UNIT13 Healthy eating一、课文背景知识随着社会的不断进步,人们对吃什么以及怎么吃也越来越讲究。过去，人们主要的奋斗目标是一天三餐饭能吃饱就不错了。现在，人们不仅吃主食而且还吃零食以补充所需的养料。十多年以前，人们争着在街上买肥肉，然而，今天街上的肥肉没人要，因为肉制品多了，因为生活水平提高了，更因为人们更加了解了体内所需的营养物质。人们开始选择健康的食品。如果我们要跟上现代生活的步伐，我们最好学会正确的选择吃什么以及怎么吃。商店的事物各种各样，我们不得不进行多项选择。当我们选择我们想要买和想要吃的东西的时候，我们最好想一想这些食物是否提供了我们所需的营养。但是，事实上，我们做出的选择不仅是营养方面的。许多人今天的饮食习惯是信什么吃什么。饮食习惯成了我们信仰中不可分割的部分：素食主义者有的认为不吃肉身体要更健康些，有的则是不主张杀动物为食者。另外一些严守素食主义者则根本不吃动物制品，甚至连酸奶酪和鸡蛋都不吃。我们对产品作出的选择还决定于生产和加工方式，要是环保性的或者说是生态性的食物，是厂家用绿色而有清洁的方式生产出来的食物。有机蔬菜是指生长过程中没有使用对人体和环境有害的化学药品的蔬菜。因为我们有如此多的东西供选择，因此许多商家对我们吃什么就提出了一些建议。书刊杂志和电视媒体向我们介绍不同保健类型需要的食物和药品，然而，真正比较好的选择是花时间和钱买好的食品并且保持饮食的平衡，多锻炼。人们应该更多地了解自己的身体以及我们身体所需的养料，以便我们对生活中所面临的机遇和挑战有充分的准备。二、疑难详解1. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 我们在选择吃的东西方面，现在不像过去一样简单了。[问]as在此处作何解释？[答]作连词，表示比较。又如：My hometown is no longer the same as it was. 我的家乡同过去不一样了。2. if we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life, we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat. 如果我们要跟上现代生活的步伐，我们最好学会正确的选择吃什么以及怎么吃。[问]如何分析此句？[答]这里if引导的是条件状语从句，we had better ...是主句，what and how we eat 是宾语从句做about的宾语。keep up with 赶上，跟上，had better最好。3. When we choose what to buy and eat, we had better think if the food will give us the nutrients we need. 当我们选择我们想要买和想要吃东西的时候，我们最好想一想这些食物是否提供了我们所需要的 营养。[问]这个句子中有三个从句，对吗？[答]对。when...， 是时间状语从句；if...是宾语从句；we need是定语从句。4. Some nutrients help build our body and amke it stronger. 一些食物有助于我们增强体魄。[问]build our body and make it stronger 一起做help的宾语吗？[答]是的。5. Caicium, which is found in eggs, milk and other dairy products, is good for our bones and teeth.[问]which is found in eggs, milk and other dairy product 是定语从句吗？[答]是的。而且引导词which在从句中作主语，代替calcium。6. Other nutrients help keep our body functioning well. 其他的营养物有助于我们的身体正常运转。[问]function在这里作动词吗？[答]是的。在这里“起作用”等的意思。7. But the choices we make are not just about nutrion. 但是，我们做出的选择不仅是营养方面的。[问]we make 又是定语从句？[答]是的。make choices 是“作出选择”的意思。引导词which/that 作宾语，可以省去。8. Eating habits become part of who we are: people become vegetarians either because they believe it is healthier not to eat meat or because they so not think we should kill animals for food.饮食习惯成了我们信仰中不可分割的部分；素食主义者有的认为不吃肉身体要更健康些，有的则是不主张杀动物为食者。[问]这么长的句子，怎么分析？[答]主句是：Eating habits become part of who we are. Eather..., or... 引导两个because 原因状语从句。9. We also make choices based on how the products are grown or made: environmentally friendly foods, or "eco-foods", are made by companies who have tried to use green and clean ways to make the foods. 我们对产品的作出的选择还决定于生产和加工方式，要是环保性的或者说是生态性的食物，是厂家用绿色而又清洁的方式生产出来的食物。[问]此句是否定语从句中套定语从句。[答]对。that are grown without chemicals 做vegetables 的定语；that can be harmful to human beings and the environment 做chemicals 的定语。11. If our diet includes foods from all the food groups, in the right amounts, we so not have to buy any supplements. 如果我们食物品种多，数量恰当，我们就不需要买任何补给品。[问]请解释此句中的if结构和do not have to 相当与need't。12. The same goes for "crash diets" that some companies say will make us lose weight fast. 对于一些公司所宣称可以让我们减肥的减肥餐也如此。[问]that some companies say will make us lose weight fast 起什么作用？[答]定语从句。that 在从句中作主语代替“crash diets"。13. Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diets, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercise more. 我们不需要去吃那些昂贵的固定饮食或者不健康的饮食， 只需要少吃脂肪和糖， 多锻炼就行了。[问]请问intead of 介词短语？[答]instead of 是介词短语， 表示“代替”的意思。14. The best way to make sure that we will feel and look fine is to develop healthy eating habits. 保健的最好方式是养成健康的饮食习惯。[问]这句话的主句究竟是什么？[答]The best way is to develop healthy eating habits 是这句话的主句 to make sure that we will feel and look fine 不定式短语做定语， 修饰the best way.15. We ought to learn more about our body and the fuel it needs so that we can make sure that we are well prepared for the challenges and opportunities in life.我们应该更多地了解自己的身体以及我们身体所需的养料， 以便我们对生活中所面临的机遇和挑战有充分的准备。[问]so that 是什么意思？[答]so that 是“以便”的意思，常引导结果状语从句。16. That means that sandwich or a salad is a good choice, but a chocolate bar or a bag of patato chips is not. 也就是说，要选择三明治和色拉之类的而不是选择巧克力和炸土豆条。[问]如何分析此句句子 成分？[答]“That" 是主语， “mean" 是谓语， 后面整个that引导的两个并列从句是宾语，第二个从句“is not" 后省略了a good choice.三、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展[概述]本单元重点语法是 had better，should 和 ought to 等情态动词的用法。象其他的情态动词一样，had better， should 和 ought to 后面跟动词原形。ought to 与 should 都表示“应该”的意思。had better 表示“最好”的意思。如：You had better get some rest.你最好休息一会儿。You had better not eat fruit that isn't ripe. 你最好不要吃没有成熟的水果。You should/ought to be careful with fruit. 你们应该小心水果。You should not/ought to eat so much junk food. 你不应该吃这么多垃圾食品。[经典解析]例：1.I didn't hear the phone. I_____asleep. (1989年全国高考题) A. must be B.must have been C.should be D.should have been简析:答案B。从 didn't 可知是过去的事情。“当时我一定睡着了”。表示对过去的事情进行肯定推测要用must+have+动词的过去分词。而 shuold have been asleep 则表示过去该睡着而没有睡着，与前面的意思不相符。例：2.He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy. (1990年全国高考题) A: might have given B: might give C: may have given D: may give简析:答案A。从was可知是对过去的事情表示推测，应该用情态动词+have+动词的过去分词，排除B、D。根据“当时他非常忙”的事实，他可能给你更大的帮助的可能性很小，所以选 might 比选 may 好。例：3.—Could I borrow your dictionary? —Yes，of course you_____. (1992年全国高考题) A.might B.will C.can D.should简析:答案C。文句中用 could 是委婉地提出要求，答句中从 of course 可知道，应该非常肯定地同意，所以用can。例：4.It's nesrly seven o'clock. Jack _____be here at any moment. (1995年全国高考题) A.must B.need C.should D.can简析:答案C。must一定；need需要；should可能，该；can能。例：5.—write to me when you get home. (2001年春季高考题) —_____. A.I must B.I should C.I will D.I can简析:答案C。前者发出请求。后者表示应允“我会的”。will用于第一人称，表示有意识的行动，表现为意愿，意志等。透视情态动词的考试不仅如此，在阅读等方面，它会经常出现。掌握情态动词的用法关系到我们能否正确理解文章大意的问题，直接影响着我们的做题。四、本单元生词详解1. sweet [swi:t]adj. 填的，甜味的；芳香的，新鲜的；悦耳的，动听的；亲切的，温柔的，温和的；惬意的//n. 糖果；甜食；布丁；（餐后的）一道甜食例：The foowers sweet. 这些花闻起来香。How sweet the music sounds! 这音乐多么美妙动听！What a sweet girl! 多么可爱的小姑娘！Chocolates and coffees are sweets. 巧克力和咖啡豆都是糖果。[记忆技巧]联想记忆：表示味道的词sour酸的；bitter苦的；salty咸的；peppery甜胡椒味的2. French fries 炸薯条例：He likes to eat French fries. 他喜欢吃炸薯条。[记忆技巧]对比记忆；美式英语French fries; 英式英语potato chips.3. mushroom [5mQFrum]n. ( 食用）蘑菇，洋菇；急速成长之物；突然发迹之人，暴发户//adj. 雨后春笋般的，急速成长的//vi. 采集蘑菇；急速生长（发展）例：fried[fraid]v. fry 的过去式和过去分词//adj. 油煎的，油炸的例：She has an fried egg for her breakfast. 她早餐吃了一个煎蛋。[记忆技巧]同义词联想记忆：wastes 废物；junk 废物[常用词组]a junk heap 废物堆6. fat fAt adj. 肥大的，肥胖的//n. 脂肪；油脂，油例：He's fat because so much. 他身体胖，因为吃得太多了。He is getting fat. 他在发胖。I don't like fat meat. 我不喜欢吃肥肉。They have a lot of fat under their skin. 他们的皮肤下面有很多脂肪。Butter and margarine are fats. 黄油和人造黄油都是脂肪。[记忆技巧]反义词对比记忆：fat肥大的，肥胖的；thin瘦的[常用词组]a fat job 好差事/a fat man 肥胖的人。7. vitamin[5vaitEmin]n.维生素例：Oranges contain vitamin C: 橘子含有维生素C。8. snack [snAk] n.小吃 例如：I'm not hungry but I'd like a snack. 我并不饿，不过我倒喜欢来点小吃。[记忆技巧]人身体各个部位归纳记忆：head 头；hand 手；waist 腰10. fever[5fi:vE]n. 发热，发烧//（通常指）狂热，激动例如：My fever is gone, but I still have a cough. 我的烧已经退了，但还有点儿咳嗽。He has a fever and a temperiture of 38.5 degree.他发烧，体温38.5摄氏度。I am in a fever of excitement. 我十分兴奋。11. salad [5sAlEd]n.色拉(西餐中的凉拌菜）例如：He dislikes salad. 他不喜欢吃凉拌菜。[记忆技巧]菜肴联想记忆：salad; fried chicken 油煎鸡肉12. peach[pi:tF]n. 桃子例如：Mother put the peaches in her basket. 母亲把桃子放在篮子里。There is a peach tree near the house. 那所房子附近有课桃树。[记忆技巧]水果类联想记忆：apple; banana'pear;peach 等13. ripe[raip]adj.熟的, 成熟的例：Autumn is a busy season, and the crops are ripe. 秋季是繁忙的季节，庄稼成熟了。A green banana is not ripe enough to eat. 青香蕉没成熟，不能吃。Soon ripe, soon rotten. 早熟则早老。[常用词组]ripe lips 红润的嘴唇/ripe beauty 成年的美女14. ought[C:t]aux. 应该；应当；该会；理应例：As a Party member, you ought to give the lead. 作为党员，你应该带头。This word ought to be done at nice. 这项工作应该马上就做。We ought to be hearing from them soon, then. 这么说，我们大概不久就可以接到他们的信了。They ought to be go now, oughtn't they?他们应该走了，对吗？Bruce is the fastest runner, so he ought to win the race. 布鲁斯跑得最快，所以他该会赢得这场赛跑的。He said he ought ot write an article about it. 他说他该为这写一篇文章。[记忆技巧]情态动词联想记忆：ought to 应该；should 应该；must 必须；may可以；can能够，could，might等15. examine[i^5zAmin]vt. 检查；细看；对...进行考试；询问；查问；对...进行审查例：All the machines will be examined. 所有机器都将被检查一遍。I examined the door and found that it was locked. 我检查这个门，发现它上了琐。He examined the boys in English. 他考孩子们的英语。The teacher will examine the class on everything they have learnt this year. 教师要考学生今年学过的所有知识。He was examined by the police. 他被警察查问。16. soft [sCft]adj. 软的，硬度低的；柔嫩的，光滑；（颜色）淡的，柔和的；模糊的，听不清；软弱的，温和的；不含酒精的例：My shirt has a soft collar. 我的衬衣领子是软的。Wood is softer than stone. 木头比石头软。This cloth is made of soft silk. 这布料是用光滑的针织成的。I was satisfied with the soft colour of the room. 我对房间的柔和颜色很满意。We felt the first soft wind of spring. 我们感到了春天的第一阵和风。She speaks in a soft voice. 她说话的声音很柔和。Lemonade is a soft drink. 柠檬水是一种不含酒精的饮料。[记忆技巧]联想记忆：近义词gentle; 反义词hard硬的。17. bar[bB:]n. （固定在门窗上的木质或金属）棒；（门、窗的）格子；（门的）横木；栅栏；（练习芭蕾舞用的）横杠；棒状之物（结块）例：The windows of the prison have iron bars. 监狱的窗户装有铁栅栏。[常用词组]the bars of a jail 监狱的 铁条/a toll bar (从前将木棒横在 路上拦阻行人征收过路费的）障碍物，税卡门/a bar chocolate 巧克力棒18. fuel[fjuEl]n. 燃料例：Coal, oil, wood and gas are fuels. 煤炭，石油，木柴和煤气都是燃料。[常用词组]atomic fuel 原子燃料/ gaseous fuel 气体燃料/liquid fuel 液体燃料/solid fuel 固体燃料19. diet[5daiEt]n. 饮食；食物；特种饮食//vt. 规定或限制饮食例如: Cow have a diet of grass. 牛的食物是草。He eats simple diet. 他吃简单的饮食。The physician put him on a special diet. 内科医生给他吃特定的食物。[记忆技巧]近义词联想记忆：diet 饮食；food 食物；dish 菜肴[常用词组]go on a diet 限制饮食/a costly diet 昂贵的饮食/a high protein diet 高蛋白质饮食/follow a strict diet 严格遵照饮食规定20. keep up with (1) 跟上（2）通过访问、通信等和（某人）保持接触。例：He has some difficulties in his study, but with his comrades' help he has kept up with the class. 他在学习上有些困难，但在同志们的帮助下，已跟上班上的功课了。 She had to run to keep up with them. 她得跑着才跟上他们。He has kept up with a number of his old workmates since his retirement. 他退休以后一直和许多老同志保持着联系。21. pace[peis]布，速度，步调例：Take two paces forward! 向前两步走！He stepped backward a pace or two. 他后退了一两步。He hit th bull's eye at a hundred paces.There were perhaps ten paces between me and the bear. 我和熊的距离大约有十布之遥。I can see a sparrow two hundred paces away. 两百步以外的麻雀我都能看得见。[记忆技巧]形近词联想记忆：pace步，步调；space宇宙[常用词组]at a good pace 相当快的/keep pace with somebody 与某人并架齐驱/ mend one's pace 放快步子/off the pace 跑在第一名之后/put somebody through his paces 检验某人的本领/掂掂某人的斤两。22. muscle[5mQsl] n. 肌肉例： 、When we walk , we exercise our leg muscles. 我们走路时，锻炼腿上的肌肉。Their muscle bones are not strong enough to hold up their muscle on land.在陆地上，它们的骨架不能撑起它们的肌肉。[常用词组] eyeball muscles 眼球肌/exercise one's muscles 锻炼肌肉/ harden muscles 使肌肉结实23. product[5prCdEkt]（1）n. 产品；成果（2）结果例：Coffee is Brazil's main product. 咖啡是巴西的主要产物。This is the product of his labour. 这是他劳动的成果。24. mineral [5minErEl] n. 矿物，矿石例：Coal and iron are minerals. 煤和铁都是矿物。[常用词组]metallic minerals 金属矿物/a rare mineral 稀有矿物 / be rich in mineral 矿藏丰富/drill for minerals 钻探矿物/extracty minerals 采掘矿物25. disease [di5zi:z]n. 疾病；特殊的疾病例：The physician cured me of the disease. 医生治好了我的病。Good technique in medicine and surgery means less disease and less deformity.好的内外科技术能减少疾病和残疾。Malaria is a disease that mosquitoes carry. 疟疾是蚊子传播的一种疾病。He died of heart disease. 他死于心脏病。Doctors use it to treat diseases. 医生用它来给人们治病。He died of heart disease. 他死于心脏病。Doctors use it to treat diseases. 医生用它来给人们治病。[记忆技巧]同义词联想记忆：illness; disease; sickness; disorder等。26. vegetarian [7vedVi5tZEriEn]n. 素食（主义）者//adj. 素食主义者的；全是蔬菜的；素食的（通常也吃黄、牛奶及奶油）例：Of the for milion people who have become vegetarians in Britain, nearly two-thirds are women. 在英国四百万成为素食主义者的人当中，将近三分之二是妇女。[常用词组]a strict vegetarian 严格的素食主义（不仅不吃鱼、肉类，连蛋、牛奶、奶油也不吃）a vegetarian restaurant 素食餐厅/a vegetarian diet 素食；蔬食27. environmental [in7vaiErEn5mentl]adj. 环境的例：People are becoming far more aware of environmental issues. 人们现在更多地注意环境问题了。[常用词组]environmental destruction（pollution）环境的破坏（污染）28. organic [C:5^Anik]adj. 器官的；有机的例：It is an organic disease. 这是器官性疾病[常用词组]organic chemistry 有机化学29. chemical [5kemikEl]n. 化学制品//adj. 化学的例：He planted vegetables in his garden and sold them to buy chemicals.他在花园里种菜，卖掉菜再买化学药品。He now holds important position in a large chemical works. 现在他在化工厂担任重要职务。This change of state is a physical change and not a chemical one. 这种状态变化是物理变化，而不是化学变化。[记忆技巧]根据词缀记忆：chemistry n. 化学---chemical adj. 化学的---chemically在化学方面30. fertilizer5fE:ti7laizE n. 肥料例：This favtory turns out chemical fertilizer. 这家工厂生产化肥。31. probably [5prRbEb(E)lI]adv. 可能地例：Do you think you can do it ? Well, probably I can. 你认为你能干这个吗？哦，我很可能干得了。[记忆技巧]根据词缀记忆：probable adj. 可能的---probably adv. 可能地32. balance [5bAlEns]n. 天平，秤；平衡，均势；结余，收付差额，尾数//v. 使平衡；平衡例：If you earn 100 and spend 60, your balance is 40. 如果你挣一百镑，花掉六十磅，那么结余是四十镑。Can you balance yourself on skates? 你穿冰鞋可以用一个脚趾平衡吗？The dancer could balance on one toe. 舞蹈演员可以用一个脚趾平衡。Will you weigh it in the balance? 你用天平称一称好吗？[常用词组]balance beam 平衡木/balance wheel 摆轮；平衡轮/balace of forces 力量对比/the balance of nature 生态平衡/ balace of power 均势33. supplement[5sQplimEnt]n. 补足，追加；补遗，增补；附刊，增刊（to）；[数学]补角，补弧//vt. 补充，追加；对...附加增补例：an annual supplement to an encycolpedia百科全书的每年补遗。34. promise[5prCmis]n. 诺言，约定；有希望，有前途//v. 允诺，答应；预示，给予...的希望例：If you make a promise, you must keep it. 假如你答应了，就必须做到。I hope he wil lkeep his promise. 我希望他遵守诺言。Our country is full of promise. 我们的国家大有希望。The girl's singing ability shows promise. 那女孩的歌唱才能说明她有前途。He promised her some jewels for her birthday. 他答应在她生日的时候送给她几件珠宝首饰。He promised her some jewels for her birthday. 他答应在她生日的时候送给她几件珠宝首饰。He promised her some jewels for her birthday. 要是这孩子考试及格，、她答应送他一本书。It promised to be an exciting one. 这看来将是一场激动人心的比赛。Early mist promises fair weather. 晨雾预示好天气。His plan promises well. 他的计划大有指望。35. digestion[di5dVestFEn]n. 消化力；消化力强36. now and then 有时...有时，时时；有时例：He goes to the cinema (every)now and then. 他常去看电影。I see (saw,etc.)him now and then. 我不时见到他。In summer I go swimming in the Lijang River now and then. 夏天我经常到漓江去游泳。37. brain[brein] n. 脑；头脑，脑筋（常用复数）例：The brain is the organ of thought. 大脑是思维器官。You have a fine brain. 你有一个好脑子。I wish I had your brains. 但愿我有你那个（好）脑筋。38. peel[pi:l]vt. 剥皮，去皮；剥（水果、马铃薯等的皮；剥（皮、树皮等），（从……）剥下（皮、树皮等）（off，from）例： Please peel me a peach (peel a peach for me). 请你替削桃子的皮。The Indians peeled the bark from birch trees to make canoes. 印度安人从桦树上剥下树皮做独木舟。[常用词组] peel a banana (potatoes) 剥香蕉（马铃薯）的皮/peel off the skin 剥皮39. tasty[5teisti]adj. 美味的，可口的；（俗）雅致的，吸引人的例：This fish is very tasty. 这鱼很可口。David dresses very well; he is very tasty.[记忆技巧]根据词缀来记忆：taste n. 口味---taste adj. 美味的；可口的40. recipe [5resipi]n. （菜肴的）烹饪法，（饮料的）调制法（for）；（做某事的）秘诀，秘法（for）例：Egg are the main ingredients of omelettes. 煎蛋卷的主要成分是鸡蛋。42. chop [tFCp]vt. 砍；劈；剁例：The log was chopped into pieces. 木头被劈成碎块。［常用词组］chop away side branches 砍去边枝／chop down a tree 把树枝砍倒／chop a path through tyhe forest 从森林中辟出一条路来／chop one's head off (=away)砍头／chop thinly (thickly)劈得薄（厚）43. steam [sti:m]n. 蒸汽，水蒸汽；气力，精力 vi. 蒸发，冒热气；（火车、轮船）行驶例：Steam drives machinery. 蒸汽可以驱动机器。The room was full of steam. 房间里充满了水蒸汽。He always works at full steam. 他总是使足劲儿干工作。the room was full of steam. 房间里充满了水蒸气。He always works at full steam. 他总是使足劲儿干工作。the steam from a boiling kettle 开着的壶冒出的蒸汽。The kettle was steaming on the stove. 炉子上的壶正在冒热气。The train steamed into the station. 火车喷着汽驶入车站。The warship was steaming at 20knots. 这艘军舰（当时）以二十海里的时速航行着。44. mixture[5mikstFE]n. 混合物（体）例如：Air is a mixture of gases. 空气是各种气体的混合物。Shake the mixture before taking. 服用前把药水摇匀。［记忆技巧］根据词缀记忆：mix v. 混合---mixture 混合物三、易混易错词语辨析1、辨析 fat，plump 和 stout： fat，plump 和 stout 表示“胖”的意思： fat 指胖得难看，是贬义词；plump 是褒义词，意思是胖得丰满、健康（用于婴儿或者年轻女性）；stout用于中年人发福，胖而粗壮。2、辨析 gentle，soft 和 mild：gentle 侧重对人的体贴和安慰；soft 强调柔和，柔弱等，还可指天生说话声音低或怕人听见；mild 侧重指神态安详，不暴躁，不生气。3、辨析 illness，disease，sickness 和 disorder：illness 疾病（泛指一切疾病）；disease 多指已查明的疾病； sickness 生病的状态，还指恶心；以上三词有时可互换。disorder 指失调，程度较轻的疾病。4、辨析 possible 和 probable：possible adj. ①可能的，做得到的 ②合理的（possible 指客观上潜在的可能性，但常常有实际可能性很小的暗示；probable 指带有几份根据的推测，可能性比 possible 大；likely指表面看来颇有可能，与 probable 接近。）5、辨析 promise 和 consent：promise是自己主动约定的，有“许诺，允许”的意思。例如：He promised me a book. 他许诺给我一本书。consent 是指先由他人请求而后给予同意。例如：I consent to your plan. 我同意你的计划。
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