真题演练(三) [2015•江苏]AVisitor Code•Arrive with nothing that can harm New ZealandIf you are arriving from overseas，bring no food，animal or plant material into the country.If in doubt declare it to Customs.•Protect plants and animalsNever allow dogs or other pets to run freely in areas of nesting birds，other wildlife，or where signposted.•Get rid of rubbishAlways get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste(e.g.，glass，paper) where possible.•Be considerate with other wasteIf using a portable toilet always throw away your toilet waste at a proper waste station.In the back country，bury your toilet waste in a shallow hole away from waterways.•Keep New Zealand’s water cleanBecause soaps and other wastes can harm waterways，be careful your washing water doesn’t pollute the sea，lakes and rivers.•Take care with fireAlways observe district fire bans.Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue—make sure ashes are cold before leaving.•Camp or picnic carefullyWhen camping or picnicking，use facilities provided.•Keep to the trackKeep to the track，where one exists，so you lessen the chance of damaging fragile plants.•Be considerateWhen driving，minimize noise and observe no smoking signs. 语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文——游客行为规范。文章主要列举了去新西兰旅游应该注意的事项。
56．According to the Code，visitors should act .A．with care and respectB．with relief and pleasureC．with caution and calmnessD．with attention and observation答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据文章的内容可知，游客去新西兰时，要当心，不要带入有可能对新西兰产生破坏的物品，也要尊重自然、保护环境，文中的各个小标题均是对该内容的体现，因此选A。57．What are you encouraged to do when travelling in New Zealand?A．Take your own camping facilities.B．Bury glass far away from rivers.C．Follow the track for the sake of plants.D．Observe signs to approach nesting birds.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据文中Keep to the track部分中的内容可知，游客要沿着路径行走，减少破坏脆弱植物的几率，因此选C。BIn the United States alone，over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste，the concentration(含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed，the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries，in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material，up to 100 times more，than the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cell-phone，and imagine the mines that produced those metals，the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in.Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U．S.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production，distribution，and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start—for instance，buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机) for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products，would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why，they ask，should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫) that encased your television?From the governments’ point of view，a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关的解决措施。
58．By mentioning the Swiss study，the author intends to tell us that .A．the weight of e-goods is rather smallB．e-waste deserves to be made good use ofC．natural minerals contain more precious metalsD．the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste答案 B解析 推理判断题。该研究表明电子垃圾中的贵重金属含量很高，再根据全文作者的写作目的可知，作者意在说明电子垃圾值得被充分利用。因此选B。59．The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended .A．from producers to governmentsB．from governments to producersC．from individuals to distributorsD．from distributors to governments答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知，对电子垃圾的管理应该回到生产者那里，即以前是政府和纳税人对电子垃圾负责，现在应该扩展到生产商那里。因此选B。60．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．The increase in e-waste.B．The creation of e-waste.C．The seriousness of e-waste.D．The management of e-waste.答案 D解析 主旨大意题。文章前半部分指出了电子垃圾的数量在不断增加及其危害，后半部分提出了如何处理这些垃圾，由此可推知，如何处理电子垃圾是文章的主旨，因此选D。CSuppose you become a leader in an organization.It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities.To do so，it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example，people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness，to expand their range of experiences，and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs，people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers，you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service，some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately，these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g.，“I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g.，“I volunteer because I’m required to do so”)．When that happens，people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer，what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question，researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance，one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you，it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”．Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations，they found a positive correlation(正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results，once again，lead to concrete advice：“Once an individual begins volunteering，continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity...Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.”语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了为什么很多人从事志愿活动，以及是什么让他们将从事志愿活动的兴趣保持下去的。
61．People volunteer mainly out of .A．academic requirements B．social expectationsC．financial rewards D．internal needs答案 D解析 细节理解题。由第二段内容可知，人们从事志愿活动出于几个动机，如表达个人价值观、丰富个人经历、增强社会关系等，如果志愿工作的岗位不能满足这些需求，人们或许就不愿参加了。由此可推知，人们从事志愿活动主要是出于个人的内在需求，故D项符合题意。62．What can we learn from the Florida study?A．Follow-up studies should last for one year.B．Volunteers should get mentally prepared.C．Strategy training is a must in research.D．Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“The researchers note that attention should be given to ‘training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience’．”可知，研究者指出，应该注意让志愿者对棘手的情形有所准备，给他们提供应对困难的策略。故B项符合题意。63．What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?A．Individual differences in role identity.B．Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C．Role identity as a volunteer.D．Practical advice from researchers.答案 C解析 细节理解题。由最后一段第二句“It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.”可知，志愿者的角色认同感才是他们继续从事志愿活动的关键。故C项符合题意。64．What is the best title of the passage?A．How to Get People to VolunteerB．How to Study Volunteer BehaviorsC．How to Keep Volunteers’ InterestD．How to Organize Volunteer Activities答案 A解析 标题归纳题。文章先由“为什么人们会做志愿者”开始，然后结合两组调查研究说明了人们能长时间做志愿者工作的原因，其最终目的是为了使人们参与到志愿者工作当中去，故A项符合题意。DFreedom and ResponsibilityFreedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic.We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom.There were great civilizations，splendid empires，but no freedom anywhere.Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.In Greece，in Athens(雅典)，a little city in a little country，there were no helpless masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed，and the unwritten，which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he was self-controlled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens，not because it was forced on him from the outside，but because the city was his pride and his safety.The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.It cannot be discovered once for all.If people do not prize it，and work for it，it will go.Constant watch is its price.Athens changed.It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance，a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been the Athenian’s pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds.There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now instead of men giving to the state，the state was to give to them.What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them；and with this as the primary object，ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result.If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good，they would cease to be free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens，the Athens of Ancient Greece，refused responsibility；she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.But，“the excellent becomes the permanent，” Aristotle said.Athens lost freedom forever，but freedom was not lost forever for the world.A great American，James Madison，referred to：“The capacity(能力) of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek.Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind，but once man has a great and good idea，it is never completely lost.The Digital Age cannot destroy it.Somehow in this or that man’s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action.One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。作者先解释何为自由，古希腊人已经给自由下好了定义，将自由和责任捆绑在一起；然后笔锋一转，说到后来雅典人扭曲了自由的定义，开始逃避责任；最后说到，虽然雅典人没有了自由，但是世界从未失去自由。
65．What does the underlined word “tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．Countries where their people need help.B．Powerful states with higher civilization.C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D．Governments ruled with absolute power.答案 D解析 词义猜测题。画线单词后面的内容是对本单词进行的解释，因此不难看出选项D与这句话意思一致，即“专政，暴君统治”。66．People believing in freedom are those who .A．regard their life as their own businessB．seek gains as their primary objectC．behave within the laws and value systemsD．treat others with kindness and pity答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句中的“And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed，and the unwritten...”和第四句“The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.”及最后一句可知，相信自由的人愿意遵守法律和价值体系的约束。67．What change in attitude took place in Athens?A．The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B．The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.C．The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.D．The Athenians looked on the government as a business.答案 A解析 细节理解题。由倒数第二段的内容可以看出古希腊的雅典人后来拒绝承担责任，那么他们的自由也走向尽头了。因此选A。68．What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?A．Athens would continue to be free.B．Athens would cease to have freedom.C．Freedom would come from responsibility.D．Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.答案 B解析 句意猜测题。根据本段的最后一句可知，古希腊的雅典人拒绝承担责任，他们的自由也就走向了尽头，这就是唯一的结果，因此选B。69．Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A．The author is hopeful about freedom.B．The author is cautious about self-government.C．The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D．The author is proud of man’s capacity.答案 A解析 推理判断题。由最后一段第二句“Athens lost freedom forever，but freedom was not lost forever for the world.”及“it is never completely lost”可知，作者最后引用他们的话是为了表明作者相信自由并不会随着古希腊雅典人的自由的消失而消失。因此选A。70．What is the author’s understanding of freedom?A．Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B．Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C．Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D．Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据文章的内容，尤其是第五段的内容可知，责任与自由是相辅相成的，自由的存在离不开责任，故D项正确。
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