊的憨豆先生,某天发现有辆载着婴儿的推车意外地卡在他的车尾巴上,便张着嘴、傻乎乎地尝试着用种种办法去摆脱它,始终没有成功。于是他搔手弄姿,索性带着婴儿去游乐场玩。他勇敢地站在车头玩碰碰车逗婴儿开心,没想到婴儿皱着眉头,根本不领他的情。无限扫兴之下,他想把婴儿往摇摇车里一丢,自个儿捧着一大把零钱玩自己的去了。可是,坐云霄飞车时,别人刺激得尖叫起来,他却沉闷地打起瞌睡来。千辛万苦帮婴儿换好尿布,却连推车带气球一起飘到天空。在他后羿射日般英勇抢救之后,推车飘啊飘地,最后好端端的落回心急如焚的妈妈身边。这就是憨豆的一天。英国式的幽默举世闻名。与美国式的说话很慢、很夸张之后的捧腹大笑比起来,英国式只是点到为止的“莞尔”一切尽在不言中。美国情境喜剧的喜剧感,常常来自家人朋友之间的“互相吐槽”(对话),英国剧则是通过肢体与表情来体现,憨豆先生便是其中的典型。泰斗有来历:能编能演 大小荧幕都吃香然憨豆先生的智商号称只有“007”,但艾金森本人可是拥有牛津大学的电机工程学位。能够扮得那么白痴,绝对是精湛的演技,而非“本色演员”。英国人认为他创造了近年来最重要的喜剧角色,而且认定他天生就该吃这碗饭。其实,成名之前,他默默无闻地耕耘了相当长的一段时间,知道80年代初,借助《非9点新闻》一剧,他才开始崭露头角。在1984年的《黑蝰蛇》一剧中,他饰演言辞尖刻、爱冷热潮讽别人的爱德蒙一角,显示了他能说会道的才能,而“憨豆先生”则展示了他肢体喜剧演员的天分,难怪有人说他那张脸就是他的财富。近年来艾金森也开始跃上银幕。比较著名的角色就是《你是我今生的新娘》里那个紧张兮兮、把婚礼搞得一团糟的神父,以及《狮子王》里,担任小狮子王辛巴的保姆、老是唠唠叨叨的那知识犀鸟的幕后配音。之后,憨豆先生有傻乎乎地飞去美国。这个穿着整齐,但是头脑简单,常常闯了祸就落荒儿逃的家伙,“憨豆先生大闹好莱坞”的姿态进军洛山矶,进行他擅长的“捣乱工程”。该片票房在欧洲已突破1亿美圆,1997年11月初在美国上映时,好评如潮。“憨豆先生”究竟有多红呢?看看有关他的商品就知道。除了剧片的录象带、VCD以外,还有印着他“傻冒像”的明信片、电话簿、贺卡,以及包括“蒙娜.豆莎”造型在内的各式T恤。相关书籍也有好几本,有剧本、剧照集及艾金森的传记等。最精彩的应该是那本《憨豆日记》,里面收入了憨豆生命中极隐私、极重要的点点滴滴,我们课余看到他“诗歌欣赏课”的老师哀求他改选别的课,虽然他是按时交作业的好学生,但老是强迫别的同学听他朗诵作品,结果人家不是呕吐,就是吓得不敢睡觉,班上学生跑了一大半。还有他的成绩单,给了他35分的历史老师给他的评语是:“ He has no sense of history. But then, of course, he has no sense。”标准的非常憨豆式的评语。对于人们来说,不管欣不欣赏这颗“豆子”,通过他来了解保守冷漠的英国人的文化和民族性,倒也挺不错。二、疑难详解1. Comedies are theatre plays that make people laugh. 喜剧是使人发笑的戏剧。[问]本句中的定语从句含有一个不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,请详细解答一下。[答]make后加宾语补足语的几种情况:(1)名词作宾语补足语。例如:They made him captain. 他们选她当队长。(2)形容词作宾语补足语。例如:The news made him sad. 那则消息使他悲伤。(3)动词原形(不带to不定式)作宾语补足语。例如:He made me repeat it .他让我重述一遍。(注意:在被动语态中,须用不定式,即在原形动词前加to 例如:I was made to repeat it. 我奉令重述一遍。 (4)过去分词作宾语补足语。例如:When I first came to New York, I had a lot of trouble making myself understood. 我刚到纽约时,先让人听懂我的话非常困难。下面归纳与make有关的短语:成品+be made +制造者;成品+be made of 材料;材料或原料+be made into + 成品;成品+be made from +原料;成品+be made in +产地;be made up of 由……组成(加组成部分);be made out of 用……制成、改制成(加原材料或另一物名称)例如:This kind of tie is made by the Goldlion Company. 这种领带由金利莱公司制造。This table is made of wood. 这桌子是由木头做的。Bamboo can be made into good walking sticks and fishing poles. 用竹子能制成很好的拐杖和钓鱼杠。名题精选:European football is played in 80 countries, ___it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. made D. to make答案: A。“80多个国家都踢欧式足球,这使其成为世界上最流行的运动。” 此处应选现在分词作状语。此题可用排除法来考虑:不表目的,不用不定式,排除D;其后有宾语和宾语补足语,不可能是被动的,排除C;不是完整的句子不用谓语动词;排除B。2. Cross-dressing men or women often appear on the stage. 男扮女装或女扮男装常常出现在舞台上。[问]本句中的appear能详细讲讲吗?[答]好的,appear vi. 出现,看来,似乎,公开露面,出版,发表例如:The sun appeared on the horizon. 太阳露出地平线。 He appears quite old. 他显得很老。It appears (to be)a true story. 这似乎是真事。[记忆技巧]:构词法联想记忆:dis-表相反,disappear vi. 消失;appearance n. 出现; disappearance n. 消失[常用词组]appear in the gazette 被宣告破产/appear before footlights(戏登上舞台,当演员/appear for 替……出庭/appear on the scene出现在舞台上,登场,出场,(喻)出现,受到人们注意/appearance defect外表缺陷/appearance failure 严重外表损伤3. Dustin Hoffman is famous for hsi role acting as a woman. 达斯汀霍夫曼就是以扮女人而闻名于世的。[问]句中的短语能进行归纳吗?[答]好的,人+be famous for某人以某种知识、技能或特征出名。人+be famous as某人以某种身份出名。例如:Einstein was famous for his Theory of Relativity. 爱因斯坦以他的相对论而闻名。Einstein was famous as a great scientist. 爱因斯坦以一位伟大的科学家而著称。地方+be famousfor以某种特产而出名。地方+be famous as以什么样的产地或地方而出名。例如;The area is famous for its green tea. 这个地区以绿茶而出名。The area is famous as a green tea producing place. 这个地区是产绿茶的地区。4. People make us laugh by making fun of somebody's way of fressing or telling an amusing story. 演员们通过取笑某人的穿着或讲述一个有趣的故事让我们发笑。[问]making fun of 是什么意思?[答]make fun of 同……开玩笑例如:I like making fun of my workmates. 我喜欢同我的同事开玩笑。[相关短语]have fun玩乐;be fond of fun 喜欢开玩笑/be full of fun 好玩得很/for (in)fun 开玩笑地/fun -loving爱开玩笑的/fun house(游乐园的)奇幻屋5. Americans sound funny speaking with a foreigh accent. 如果美国人操一口外国口音,听起来会让人觉得异常有趣。[问]能帮助解答一下sound作连系动词及相关的用法吗?[答]sound作连系动词,其结构为:sound +表语,其意为:听起来。例如:The voice sounds too loud i nthe small room. 那声音听起来太响。Your idea sounds (like)a good one. 你的想法听起来不错。sound作动词,还可以作“发声”,例如:(1)At this moment, his footsteps sounded on the stairs. 就在这时,楼梯上响起了他的脚步声。(2)The "s"in "island"is not sunded: it's silent. Island 这个词中的s 不发音,它是不发音的。sound还可以作形容词,其意义为:1)健康的,健全的。例如:children of sound mind and body. 身心健康的孩子。2)深沉的。例如:I was in a sound when you called. 你打电话来时我正熟睡着。6. Today students of English, even if English is their mother tongue cannot understand his jokes. 今天学习英语的学生,甚至是以英语为母语的人们,仍然听不懂的玩笑。[问]even if 在这里引导的是让步状语从句。even if 其意为:即使,纵然。例如;(1)Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can't be sure be stole it. 就算你看见是他捡起的钱,你也不能肯定钱就是他偷的。(2)Even if it rains , I will go. 即使下雨,我也要去。 在这里我还想谈一谈if引导条件状语从句的情况。if conj. a. (表示真实条件句)如果:If he told you that, he was lying. 如果他是那样对你说的,他就是在说谎。If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. 如果明天下雨,我们就不出去。(注意:if条件句要求用一般现在时表示将来,不用will表示将来;只有在表示“愿意”或“不愿意”时, if后才可以跟will或won't;If you won't come, I will go alone. 如果你不愿意来,我就一个人去。)b. (表示假设条件)假如(用虚拟语气,谓语中有were, had, should 时,可以把if 省去,并把这三个词提到句首。):If I were you (或Were I you), I would help her. 我要是你的话,我就会帮助他。(与现在事实相反)。If I had not (Had I not) miss the train, I would have got home by now. 假如我没误了火车,现在早该到家了。(与过去事实相反)。If anyone should (should any one)call, please let me know. “万一友人打电话来,请告诉我一声(与将来事实相反)。名题精选:The men will hav to wait all day ___ the doctor works faster(2001春高考题)A. if B. unless C. whether D. that答案:B. faster用了比较级给学生以提示“除非(unless)医生能干得更快些,否则这些人们将不得不等他一整天。7. Although body language and their face are important in their shows, they do not use the make-up that clowns use. 尽管他们的肢体语言和面部表情在他们的表演中很重要,但他们不化像小丑一样的妆。[问]能详细地讲讲althought一道的让步状语的情况吗?[答]好的,although conj. 虽然;尽管:Although he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。although与though这两个词都可做连词,引导让步状语从句,意思是“虽然……但是”,在英语里如果用了although或though, 就不能再用but,但可以用yet或still:虽然他身体不好,但是他工作努力。正:Although (Though)he is in poor health, (yet)he works hard. 正:He is in poor health, but he works hard. 误: Although he is in poor health, but he works hard. Although 较正式,多用于句首; Though 在非正式语体中较为普遍,但下列用法中,不能用although, 要用though:1. though 可以用在倒装句中:Young though he is, he is quite experienced. 他虽然年轻,但很有经验。2. though可以作副词,表示“然而”,放在句末或其他位置:He said he would come, he didn't, though. 他说他要来,结果却没来。8. What comedians have in common with the players in a comedy is their way of playing with words. 喜剧演员与喜剧的表演者达到共同之处在于他们运用语言的方式。[问]请问这是一个怎么样的复合句?[答]本句确是一个复合句,它是一个主语从句, What comedians have in common with the players in a comedy 是本句的主语,下面我们对主语从句进行归纳,主语从句是名词性从句的一种。(1)主语从句可以直接放在句首;也可以用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。例如:That light travels in straight lines is known to all.It's known to all that light travels in straight lines. 众所周知,光线直线运行。A. that 引导的主语从句大多数要放到句末去。B. what ...(东西)引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语的结构;误:It is a book what he wants.正:What he wants is a book. 他要的东西是一本书。C. 由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首或句子后部皆可。D. 如果带主语从句的句子是疑问式,则须用it作形式主语的结构。例如:Has it been anounced when the planes are to take off?飞机什么时候起飞宣布了没有?(2)常用的用it 作形式主语的复合句结构:A. It is +名词+that从句It is a fact (a shame, a pity, no wonder, good news,...)that...It is necessary (strange,important, wonderful, possible, likely, ...)that ...注意:这类主语从句中,谓语动词多数为:“should+动词原形”。C. It is + 过去分词+that从句It is said(reported, decided, ...)that...D. It + 不及物动词+that从句It seems (happened, doesn't matter, has turned out, ...)that...注意:it引导的强调句与it作形式主语的复合句不可混淆。(3)主语为从句时,谓语动词一般要用单数形式,但如果what引导的从句作主语、代表复数的概念(常可以 从表语上看出)时,谓语动词则常用复数形式:例如:What we need is water. 我们所需要的水。What we need are useful books. 例如:我们所需要的有用的书籍。名题精选:___we can't get seems better than ___we have.A. What; what B. What;that C:. That;that D. That ;what (96年高考题)。答案:A。“人们不能得到的东西好象总比人们已有的东西要好。”引导名词从句的that,既不作成分,又没有词义。本句主语从句中的动词get和表语从句中的动词have都需要宾语,都需要用引导词作他们的宾语,因此不能用that,都要用what。9. Typical for China is the cross -talk show, where a pair of vomedians entertains the audience with word play. 最具有代表意义的 就是中国的相声表演,两位喜剧演员用丰富的语言去娱乐于观众。[问]能讲讲此句的结构吗?[答]好的,本句是一个非限定性的定语从句,由where引导。定语从句又称为形容词性的从句,在句中起定语的作用,修饰一个名词或代词,有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词的后面,由关系代词或关系副词引导关系词充当句子的成分。定语从句分限定性和非限定性两种,非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,省去后不影响主句的意思,并且常用逗号与主句分开;翻译时常译成并列的分句。另外,非限定性定语从句关系词不宜用that。例如;This note was left by John, who was here a moment ago. 这条子是约翰留的,他刚才来过这儿。名题精选:Carol said the work would be done by October, ___personal I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which答案:D。本题考察关系代词的用法,其中也涉及到人称代词it、指示代词that和关系副词when。根据语境,逗号后为非限定性的定语从句,而关系词在从句中作宾语,故选关系代词which,用来指代前边所说的整个事情“the work would be done by October”。10. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221 -207BC), the traditional cross -talk shows ,or xiangsheng shows, have made people all over China roar wiht laughter for centuries. 追溯到秦朝(公元前221-207),传统的相声表演使整个中国人们几十世纪以来爆笑不止。[问]本句中的现在分词起什么作用?[答]本句中的Dating back to the Qin Dynasty(221 -207BC)是现在分词作时间状语,分词作时间、原因或条件状语时,通常位于句子的前部;而作方式、伴随或结果状语时,通常位于句子的后部。例如:Walking i n the street, I saw her. [时间状语]正在街上走着时,我看见了她。The parents died, leaving him an orphan. [结果状语]父母亲去世时,他成了一个孤儿。11. Skilled artists make use of all the richness of the splien language to create a rapid flow of fun. 有技巧达到艺术家 们利用丰富多采的口头语言为人们创造出了一连串的欢笑。[问]请说一说过去分词作定语的用法?[答]Skilled是过去分词作定语修饰artists, 单个的分词作定语,常置于被修饰的名词前,分词短语作定语,须置于被修饰的名词的后面;被修饰的名词一般是现在分词的逻辑主语,是过去分词的逻辑宾语;过去分词常表示“动作发生在位于动词的动作前”;分词短语也可作非限定性定语,通常用逗号把它和句子其他部分分开。例如:the excited people 激动的人们(单个的分词作定语)Is there anythings planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗?(分词短语作定语)The book ,written in 1975,is still popular now. 这本书是1975年写的,至今仍受欢迎。(分词短语作非限定性定语)名题精选: ___ more attention , the trees could have grown better. (90年高考题)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given答案:A. 非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语为句子的主语,句子主语“树”与“给”之间应为被动关系,故选过去分词Given。12. To understand and fully appreciate te jokes of vross -talk artists, listeners have to know very well what the comedians are talking about, and they also have to be fluent in Chinese.要理解并真正的欣赏相声艺术家们所表演的笑话,听众必须很好的了解喜剧演员们在说些什么,并精通中文。[问]请在此讲一讲动词不定式的用法。[答]动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,一般指具体的行为(特别是将来的行为)时,动词不定式可用作主语。例如:To refuse him is not easy this time. [不可用动名词]这次很难拒绝他。注意:主语与表语都是非谓语动词时,两者在形式上应该一致。例如:To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(1)以下这些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语,例如hope,want(想要),wish,decide, manage等。(2)care,love, like, hate, prefer 等,后接动词不定式作宾语时, 多指特定或具体的行动;而接动名词时,多指一般的倾向。在I'd like (love, prefer )后只能用动词不定式作宾语。(3)need, require,want(需要)后接动词不定式作宾语时,含有主动的意思;后接动名词时,内含被动的意思, 是主动形式、被动概念。(4)remember,forget, regret 后接动词不定式作宾语时,这些动词的行为先于动词不定式的行为;后接动名词时,动名词的行为先于这些动词的行为。本句中句首的不定式作目的状语,其意为:为了每和充分欣赏相声艺术的幽默。名题精选:___late in the morning, Bob turned of the alarm.(2001春高考题)A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept答案:A. 关闭闹铃”想睡懒觉。”是目的。用不定式作目的状语。B项Sleeping 是伴随状语或时间状语,一边“睡着觉”,一边“关闭”显然不合逻辑。D项Having slept 说明“睡”发生在“关闭”前,也不合情理。C 构成祈使句,前后不搭配。13. I told him that he had knocked two people off their bicycles and had nearly caused a bad accident. 我告诉他将两个人从他们的自行车上给撞了下来,几乎造成了一场严重的车祸。[问]请问本句中的knock off是什么意思?[答]knock off在本句中是“撞倒”的意思,在这里我们归纳以下与knock相关的 短语的用法:knock at敲……;knock down 把……击昏、击倒 knock out 把……击倒 knock ...out of 把……从……中敲出来; knock into 撞在某人身上名题精选:___at the door before entering please. (2001春高考题)A. Knocked B. To knock C. Knocking D. Knock答案:D。 这是祈使句,要用动词原形。14. Then I picked up my bicycle and rode on. 然后我骑上自行车走了。[问]picked up在这里是什么意思?[答](1)picked up在本句中是“捡起,拾起”的意思。例如:Then I picked up the little girl and walked off. 然后我把小女孩抱起来就离开了。(2)表示“顺便用车来接”。例如:I plan to pick you up at your office at six. 我打算6点来你办公室接你。(3)指“接受、收听(节目)”例如:I often pick up the programs of BBC. 我经常收听BBC电台的节目。(4)表示“好起色、上升、加快”。例如: It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。Wheat output of this year has picked up again.今年小麦的产量又上升了。15. I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke. 我决定把这整件事都当作是一个天大的笑话。[问]look...on as在本句中是什么意思?[答]look on ...as在此的意思为“把……当作(或看着)”。:例如:He looked on the old couple as his parents.他把这对老夫妇当作自己的父母。相关短语:look after 照料My friend looked after my cat while I was on holiday.在我去度假的时候,我的朋友照料我的猫。look down on 轻视,看不起look forward to 盼望;期待We are all looking forward to our holiday. 我们都盼望着假期。look in 顺便看望;短暂访问---Can you come on Wednesday? ---I'll just look in my diary to see if I'm free. 你星期三能来吗?我要先看一下记事薄才能知道是否有空。名题精选:___ this book and tell me what you think of it. (90年高考题)A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up答案: A。 Look through 浏览; Look on 旁观; look into 调查;Look up (在书中)查询。三、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展[概述]本单元的语法重点是动词的-ing形式做定语和宾语补足语,关于这一语法知识,我们在Unit 20 - 22 的课文疑问疑难详解将会——介绍,而本单元的语言交际功能项目为 Intentions and plans,下面我就此交际能力项目作一些举例。例如:I'm going t start next week. 我打算下周出发。I intend (或 mean, plan)to start next week.我意欲(或:想要、计划)下周出发。I will do it myself. 我要亲自干。I feel like doing out for a walk. 我想要出去散散步。I'd like to go out for a wald. 我想要出去散散步。I (don't) want (或hope) to go with you. 我(不)愿意(或:希望)和你一起去。 I'm ready to go with you. 我愿意同你一起去。I would rather not tell you. 我真不愿意告诉你。1. — I'd like to invite you to dinner this Saturday. Mr. Smith. — ______ .A. Oh, no. let's not B. I'd rather stay at homeC. I'm very sorry, but I have other plans D. Oh, no. That'll be too much trouble简析:答案C。只有C才是拒绝别人的善意邀请时英美人士常用的交际用语。对客气的邀请要礼貌地回答,答应时要表示感谢,回绝是要表示迁移并申诉理由(当然也可以表示谢意)。2. How about the two of us _______ a walk down the garden?A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking简析:答案C。How about...?和 what about...?中的 about 是介词,其后要加名词、代词、动名词,排除A、B、D。the two of us 是作宾语的动名词短语的逻辑主语。3. I would appreciate ______ back this afternoon.A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling简析:答案C。appreciate 后要加名词、代词后动名词作宾语,只能选 calling,动名词的逻辑主语可以用形容词性的物主代词(you)或宾格代词(you),故选C。 4. — Shall we go skating or stay at home? — Which _____ do yourself?A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather简析:答案B。注意搭配:'d rather do sth. = would rather do sth. 而'd better do sth. = had better do sth. 还有'd like (love) to do sth. = should (would) + like (love) + to do sth.。5. ______, I went to the railway station to see my friend off.A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinnerC. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner简析:答案C。quickly 是副词,修饰动名词 eating,常位于宾语后。四、生词详解1. humour[5hju:mE]n.幽默, 诙谐,滑稽,幽默感(2)幽默的事物(言词、文章等)(3)性情、气质;兴致,心情,情绪(4)有趣的节目(5)荒诞的想法例:Every man has him humo(u)r. (谚)个人有个人的脾气。He has no sense of humo(u)r. 他缺乏幽默感。[记忆技巧]humour=humor, humo(u)r + ist (人)=humo(u)rist n. 幽默家,丑角;humour+ful =humo(u)rful adj. humour +ous =humo(u)rous adj. 富有幽默感的,滑稽的,诙谐的,想入非非的,异想天开的[常用词组]have no sense of humo(u)r 缺乏幽默感/a man of humo(u)r 富有幽默感的人/black humo(u)r 黑色幽默(60年代美国新兴的一个文学流派)/dry humo(u)r 绷着脸说笑话2. mostly[5mEustli]adv.主要地, 大部分, 通常例:The earth here is mostly clay.这儿的土大部分是黏土。Most of the Americans use their cars mostly for their job.大多数美国人的汽车主要是用来上班的。[记忆技巧]most + ly =mostly3. laughter[5lB:ftE]n.笑, 笑声例:Her laughter is contagious. (喻)她的笑声很有感染力。[记忆技巧]知道了laugh“大笑”后,记忆laughter 还难吗?laugh +ter[常用词组]burst into laughter哈哈大笑, 纵情大笑/convulsed with laughter笑得直不起腰/die with laughter 笑得要死/fall about with laughter[口]忍不住大笑/roar with laughter哄堂大笑/scream with laughter捧腹大笑, 笑得前仰后合4. tear [tiE]n.破处, 破缝, 泪滴, 眼泪//vi.流泪, 撕破vt.扯, 撕, 拉掉, 折磨, 使分裂例:The sad story moved us to tears.这个悲惨的故事使我们感动得流泪 。Tears rolled down her cheeks.泪珠从她的面颊流下。This material tears easily. 这料子容易撕破。[记忆技巧]tear 眼泪+less (无……)=tearless adj. 无泪的;tearless +ly =tearlessly adv. [常用词组]tear apart把…弄得一团糟, 指责(某人或他的工作)很差/tear into猛袭;痛击; 严厉斥责/tear off草率凑成;匆匆做成/tear sb. off a strip痛骂某人/tear (oneself) away忍痛(勉强)离开/tear out 撕下,扯下/tear out of 跑出/tear up 撕成碎片,撕毁(契约)5. intend[in5tend]vt.想要, 打算, 意指, 意谓例:Today, I intend to finish reading this book.今天我打算读完这本书。We intend this news report as teaching material for freshmen.我们打算把这篇新闻报道作为新生教材。[记忆技巧]in -向+拉丁词根 tend 延伸,原义是把心朝某事想;intend vt. (意谓)+tion=intention n. (意图、目的)[常用词组]be intended to (do)意思是使; 是用来/be intended to be规定为, 确定为/it is intended that企图, 意图是/intend for打算供...使用; 打算使...成为; 想让...从事某事6. character[5kAriktE]n.(事物的)特性, 性质, 特征(的总和), (人的)品质, 字符, 性格, 特征, 人物//vt.写, 刻, 印, 使具有特征He has a strong but gentle character.他有坚强但温柔的性格。The new buildings have changed the character of the village.新建筑改变了这个村庄的特点。[记忆技巧]character +ful 变adv. =characterful 表现性格的,有特殊风格的;character +less(无)=characterless adj. 无特征的,平凡的[常用词组]bad character[口]坏蛋, 坏人/by character根据传闻/give sb. a good character of颂扬[诋毁]某人/give sb. a bad character of颂扬[诋毁]某人/have a character for sth.有...名声, 以...著称/in character (with)适合, 和...相称, 符合(多指性格和新扮演的角色)/in the character of以...的资格; 扮演...角色/out of character不适合, 和...不相称, 不符合(多指性格和新扮演的角色)/redeem one's character 恢复自己...名誉, 补救过失/take away sb.'s character夺去某人的名誉/take on character有特色[特点, 特征, 特性]7. certain[5sE:tEn]adj.确定的, 某一个, 无疑的, 必然的, 可靠的//pron.某几个, 某些例:I am certain he told me to come at two o'clock.我肯定他告诉我两点来。The right party are certain to be victorious.正义的一方一定会胜利。Certain plants will not grow in this country.有些植物在这个国家不能生长。[记忆技巧]certain adj. 确定的+ly=certainly adv. 的确,当然[常用词组]be certain of确信, 深信/be certain to必然; 一定/be not certain whether...不能确定是否.../make certain (of, that)把...弄清楚, 把...弄确实, 保证8. amuse[E5mju:z]vt.使发笑, 使愉快;娱乐,消遣例:His story amuses me.他的故事使我发笑。The children amused themselves by playing hide-and-seek games.孩子们玩捉迷藏游戏取乐。[记忆技巧]amuse vt. 使发笑+ ment 变 n. amusement 娱乐[常用词组]be amused at以...为乐; 对...觉得有趣[好笑]/be amused by以...为乐; 对...觉得有趣[好笑]/be amused with以...为乐; 对...觉得有趣[好笑]/amuse oneself with以...自娱9. accent[5AksEnt]n.重音, 口音, 重音符He speaks with a strong southern accent.他说话带有很浓的南方口音。She told me her story in broken accent.她泣不成声地告诉我她的经历。[常用词组]a broad accent土腔很重的口音10. vt.赏识, 鉴赏, 感激//vi.增值, 涨价We appreciate your efforts for the development of the company.我们感激你对公司发展所作的努力。I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.我认为小孩对现代图画往往比任何人都更有鉴赏力。Apples appreciated 2 to 5 cents per box.苹果每箱涨价二至五分钱。[记忆技巧]appreciate 鉴赏+or(人)=appreciator n. 鉴别者,赏识者11. exist[i^5zist]vi.存在, 生存, 生活, 继续存在Salt exists mostly in sea water.海水中存在的盐分最多。One cannot exist without air.人没有空气就不能生存。[常用词组]exist as作为...而存在, 以...形态存在/exist in存在于...中/exist on靠...生活[生存]12. bathe[beiT]v.沐浴, 洗, (光线)充满//n.洗澡The doctor advised me to bathe in the sun rays.大夫要我多晒太阳。[记忆技巧]bathe v. 洗+able (能)=batheable adj. 可洗浴的;适于水浴的bathe v. 洗+er(人)=bather n. 入浴者[常用词组]be bathed in沉浸在(水中或阳光下)/go for a bathe去游泳/have a bathe游泳, 洗(海水)澡/take a bathe游泳, 洗(海水)澡13. suit[sju:t]v.合适, 适合, 相配, 合式, 适宜于/n.一套衣服That dress suits you.那套衣服你穿起来挺合适。It is difficult to find a time that suits everybody.很难找到一个对每人都合适的时间。[常用词组]suit ... to使 ...适合于/suit with ...与... 相称/all of one suit清一色14. practice[5prAktis]n.实行, 实践We must put our plans into practice.我们必须将计划付诸实行。You need more practice before you can play for our team.在你能为我们队打球前你需要更多的练习。Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。[记忆技巧]还记得“名清动浊”吗?practice n. --practise v. [常用词组]corrupt practices 舞弊,行贿/in practice 实际上,在不断练习中,在开业中/out of practice 生疏,荒疏/put in (into)practice 实行,实施15. direction[di5rekFEn, dai5rekFEn]n.方向, 指导, 趋势, (常用复数)指示, 用法, 说明(书), 收件人地址In which direction are you going, north or south?你准备往哪个方向走?向北还是向南?Full directions inside.内附详细说明书。[记忆技巧]知道了direction n. 还不知道 direct vt. 吗?direct指导+or(人)=director导演[常用词组]give directions予以指示/in all directions四面八方; 各方面/in the direction of朝 ... 方向/under the direction of在...指导下五、易混易错词语辨析1. 辨析 mostly 和 most两个词均为副词,most 是指“最大程度地”,是 much 的最高级,主要用来(1)构成多音节形容词或副词的最高级;(2)修饰动词。 例如:the most carefully 最细心地;I like summer most. 我最喜欢夏天。mostly 指“主要的”,“大部分地”,主要用来修饰(1)be 动词;(2)介词短语。例如:I write to my mother every week,mostly on Sundays. 我每周都给母亲写信,大部分在星期日写。2. 辨析 intend,mean 和 design这组动词的一般含义是“意欲”或“打算”。intend 强调“意欲”做某一件确定的事,或者“决定”达到某一确定的目的。此外这个词常用于表达“意欲”使某人从事某职业,或“打算”某物用作何种目的。Erna intends to take short rests every two hours.欧娜打算每隔两小时休息片刻。The dictionary is intended for the beginners.这本词典是为初学者编的。mean 常常可以和 intend 互换使用。但不强调决心达到某一目的He always meant to go back one day,but not to stay.他总想某一天回去,但不住下。design 强调为达到某目的,事先作过精心安排和仔细考虑。此外,这个词还包含“预谋”、“策划”或“以阴险的手段”达到自己的目的的这一意义。These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally,but to give them electric shocks as well!这些奇怪的造型设计,似乎不仅用来在感情上给人们以强烈的刺激,而且给人以电休克般的刺激。Did you design this, or did it just happen itself?这件事是你有意图安排的还是它自行发生的?3. 辨析:amusing 和 interesting:这两个词不是同义词,但都含有“引起兴趣的”这一含义。其差别在于:amusing 指在娱乐、嬉戏是有趣的东西给人的感觉,或者在非集中思想工作、学习时某有趣的东西给人们的感觉;interesting 指在任何时候某有趣的事物引起了人的注意。I had an amusing experience last year.去年我有过一次好笑的经历。He is an amusing story-teller.他讲的故事很使人发笑。The play was very interesting. I didn't enjoy it.那出戏很有趣。我没能欣赏。He got a very interesting job.他找到了一个自己很感兴趣的工作。4. 辨析 fun 和 funny:fun n. 玩笑,嬉戏;娱乐,乐趣,有趣的人(事物)。例如:be fond of fun 爱闹着玩; be full of fun 很好玩,极有趣 Her baby is great fun. 她的婴儿很好玩。I don't see the fun of doing that. 我并不觉得那样做有什么好玩的。作 adj. 时为:供娱乐用的,为玩玩用的;有趣的,奇妙的。例如:Fun City 游乐城(纽约是别号)。a fun person 一个有趣的人。funny adj. 有趣的,好笑的,滑稽的,奇异的,古怪的;n. 滑稽人物例如:He has funny habit of blinking when talking with others. 他与人谈话时有一种令人可笑的眨眼睛的习惯。What can that funny noise be? 那奇怪的声响究竟是什么?5. 辨析 if 和 whether:if 不能替换 whether 的5种情况(1)正式文体中,句中有 or not 时:例如:I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道他是否够大。(2)引导主语、表语、同谓语从句:例如:Whether it is true (or not) remains a question. 他是不是真的还是一个问题。(3)作介词的宾语:I have not settled the question of whether I'll go back home. 我还没有决定是否要回家去。(4)放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组:She has not decided whether to go or not. 她还没有决定去还是不去。(5)作 discuss 等词的宾语:We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论是否该关闭那家商店。以上是 if 和 whether 表示“是否”之意的区别。此外,if 还有“假如”之意,引导条件状语从句;而 whether 另有“不管、无论”之意,引导让步状语从句。