第三节 分 词
分词是非谓语动词中的一种形式,是英语教学过程中的重点、难点,也是历届高考考查语法点之一。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它在句子里可作表语、宾语补足语定语和状语。但要注意分词具有主动和进行的意味而过去分词却具有被动和完成的意味。
一、分词在句中的功能
1、分词作表语
现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征或性质,意为“令人怎样.......”,含主动意味。如:astonishing,disappointing,exciting,amusing,frightening,interesting,surprising,relaxing,shocking,tiring,worrying,puzzle;ing,moving; 过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态,意为“对什么感受怎样”,有被动意味。如:astonished,disappointed,excited,amused,frightened,interested,surprised,relaxed,shocked,tired,worried,puzzled,moved。例如:
Our trip was disappointing.我们的这次旅行让人失望。
We was disappointed at our trip.我们对这次旅行感到失望。
This story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
I am interested in this story.我对这故事感兴趣。
2、分词作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时,也要注意主动与被动的关系这种关系主要体现在宾补与宾语之间的主动与被动的关系。
He's going to have his hair cut.他将要去理发。
I must get my bike repaired.我得去修理我的自行车。
动词have,let,make等也可带用过去分词表示的宾语补足语,在这种结构中主语通常不是分词所表示的动作的发出者。能带分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:see,feel,watch,make, let,have等。例如:
You often see musicians performing in the streets.你经常看到音乐家在街上演奏。
We watched three old men sharing their food with each other.我们观看三个老人相互分享他们的食物。
3、分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,
过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定
语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given, left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如:
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists. 分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点) ① 主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 ② 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。 [A] 作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如: I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly ,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!) Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人) He only gave me a broken glass, so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气) [B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)
谓语动词(vt.)
宾语
宾语补足语
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing
如:
Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作) When I entered the room, I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子) In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) [C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如: She came into the classroom, holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试) [D] 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。例略。 [E] 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如: I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意:have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)
【语法过关】www.zk5u.co
1.Tom likes cars. He enjoys ______ model cars of all kinds.
A. collects B. collecting C. to collect D. collected
2.The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climbers ______ halfway.
A. stop B. to stop C. stopping D. stopped
3.I'11 give a talk tomorrow. I'm thinking about .
A. what to say B. how to say C. what can I say D. how can I say
4.My sister doesn't like the dress. She thinks it makes her fat.
A. look B. looks C. to look D. looked
5.You may be ____if you have a ___ problem.
A. exciting; excited B. excited; exciting C. worrying; worried D. worried; worrying
6。China's badminton team won the Sudirman Cup for the fifth time; they deserved_____.(湖北黄石)
A. to reward B. rewarding C. to be rewarded D. being rewarded
7。-- Mum, I'm hungry.
-- What about going to McDonald's ______ fried chicken?
A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. and eat
8.Your father is sleeping. You’d better ___________.
A. not to wake him up B. not wake him up C. not wake up him D. not to wake up him
9.If everyone makes a contribution _____ the environment, our country will become more beautiful.
A. to protect B. in protecting C. to protecting D. for protecting
10.I've made it possible for my computers the same programs by means of networking.
A. to share B. share C. shared D. shares
11.Internet bars mustn’t let people under 18 in or let anybody_ bad things.
A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. watches
12.—Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . A.to wash B.washed C.wash D.to be washed 13.I want to buy a digital camera online. Can you show me ______ the Internet? A.search B.to search C.how to search D.what to search 14.It _______ Yang Liwei about 21 hours _____the earth 14 times in his spaceship. A. spent, circling B. took, traveling C. spent, to travel D. took, to circle 15.The little girl saw the gorilla in the park with a toy bear. A. to play B. playing C. is playing D. plays 16.How about ______ to the cinema on Sunday? A.go B.to go C.going D.will go 17.Jim asked Lin Feng ______ forget to change water.
A.to not B.don't C.not D.not to
18.Listen! Can you hear a baby ________?
A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. cries
19.You’d better _________ on Sundays. It’s too crowded.
A. go shopping B. not go shopping C. not to go shopping D. to go shopping
20.The little girl was too frightened ________ a word.
A. not to tell B. not to say C. to tell D. to say
21.My watch doesn’t work. I must have it ________.
A. repaired B. repairs C. repair D. repairing
22.Stop ________ so much noise! My father is sleeping.
A. to make B. making C. to hear D. hearing
【参考答案】www.zk5u.co
1。答案B 解析:enjoy表示“喜欢”后接名词或动名词作宾语。故选B。2。答案A 解析:make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人做某事”,make表示“使、让”的意思,是使役动词,后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。故选A。3.答案A 解析:依据上句“明天我将做一个讲演”,我正考虑讲什么, 是说的内容,应选what。 C、D语序不对。故只能选A。
4.答案A 解析:make后接不带to的动词不定时作宾语补足语。
5。答案D 解析: 现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征或性质,意为“令人怎样.......”,含主动意味。过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态,意为“对什么感受怎样”,有被动意味。分词作定语时,如果分词的动作是中心词发出的,则要用现在分词;如果中心词是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词。
6。答案C 解析:deserve表示“值得,应当受到”的意思,后接动词不定式。They与reward之间存在动宾关系,故应选C。
7.答案B 解析:依据题意:去McDonald's吃烤鸡怎么样?用不定式表示目的,故选B。 8.答案B 解析:had better 后接动词原形,排除A、D;其否定结构为:had better not do sth. 9.答案C 解析:make a contribution to 表示“为……作贡献”,其中to为介词,后应接名词或动名词。 10.答案A 解析:依据句子结构:S+ V +it +adj. for sb. to do sth. it作形式宾语,其真正主语是动词不定式。故应选A。 11.答案 A 解析:let是使役动词,后接不带to的不定式作宾补。故应选A。 12.答案A 解析:作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时,就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选A。 13。答案C 解析:依据题意:我想买一部数码照相机,你能教我如何在因特网上搜寻吗?show sb. how to do sth.故选C。 14.答案D 解析:依据It takes/took sb. sometime to do sth.句型,可判断出此题应选D。 15。答案B 解析:see sb.doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”;see sb. do sth.表示“看见某人做某事”,强调看见的整个过程;故应选B。16.答案C 解析:How about 后接名词、代词或动名词结构。故选C。 17.答案D 解析:动词不定式的否定结构为:not to do sth.故选D。 18。答案 C 解析:感官动词后接不带to的不定时,表示“整个过程”;接分词,表示“正在发生的动作”;依据句意可知,应选C。 19.答案B 解析:had better 后接不带to的动词不定式。依据题意:你最好不要在星期天买东西,表示否定。故选B。
20.答案D 解析:too...to....表示“如此......以致不能......,”。故应选D。
21.答案A 解析:it指代上句的my watch;与被修饰语存在动宾关系,手表是由别人来修理,故用过去分词。应选A。
22.答案B 解析:stop后用动词不定式表示“停下来做另一件事情”(停下来的目的);后用动名词表示“停止正在做的事情”。依据题意:应用动名词;制造噪音,词组为:“make noise”。故选B。