八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。
找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法.
现以冠词为例：1.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the
2.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
3.There is ___ 800-metre-long road behind ___ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
4._______ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a
5.________ bad weather!I hope it won't last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a
6._______ they are listening to the teacher!
A.How careful B.What careful C.How carefully D.What carefully
由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等，无一不在考查之列。 所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。 对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？ 这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例：
A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅馆)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐馆)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服务员)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7).
The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(声音),"Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?"
1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave
2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because
3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought
5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise
7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told
9.A.can't B.don't C.won't D.mustn't 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter
要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做，那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。
在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项”。所谓词感，“the sense of word"是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合，它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。
这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等，进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。
词汇（一）
这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。
一、名词 关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。
单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a
1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch--watches。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es， 如：country--countries。
请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。 如：monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。
(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es， 如：knife--knives。
2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish--fish Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese
3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth
(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen
请区别：German(德国人)—Germans (3)child—children
4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) No news is good news.
6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。 How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)
不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread__________over there.(be)
3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。
4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesof bread
请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示， 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples
例： 1、These two pieces of bread __________over there.(be) 2、Could I have three ___________,please？
A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads
名词的格 名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's译为“…的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day
关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：
1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。
2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's 如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的
3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kate's,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kate's,my
二、冠词
冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the
2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour,an English car. 请区别：a useful machine
3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the
4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth
5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first,the best ,in the south
6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair
8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：
(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August
请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.
9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：
in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在医院里
in the front of 在…范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院
练习:There's _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital. A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the
三、数词
同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。
1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：
1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth)
8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth,twelfth)
20到90，y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)
2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。
hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的
millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用具体数字。
3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。练习:①Henry has learned eight _________ French words this year.
A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of
②The _________lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)
另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。
顺读法(钟点＋分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five
4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟＋to／past＋钟点) 如：4:30 half past four
4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five
练习题 :
1.At the beginning of the_____(twenty) century,the world's population was about 1700 million.
2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.
3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once.
4.Would you give me________,please?
A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers
5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.
A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps
6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.
A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen
7.June 1 is __. A.the Children's Day B.the Childrens' Day C.Children's Day D.Childrens' Day
8.__________people went out to see what had happened.
A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands
9.We have been in the school for______. A.three and a half month B.three and a half months
C.three month and a half D.three months and half
10.__________English is___________ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /11.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the
12.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
13.There is ________ 800-metre-long road behind _________ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the 四.代词
①人称代词: 主格: 单数I 、you 、he 、she 、it 复数 we 、you 、they 宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、it 复数us 、you 、them
⑵物主代词: 形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their
名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs
③反身代词: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。
2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。
如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room) 3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属 如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。
如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：
enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)
help oneself to… (随便吃/喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)
练习题 1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I think.
A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them 2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his
（二） 修饰可数名词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义
修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义 few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=
用little, a little, few, a few填空:
1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.
2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.
3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.
4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.
（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.
当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something new
There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考题
A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important
(四)另外，还要注意代词some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。
any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句
① Will you give me some water? ② Would you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?
2.every＋单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。
each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。
如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing games. 3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。
none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of
如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）
4.both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。
either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。
如：①They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.
②There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.
③Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.
④Neither answer is right.
5. another +单数名词, “另一个”
one … the other “一个……，另一个……” the other +复数名词 = the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部） others “别人”
(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which
这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which. 例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like ?练习:
一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整
6．Can you come with us ?(we)?
7．These skirts are hers . Yours are over there.(she)?
8．Please take care of yourselves , boys and girls.(you)?
9．I don't think this is my frisby, though it looks like mine .(I) ?
10．Look at those books. Are they yours?(that)
二、根据首字母填空?
11．Is there anything interesting in the newspaper? ?
12．She asked us to help each other.
13．The old man can neither read nor write. ?
14．Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. ?
15．Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.?
三、同义句转换?
16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.?
B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday. ?
17、A: He doesn't like mutton, and she doesn't, either.?
B: Neither he nor she likes mutton.
18、A: All the American people don't like sandwiches.?
B: Not all the American people like sandwiches. ?
19、A: They don't often hear the twins sing the song in the school.?
B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the song in the school.[ZK)]
四、单项选择?
(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .?
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few ?
(A)21、-Do you like Jane's new skirt??
-Yes, very much. I'll ask mum to buy for me.?
A. one B. it C. the other D. a ?
(B)22、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.?
A. one B. that C. it D. this ?
(B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.?
A. the others B. others C. the other D. other ?
(A)24、-I'll give the boys to eat.?
-Oh, I know, fish and chips.?
A. something English B. English something?C. anything English D. English anything ?
(D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box??
-No, thanks, I can do it .?
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself ?
(D)26、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00??
-I don't mind. time is OK.?
A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either ?
(C)27、-My bag is full, what about ??
- is full, too.?
A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She ?
(D)28、-I've had enough bread, Would you like ??
-No, thanks.?
A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more ?
(A)29、There are many trees on sides of the river.?
A. both B. either C. neither D. each
(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.
A. the other B. other C. the others D. others ?
(C)2、Without the sun, could grow in the world.?
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything ?
(B)3、 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.?
A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both ?
(B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?
-Look! This is a picture of .?
A. it B. one C. two D. some ?
(B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.?
A. few B. a few C. a little D. little
二、形容词 副词
大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级： 原级：比较级： 比较...，更...一些 最高级： 最...
（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情况 变 化 方 法 例 词
单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest
以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest
重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest
以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, est early-earlier-earliest
部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly
2.不规则变化，须熟记： good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest
bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least
(B)常见的使用情况
1.as … as … 和...一样（中间用原级） 2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）
3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）
4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的
eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year. ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .
5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越….eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful
6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越…...就越…... eg:The more, the better. 越多越好
(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。
2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。
3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。
eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.
(D)掌握三种同义句转换：
1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.
2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one. =That film is more interesting than this one.
3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.
Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and
此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：
1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。
2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词 例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。
3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也 too用于肯定、疑问句 also 较为正式书面语 either 用于否定句 已经 already 常用于肯定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句
不再 no (not any) longer 从时间上讲 no (not any) more 从动作上讲
如此这样 such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box
so 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big 单独、独自 alone 作表语 =by oneself 孤独的 lonely 可作表语、定语 eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)
练习题 1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.
A.Others B. Other C. Another D.The other
2.There isn't _____ in today's newspaper.
A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important
3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?
-No,Mum. It's not ______. It's ______. A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D.hers, mine
4..The Changjiang River is the third __ river in the world. A.long B.longer C.longest D.the longest
5. An elephant is _____ than a horse.
A.more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong
6. Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D. Best
一、介词
1．与形容词搭配的词组有： be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的气）
be away from （不在某地） be different from （与…不同）
be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害) be interested in （对…感兴趣） be late for （迟到） be/get ready for （为作好准备） be sure of (对…有把握)
be worried about （为…感到担忧）
2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well.
3．几组易混淆的介词
A． “在...之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）
after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时） after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B． for +一段时间 since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。
C． be made of "用……制成" be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”
D． in, on, at表时间 in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer
固定词组：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end
on "用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"
eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”
固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天
E. except +宾格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身）
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.
F． “用” 通过交通工具 by plane
用语言 in English 通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands
G． between “在~和~（两者）之间”
between...and..., between the two... among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)
eg.Sue spent over two hours ___ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over
二、连词
1．并列连词 both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词
neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。 either…or… “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”
and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。
but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。
or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。 Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否) I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.
2．引导宾语从句的连词
陈述句：that 可省略 一般疑问句：if /whether “是否” 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词
3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)
4．引导时间状语从句的连词：
A. when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。 Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.
B. since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.
C. while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。
Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.
5．引导条件状语从句的连词： if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定
eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿ (rain) tomorrow.
2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.
3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.
A.as B.before C.after D.since
三、 构词法
构词有法记无定法
一、利用构词法记忆：
1．合成法：note＋book→notebook，school＋yard→schoolyard，book＋mark→bookmark
2．派生法（即在词根上加前、后缀记忆）：
en－（使……有）＋courage→encourage；inter－（one with another；face to face）＋view→interview；foreign＋er（人）→foreigner，play＋er（执行动作的人）→player，sharpen＋er（执行动作的物）→sharpener；library＋（y→i）an（人）→li?brarian；miss（v．）＋ing→missing（adj．），probable（adj．）＋（l）y→probably（adv．），sad（adj．）＋ly→sadly（adv．）；compose（v．）＋（e→i）tion→composition（n．），inform（v．）＋（a）tion→information（n．）
3．转化法： know（v．）→knowledge（n．）
二、意义关联帮你记忆：
dictionary—words，umbrella—rain，library—book—shelf，kitchen—cook
三、英英解释，温故知新：
abroad—in or to another country，overseas；interview—meeting with sb．
说说记忆单词的方法
词是构成句子的重要元素，词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位。今天我们讲讲怎样记忆单词。
一、把单词放入句子中，在一定的语言环境中记忆单词。如果一旦忘记词义，就回忆它所在的句子。很多成绩较好的同学都有一个体会，抓住对句子的理解和背诵这样一个关键，记忆单词一般来说是毫不费力的。
二、将单词按归类的方法进行记忆。把同义词归成一类，如 learn－－study，between－－among；反义词归成一类，如 left－－right，high－－low，strong－－weak；或根据含义和用途把同一类型的词归成一类，如交通工具类：car，bus，ship，plane，truck，…学科类：maths，science，art，geogra?phy，…频度副词类：always，usually，often，sometimes，never，…等等。这样当遇到其中一个词时，头脑中出现的就是一组词，这样记忆单词的效率就会大大提高。同时，还可以掌握词与词之间的区别和各自特殊的用法，将平时极易混淆的单词清楚地区别开来。
三、利用构词法记忆单词。比如 happy（幸福的），加前缀“un”成为 unhappy（不幸福的），改“y”为“i”加后缀“ness”则变成了名词：happiness（幸福）；“pea（豌豆）”与“nut（坚果）”可合成为“peanut（花生）”；when（何时）＋ever（在任何时候）＝whenever（无论什么时候）等等。
四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词，即应及时在第二天、第三天甚至以后再读第一天记忆的单词，定期作阶级性的复习，同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复，重复也是记忆的一种好方法。
五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对，那么就可根据其读音基本拼写出该单词。首先这要掌握一定的拼读规则。比如“dirty”，根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir－t－y（在非重读音节中发［i］）。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效，如“contribution”，根据音标我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：con－tri－bu－tion，这样就能较快地记住单词。
以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一定要留心观察，寻找词与词之间的关系，这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之，只要我们掌握一些科学的方法，并用心去记忆，就一定能记住英语单词。
合成形容词
英语中有许多种形式的合成形容词，仅在初中阶段需要学习使用的就达九种。现分述如下：
1．数词＋单数名词。
如：20－minute 20分钟的 It＇s 20－minute walk．步行20分钟的路程。 second－class 二等的 That＇s the second－class room． 那是个二等房间。 500－word 五百字的
This is a 500－word composition． 这是一篇五百字的文章。
2．数词＋单数名词＋形容词。
如：8－year－old 八岁的 Mr Green has an 8－year－old child． 格林先生有个八岁的孩子。
3．数词＋名词的ed形式。如：three－legged 三条腿的 Tom bought a three－legged table yesterday． 昨天汤姆买了一张三条腿的桌子。
4．形容词＋名词。如：
round－trip来回的；往返的 Do you need a round－trip ticket﹖ 你想要一张往返的车票吗？
part－time 非全部工作时间的；兼职的He found a part－time job． 他找到了一份额外的工作。
5．形容词＋名词的ed形式。
如：kind－hearted 好心的 Father Christmas is very kind－hearted． 圣诞老人的心肠非常好。
6．名词＋过去分词。如：man－made人造的
China has sent up many man－made satellites． 中国已发射了许多人造卫星。
7．名词＋名词的ed形式。如：glass－topped带有玻璃罩的
I want to own a glass－topped table． 我想要一张带有玻璃罩的桌子。
8．副词＋过去分词。如：so－called所谓的
I don＇t like those so－called singers． 我不喜欢那些所谓的歌星。
9．副词＋副词。
如：so－so马马虎虎；不好不坏的 My English is just so－so． 我的英语很一般。．
Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a ______. (foreign) 前缀 例词 派生词
un-“不” happy unhappy like unlike usual unusual friendly unfriendly
im-“不” possible impossible 后缀 例词 派生词 -er“人” teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner drive driver（以e结尾，-r） run runner（重读闭音节，双写-er)
win winner travel traveller -or“人” invent inventor visit visitor
-ly（副词后缀）
bad badly quick quickly careful carefully happy happily
deep deeply lucky luckily usual usually noisy noisily
slow slowly angry angrily strong strongly quiet quietly
特例： true - truly terrible - terribly possible - possibly
-ful（形容词后缀） care careful help helpful use useful forget forgetful
-y （形容词后缀）
rain rainy luck lucky cloud cloudy noise noisy（以e结尾，去e，加-y）
snow snowy sun sunny （双写，加-y） wind windy
-ion（名词后缀） invent invention operate operation
-ness（名词后缀） busy business good goodness
一些特例：
动词 形容词 动词 现在分词转化为名词
sleep asleep boat boating die dead build building
enjoy enjoyable begin beginning cross crossing
名词 形容词 meet meeting friend friendly turn turning
south southern shop shopping wool woolen
danger dangerous 动词 过去分词转为形容词 difference different fry
fried worry worried
动词 名词 break broken know knowledge lose lost
fly flight please pleased please pleasure colour coloured
名词 名词 动词 现在分词、过去分词转为形容词
farm farmer 农夫 follow following interest interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语，仅用于be interested in develop interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语 developed “发达的” developing “发展中的”
练习题 1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.
A. from B. to C. in D. with
2、They will have an English test___two days. A. for B. at C. in D. after
3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975. A. at B. in C. on D. to
4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.
A. from, since B. from, after C. of, when D. of , as
5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.
A. how B. weather C. whether D. what
6、His parents were _________ (happy) because he had failed the exam again.
7、Mrs. Green liked to stay _____ (safe) at the same place.
8、The_______ (visit) from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.
思考题 1、The farmer was___tired___he couldn't fall asleep.
A. very…to B. too…to C. so…that D.neither…nor
2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others. A. but B. and C. if D. or
3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it. A. interesting, interesting B. interested, interested
C. interested, interesting D. interesting, interested
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