宾语从句与中考
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句,它内容完整,句型结构较为复杂,主句和从句时态搭配要求严格,在中考试题中频频出现,全国各地中考题中均能见到它的踪影。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关:
第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
①连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如:
1)He knew (that) he
should work hard.
2)I am glad (that)
you’ve passed
the exam.
②连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如:
3)Do you
know whether
he will ride
here at
8 tomorrow
morning?
4)Tom didn’t
know
if/whether
his grandpa
liked the present.
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked
me whether
or not I
was
coming.他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)
③连接代词who,whom ,whose,what,
which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:
6)The teacher
asked the new
student which
class he was
in?(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)
7)Can you
tell me whom
he is waiting
for?
④连接副词when,where,
why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:
8)I wonder
where he got
so much
money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn’t
tell me how
old his
friend
was.(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如:
10)You must
remember what
your teacher
said.
11)—Dad,do you
know when
the football
game will
start?
—In half an
hour.
12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?误:Can
you tell
me who(m)
do
we have
to
see?正:Can
you
tell
me who(m)
we have to
see?错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如What
time does the
plane arrive
in Paris?就顺口说出“Do
you know what
time does the
plane arrive
in
Paris?”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do
you know
what
time the
plane arrives
in Paris?”了。
第三关,注意时态的呼应。宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如:
13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。误:I
thought (that) you are
free today.
正:I thought
(that) you would
be free
today. 错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有
today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would
be了。这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制。如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。例如:
14)He thought he was working for the
people.
15)I heard she had been to the Great
Wall.
16)John hoped that he would find a job
soon.
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化。例如:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves
around the sun.
热身训练
1.He asked
me ____
during the
winter holidays
.
A. where I
had gone B.
where I had
been C.
where had I
gone D.
where had I
been
2. Have you
decided ____ Canada
?
A. when will
you
leave B.
when you will
leave C. when
are you
leaving
D. when you
leaving
3. Excuse me , sir . Could
you tell me ____
? A.
where I can
find the
toilet B.
where can I
find the
toilet C.
where do I
find the
toilet D.
the toilet is
where
4. I want to
know ____
. A.
who is she
looking B.
who she is
looking C.
who is she
looking for
D. who she is
looking for
5. I asked
him ____ . A.
which one did
he like
best
B. which one
he liked
best C.
which one he
likes
best D.
which one
does he like
best
6. Could you
tell me ____ ? ---- Yes . They
____ to the library
. A.
where are
the twins ,
have
been
B. where the
twins are ,
have gone C.
where were
the twins ,
have been D.
where the
twins were ,
have
gone
7. I’m not
sure if she
____ to the
zoo with us
tomorrow . A.
go B. goes C.
will go D.
went
8. He didn’t
tell me ____
. A. which
floor did he
live on B.
which floor
he lived
on C. which
floor he
lived D.
which floor
does he live
9. ---- Do you
remember ___
he came ?
---- Yes , I do .
He came by
car
A.
how B. when C.
what D. where
10. I don’t know
____ . Can
you tell me
? A. how
the two
players are
old B. how
old are the
two players
C. the two
players are
how old D.
how old the
two players are
11. That woman
wanted to know ___
her daughter
liked the sweater
. A.
whether B. what C.
which D. that
12. I don’t
think he will
come here on
time , _____
?
A. won’t he B.
will he C.
does he D. is
he
13. I don’t
know ___ the
day after tomorrow
. A. when
does he
come B. how
will he
come C. if
he comes D.
whether he’ll
come
14.The man in
the shop asks
the woman ____
. A.
which kind
does she
like B.
which kind
she
is C.
which kind is
she likes D.
which kind
she likes
15. ---- We never
know ____ he is . ----
They say he
is a doctor
. A. whom B.
what C. which D. where
16. Father asked
Edison ____ doing
that for . A.
how was
he B. what
he was C.
what was
he D. where
he was
17. I don’t
know if it
____ tomorrow
. A. will
rain B.
rain C.
rains D. is
raining
18. He said
he ___ there
for a
long time . A.
has lived B.
lived C. have
lived D. was
living
19. Mother told
her children there ____
seven days in
a week . A.
is B. are C.
was D. were
20. He asked
___ we
enjoyed ourselves yesterday
. A. what B.
who C. that
D. if
( key : 1-5 BBADB 6-10
BCBAD 11-15
ABDDB 16-20
BABBD )