Unit 5 Theme parks
Part One: Teaching Design
Teaching goals
1. Target language
a. 重点词汇和短语
theme park, provide ... with ... , amuse oneself, various, a variety of, shuttle, charge ... for, admission, make a profit, souvenir, base on, involve ... in, athletic, b． 重点句子
1) In these parks, people sit chatting, play games, listen to birds’ singing, or just relax a bit.
2) They are such huge places that visitors often use shuttles to get around.
3) The big companies that own theme parks expect to make a profit not just by the charges for admission, but also by selling souvenirs in their shops and advertising them on television.
2. Ability goals
Enable the students to know something about the various theme parks all over the world, to understand the difference between a theme park and a traditional park and try to finish the comprehending exercises.
Learning ability goals
Learn how to generalize and compare the similarities and differences.
Teaching important points
To solve the questions in Comprehending, and let the students find out the main idea of each paragraph, give a summary of the text.
Teaching difficult points
How to give a general instruction/ description of a place.
Teaching methods
Listening;Skimming;Scanning;Task-based.
Teaching aids
A recorder and a computer.
The first period reading
Step I Revision
T: Good morning/ afternoon, boys and girls! First let’s have a dictation about the words and phrases in Unit 4. Take out a piece of paper, please.
major, local, represent, Columbia, introduce, approach, touch, strange, express, be likely to, general, avoid spoken, misunderstand, punish, at ease
T: Now, hand in your paper please; I’ll check your work after class.
Step II Warming up
T: Let’s look at the pictures on P33. These are four pictures of different parks — A garden in Suzhou, Hyde Park in London, World Waterpark in Canada, Disneyland. What kind of parks are they?
T: Very good. So what about World Waterpark in Canada?
T: Which one of these parks would you like to visit most if you have the chance?
Sa: Of course I would go to Disneyland. I have watched so much about it on TV and I’ve been dreaming about shaking hands with those lovely cartoon characters and taking pictures with them.
Sb: I would like to go to Waterpark, because I like swimming and I like to take part in the activities in water in this park.
Sc: I would go to Hyde Park. I want to go horse-riding, and above all, have the experience of making a speech in front of a crowd of people like a president. That’ll be really exciting.
…
Step III Reading
Skimming
T: It’s interesting to listen to your ideas. Today we are going to study a passage about theme parks. The title is THEME PARKS—FUN AND MORE THAN FUN. I would like you to read the passage quickly for the first time to get a general idea of the passage. At the same time, please find out the topic sentence of each paragraph.
(3 minutes later)
T: Have you got the main idea of the passage? Who can tell me the topic sentences of six paragraphs?
Topic sentences
Paragraph 1. Parks provide people with a place to amuse themselves and to escape their busy lives for a while.
Paragraph 2. In recent decades, however, many parks have been designed to provide entertainment.
Paragraph 3. Theme parks have a certain idea—a certain theme—that the whole park is based on.
Paragraph 4. Some are history or culture theme parks.
Paragraph 5. The oldest theme park in the world is Disneyland, built near Los Angeles, California in 1955.
Paragraph 6. Other theme parks including marine or ocean parks, science theme parks, and future theme parks.
Scanning
T: After the first reading, we have all got a general idea of the passage. So I would like you to read it carefully again and try to find the answers to these detailed questions.
Teacher shows the questions on the screen.
1. What is the basic purpose of theme parks? What do people do there?
2. Do these parks charge people for admission?
3. What is the purpose of a theme park?
4. What is the differences between a theme park and an ordinary park?
Differences
Ordinary parks
Theme parks
Activities
Size
Facilities
Charges
Souvenirs
5. What activities will be offered to visitors in a sports theme park?
6. Can they do shopping there? What can they buy?
7. What can visitors see and do in history or culture theme parks?
8. What is Disneyland like? What can visitors do there?
9. What can people do in marine or ocean theme parks, science theme parks and future theme parks?
(10 minutes later)
T: Have you got the answers? I would like some of you to answer the questions. Let’s listen and check whether they have got them correctly.
Teachers check some students for the answers.
suggested answers
1. The basic purpose of a park is to provide people with a place to amuse themselves and to escape their busy lives for a while. In these parks, people sit chatting, play games, listen to birds’ singing, or just relax a bit. And families go there to have picnics or have fun together in other ways.
2. These parks charge people little or no money for admission.
3. The purpose of a theme park is to provide entertainment.
4. See the following table.
Differences
Ordinary parks
Theme parks
Activities
rides such as a Ferris wheel, merry-go-round of a roller coaster.
a variety of things to see and do
Size
usually not very large
huge places that visitors often use shuttles to get around
Facilities
no restaurants or hotels
restaurants, hotels and shops
Charges
charge little or none
charge for admission
Souvenirs
sell no souvenirs
sell souvenirs in their shops
5. A sports theme park will offer visitors sports to play or watch.
6. Yes. They can buy sports equipment or clothing, such as basketballs, footballs, sneakers and so on.
7. Visitors can see how our ancestors dressed, worked and lived; and how special groups of people dress today, what they eat and what their homes look like. They might go for rides on animals, help cook cultural foods or have their pictures taken in the clothing of emperors or of minority people.
8. Disneyland is so different from other parks that it seemed like a place of fantasy. Visitors can enjoy seeing the characters from Disney films, go on exciting rides, visits to castles and get close to life-size cartoon figures. They can also see model villages of life in the past which show how the early settlers in America lived.
9. People can see and swim with dolphins and learn about ocean life in an ocean park; They can take an active part in experiments in a science theme park; They can go on imaginary trips to space and use advanced computer techniques to experience life in the future park.
Step IV Comprehending (P34)
Part 1
T: Let’s look back at the title of the passage. THEME PARKS— FUN AND MORE THAN FUN. Why does the writer think that theme parks are places fun and more than fun? I would like you to think about this question and tell me your opinions.
S: In my opinion, it means that theme parks are more than amusement parks with rides, such as a Ferris wheel, merry-go-round or a roller coaster, they are such huge places that visitors often use shuttles to get around, and they have a lot of things to see and do. So they are places fun and more than fun.
Part 2
T: We have read about some of the different theme parks in the world. Have you ever thought of this question: Why do people build so many different theme parks? I would like you to have a class discussion and tell me 3 purposes for people building theme parks according to this passage.
(Some time later)
T: Please express your ideas.
Suggested answers
Purpose 1 : to provide entertainment.
Explanation 1: because they have a variety of things to see and do.
Purpose 2: to make a profit by charging for admission and selling souvenirs.
Explanation 2: because they all charge money for admission of the hotels, restaurants, and for the rides and shows in the parks as well, and they sell a lot of souvenirs.
Purpose 3: to provide people with some unusual experiences.
Explanation 3: because there are parks for people to experience the life in the past, in the future, in the ocean and so on.
Part 3
T: Let’s sum up the main idea of each paragraph.
Suggested answers
Paragraph 1: Parks provide people with a place to amuse themselves and to escape their busy lives for a while.
Paragraph 2: Theme parks have been designed to provide entertainment with a variety of things to see and do.
Paragraph 3: Theme parks have a certain idea/ theme that the whole park is based on.
Paragraph 4: The history and culture theme parks.
Paragraph 5: The Disneyland.
Paragraph 6: The ocean parks and the science theme parks.
Theme of the passage: Theme parks
Step V Discussion
T: If you have enough time and money, would you like to go traveling to see the natural beauty of the country or go the theme parks to enjoy the exciting experiences? Give reasons for your choice.
a) Teacher divides the class into groups of four. Each group tries to reach an agreement and to collect as many reasons as possible from the group members.
b) After the discussion, the teacher asks a student from each of the groups to report the decision of their group and to give their reasons for the decision.
Step VI Homework
Remember all the new words and phrases in the reading passage.
Write a summary of the reading passage using the new words.
The second period Learning about Language
(Word formation)
Aims
To help students learn about word formation.
To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions.
To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures.
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Turn to page 35 and do exercises No. 1, 2 ,3 and 4 first. Check your answers against your classmates’.
II. Learning about Word formation
The basic part of any word is the root; to it, you can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning. For example, in the word "unflattering," the root is simply "flatter," while the prefix "un-" makes the word negative, and the suffix "-ing" changes it from a verb into an adjective (specifically, a participle).
English itself does not use prefixes as heavily as it once did, but many English words come from Latin, which uses prefixes and suffixes (you can use the word affix to refer either to a prefix or a suffix) quite extensively. For example, the words "prefix," "suffix," and "affix" themselves are all formed from "fix" by the used of prefixes:
· "ad" (to) + "fix" (attached) = "affix"
· "pre" (before) + "fix" = "prefix"
· "sub" (under) + "fix" = "suffix"
Note that both the "-d" of "ad" and the "-b" of "sub" change the last letter.
Here are some of the most common Latin prefixes (for the meanings of the Latin roots, look up the words in a good dictionary):
ab (away) abrupt, absent, absolve
ad (to) adverb, advertisment, afflict
in (not) incapable, indecisive, intolerable
inter (between, among) intercept, interdependent, interprovincial
intra (within) intramural, intrapersonal, intraprovincial
pre (before) prefabricate, preface prefer
post (after) postpone, postscript, postwar
sub (under) submarine, subscription, suspect
trans (across) transfer, transit, translate
III. Ready used materials for Word formation
词根（base,boot）：指同根词共有的可以辨认的部分。
词干（stem）：是未经词形变化的原词。前缀（prefix）和后缀(suffix)：原是独立的词或词根，由于经常缀在别的词或词根的前后，辅助中心意义，渐渐就失去了独立的意义和形式，而成为附加的构词部分。 下面，我们来学习一下“合成法（composition）”。 1.合成名词
名词+名词：前面的名词说明后面的名词，中心意义由后面的名词表达，比如，同是book,可以有account book，hand-book，note-book等等。前面的名词可以表示人、物、性别、器具、地点、时间、比喻对象等等。如：eye-shot(视力范围)、buck-rabbit（公兔）、night-school(夜校)、baby-husband（小女婿）等等。形容词+名词：这类词意义关系一目了然，有时候是实指，有时候是指物而拟人。如Blueprints(蓝图)，big hat（大人物）,double-face(两面派)等等。动名词+名词：动名词表示行为或状态的改变，名词往往表示所用的器物，地名等等，如consulting-room（诊室），writing-desk（写字台）。动词+名词：往往由短语动词变成，或者是转化与合成的结合，如pickpocket(扒手)，turn-coat(叛徒)等等。名词+动名词：很普遍，有时甚至可以随意构造，如book-learning（书本知识），word-making(构词)等等。前置词+名词：意义关系和“形容词+名词”类型相似：after-effects(后果)，by-product(副产品)等等。 另外，国名的组合，有时候用“拉丁语+英语”的方式，如Afro-Asian People's Conference( 亚非会议)、Sino-Japanese War(中日战争)
1. 合成形容词形容词+名词：形容词和名词连用，原是短语，用做定语。固定下来，成为形容词，有的还只是nonce-words,也有合成名词作定语或转成形容词的情形：如full-time worker（全职工）、long-range gun(远程炮)等。形容词+形容词：这类词不算多，前面的形容词大都进一步说明后面的形容词，如：light-blue(浅蓝)、dead-alive(半死不活)。名词+过去分词：有被动意味，名词相当于前置词宾语，表示工具，行为者等，如:man-made(人造的)，moth-eaten(虫蛀的)。名词+现在分词：有主动意味，名词大都相当于行为的宾语，如：English-speaking people(说英语的人)，peace-loving（热爱和平的）形容词+现在分词：有主动意味，形容词相当于表语或者定语，如eager-seeming(样子急切)，easy-going（随和的）
副词+分词：如half-baked(幼稚的)，far-seeing（有远见的）副词+形容词：over-anxious(过急)，all-round athlete(全能选手)名词+形容词：名词大都作比喻的对象，如cock-sure(自恃)，paper-thin（薄如纸） 3.合成动词合成动词大都是由“副词＋动词”组成的，这里“副词”多半表示动作的方向、程度等等。如：out表示超过 to outnumber（超过数目）to out-talk（压过别人的声音）；under表示不足、在下 to underdevelop（发育不全）to underestimate（估计不足）to underline（行下划线）等等。 4.叠声合成词由同一个词重复，或稍加声音变化重叠而成。这类词往往是加重语气因而常带有感情色彩，比方，嘲讽。例：goody-goody（假殷勤）so so（不怎么样）wish wash（乏味的饮料）等等。 5.句式合成词
整个句子当作一个词用，有的已经固定下来，例如pick-me-up（兴奋剂），what's-his-name（某某人）。整个句子用作形容词的现象比较普遍，把复杂的概念揉成单纯的限制语使行文紧凑。A let-bygones-be-bygones manner（一种“过去的就算了吧”的态度） an if-you-would-only-be-guided-by-me expression（一种“要是你肯听了我的话够多好”的神气）我们接着来学习构词法中的第三类——“缀合法”，分前缀和后缀两部分来讲解。 前缀 表示否定的前缀，这类前缀可以分为四种：（1）纯粹表示否定的，如a-,dis-,in-；（2）表示“错误”的，有mis- ；（3）表示“反动作”，如de-,un- ； （4）表示“反对”的，有anti-,contra-（1）纯粹表示否定的。 a-,an-[GK]能构成少数新词。加在名词、形容词上，表示没有“某种性质“。如:amoral[=unmoral]不道德的,asexual无性别的.a-在元音前变成an-如anonymous[onoma=name]匿名的 dis-[L]加在名词、形容词、动词上，表示否定。Disadvantage(劣势)、disagreement(不和)，disbelieve(不相信) in-,il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir(在字母r前) [L]常和音节较多的learned words(雅语)，尤其是拉丁，法语外来词结合，加在形容词或其派生词、副词上，表示否定。Inaccurate, illegible, impolite, irregular, inability, infinite, impious。 un-[OE]是最通用的前缀之一，可以用于大多数形容词及其派生副词、名词、表示否定，如unfailing,unfinished,undoubtedly,unheard-of等。 （2）表示“错误”的mis- 多作重读，表示“wrongly，badly”。可以适当构造新词： 大多用于动词：to misbehave（行为不当）misunderstand（误解）。 用于作形容词的分词：misbelieving（信仰不当），misleading（靠不住）。 用于动名词：misdealing（不正当手段）。 偶而，mis-也表示纯粹的否定词义：to mistrust。 （3）表示“反动作”。 de- 表示“反动作”（to undo the action）。能构造新词，多作重读。decontrol（取消控制）， decolour（漂白） dis- 主要用于动词，表示“反动作”。disappear（不见） disarm（解除武装） disconnect（分离）un- 表示“反动作”unmask（揭露） unsay（收回意见） （4）表示“反对”。 anti- 表示“反对，反面” anti-social（反社会的） antiseptic（防腐剂） anti-militarist（反军国主义者） contra- 表示“反对，相反” contradiction（矛盾） contrast（对比） contrary（相反的）counter- 表示“against” counteract（还手） counterattack（反攻） 前缀大都表示空间，时间，逻辑上的关系，意思上有引申。 ab- apo- se- 这几个前缀或多或少都有“away ，off”的含义。 ab- a- abs- 在p， m， v之前作a-，在c， t之前作abs-，不能构造新词，表示“away ，apart， absence”，例如absent， avoid se- 表示“separation”（分离），例如segregate（隔离），sedition（反叛） ante-，fore- pre- post- pro- 这几个前缀都有“before”的意思。 ante- 表示在...前，例ante-humous（死前），ante-room（前厅） fore- 表示时间，空间上的“在前面”，例forehead（前额），foregraound（前景），foretell（预言） pre- 表示事先，在前，例prehistory（史前），prepayment（预支） post- 表示时间空间上的在后。例posterity（后代），post-war（战后） pro- 表示“代替，利于，亲于”，例pro-chancellor（代大学校长），pro-consul（代理领事） circum- peri- 这两个前缀跟圆周有关。 circum- 表示圆周，如circumference， circumlocution， circumpolar peri- 表示“round”，如perimeter（周长），perisphere（势力范围）
IV. Closing down by summarizing To end the period let us summarize the making of compound words.
There are three forms of compound words:
1. the closed form, in which the words are melded together, such as firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook;
1. the hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced;
2. and the open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general.
The third period Using Language
(FUTUROSCOPE—EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING)
I. Warming up
Read aloud to warm up: Let’s warm up by reading aloud to the recording of the text UTUROSCOPE—EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING
II. Guided reading
1. Reading and translating
Read the text UTUROSCOPE—EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING and translate it into Chinese paragraph by paragraph. Wen Hua, would you have a try?
2. Reading and underlining
Next you are to read the text and underline all the useful expressions or collocations in it. Copy them to your notebook after class as homework.
Collocations from UTUROSCOPE—EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING
Take a journey deep into space, pull…into …, survive an airplane crash, go to the bottom of the ocean, see the sunlight, for a break, take part in car racing, end one’s travel, meet with dinosaur, in one day, use the advanced technology, have experiences, a technology-based theme park, provide up-to-date information, provide hands-on learning,
go to the edges of the solar system, fly through the jungle, do things without danger, try science experiments, prepare for a flight into the space, live on the planet, in the solar system, a combination of fun and learning
3. Doing exercises
Now you are going to do exercises No. 1, 2, 3 and 4 on page 38 and 39 following the article.
III. Guided Writing
You are a guide in a theme park. Write an introduction to the park.
IV. Acting
Next we are going to put the text THEME PARKS —FUN AND MORE THAN FUN
V. Further applying
Finding information
Go to the library to read or get online to search in order to find more information about theme park in the world. Take notes of your finding and report to your group mates next Saturday morning.
Writing letters
Write a letter to your parents, telling them about your last visit to a park.
VI. Closing down by filling a form
Make use of the text and others to fill in the form.
UTUROSCOPE—EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING
Where is it:
How to get there:
What to do there:
Closing down by planning a theme park
To end this period, I am going to ask you to plan a theme park of your own. Write down your planning and share it with your partner.
The fourth period
1．A text structure analysis of THEME PARKS —FUN AND MORE THAN FUN
I. Type of writing and summary of the idea
Type of writing
This is a piece of descriptive writing.
Main idea of the passage
Theme parks are amusing places. Visitors may have fun and more than fun there.
Topic sentence of 1st paragraph
Parks provide people with a place to amuse themselves and to escape their busy life for a while.
Topic sentence of 2nd paragraph
In recent decades, many parks have been designed to provide entertainment.
Topic sentence of 3rd paragraph
Theme parks have a certain idea—a certain theme.
Topic sentence of 4th paragraph
There are history and culture theme parks,too.
Topic sentence of 5th paragraph
There are also marine and ocean parks.
II. A tree diagram of the text THEME PARKS —FUN AND MORE THAN FUN
Theme parks have a certain idea—a certain theme.
Parks provide people with a place to amuse themselves and to escape their busy life for a while.
In recent decades, many parks have been designed to provide entertainment.
There are also marine and ocean parks.
There are history and culture theme parks, too.
III. A retold passage of the text
A possible version:
Theme parks provide visitors with lots of things to amuse themselves. People escape their busy life for a while by going to a theme park. They find interesting things to do in the park.
They may simply sit chatting, playing games, listening to birds’ singing, relaxing a bit, having picnics and having fun there. It costs some money to be there. In recent decades, theme parks are beginning to provide more entertainment. Visitors may use shuttles to get around and have a variety of things to see and do in the park. Theme parks charge money for every activity they provide. They make a big profit by selling souvenirs, too. Sometimes a theme park gets itself advertised on television. A theme park is indeed a place of fantasy.
2．Background information on theme parks
I. Definition of theme park
What is a theme park?
· A term used to describe an amusement park that is designed to carry a theme in one or more areas of the park. The theme may carry over to the rides and attractions in that area as well. Examples of theme parks include Holiday World, Islands of Adventure, Disneyland, Magic Kingdom and Knott's Berry Farm.
· An amusement park, that has been divided into several sub-sections, each with a distinctive concept, such as the Old West, or the future.
· A theme park is a park that uses themeing to take guests to a new world.
· An amusement park which has one or more "themed" areas, with rides and attractions keyed to the theme of their location within the park. Disneyland, Knotts Berry Farm, and Busch Gardens Williamsburg are examples of theme parks.
· an amusement park that is organized around some theme (as the world of tomorrow)
II. Old Aircraft Carrier Turned Into Military Theme Park in China
An old aircraft carrier from the former Soviet Union navy has been turned into a military theme park and will be stationed at Dapeng Bay in Shenzhen, south China' s Guangdong Province. The 40,000-ton ship, known as the Minsk, first arrived at the Wenchong Shipyard in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong Province, in November 1998 as scrap iron, the Shanghai-based Wenhuai Daily reported on May 8. It is about triple the size of a standard football field, 18 stories high, and has more than 2,000 cabins, the paper said. The carrier, which was poorly maintained by the Russian navy after the collapse of the Soviet Union, retired in 1993 and was initially sold to a South Korean businessman as scrap steel after key military components were removed, the paper said. The Minsk was later resold to an undisclosed Chinese business. (From: People’s Daily)
III. 12 theme park strategies
Tips to make the most of your vacation
By Terry Riley Travel columnist
How can you get the most from your theme park visit? For an answer, I turned to Robert Obenour. He's spent his career in the theme park business and is currently vice president of operations for Baker Leisure Group, an international theme park consultancy. Here’s the advice he gave me to pass on to you.
1. Plan your visit.
Buy a guidebook. Read reviews. Check out the park’s Web site. Then plan what you want to see and do. Unless the park is small, you shouldn’t expect to see or do everything in one day, so set your priorities. The investment you make in planning will pay handsome dividends on “park day.”
2. Have a “Plan B.”
It is not uncommon that an attraction will be closed. In that case, just move on to the next on your list. Also, in the unlikely — but not unheard of — event that the entire park is closed, have a backup plan that includes another, nearby activity.
The fifth period Words and expressions from
I. Words for Reading (THEME PARKS —FUN AND MORE THAN FUN)
theme n. a favourite theme for poetry, a theme park
amuse v. amuse oneself by …, be amused at [by, with]…
amusement n. find much amusement in…, an amusement park
various a. too various to form a group, various opinions
variety n. for a variety of reasons, have a great variety to choose from, in a variety of
ways
ride n. give sb. a ride, go for a ride, take a long ride
shuttle n. the space shuttle Columbia broke up over Texas, carry shuttle audio during
space shuttle missions.
charge v. charge double for… 对……加倍收费，charge a fee for a service，He is charged
with heavy responsibility.
admission n. Admission by ticket only. Grant sb. admission, gain admission to/ into…
profit ① n. bring a handsome profit to…, divide profits 分红利，increase profits ② v.
make big profits (on sth.), sell sth. at a profit, do sth. for profit
souvenir n. This book ekes out souvenir of my life in the United States. 这本书帮助我追
忆在美国的生活。
involve v. You'd like to meaningfully involve students., the right of Congress to involve the nation in war
athletic a. an athletic meeting, athletic sports
brand n. Do you like this brand of coffee? a famous brand, the most popular brand on the
market
equipment n. lab equipment, military equipments, the necessary equipments for a trip
sneaker n. wear a new pair of sneakers
minority n. The minority is subordinate to the majority. 少数服从多数
fantasy n. fantasy sports and gaming site, the work of fantasy artist Amy Brown
Fantasyland n. living in a fantasyland, the Guide to Fantasyland
settler n. the early settlers of America, the first white settlers, The settlers were soon acclimated.
marine a. develop a mercantile marine 发展商船
experiment n. attempt the experiment of…, carry out an experiment, make an experiment on sb., prove sth. by experiment
imaginary a. an imaginary enemy, imaginary number 虚数
advanced a. most advanced branches of science and technology, a man advanced in years 老年人
technique n. developed a technique for remotely fingerprinting, a Swimming Technique
Magazine, developing a practical technique for solving voice problems
II. Words for Learning about Language(Word formation)
imagination n. have a good/ poor imagination
test n. provides test preparation services for college admissions, Preparing for a test isn't
easy. do well on the test
vary v. Opinions vary on this point. vary with… 与……一起变化
cloth n. lay the cloth 铺桌布、准备开饭, cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth量布裁衣
，量入为出
III. Words for Using Language (UTUROSCOPE—EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING)
jungle n. Jungle refers usually to a forest. It originated from a Sanskrit word jangala, meaning wilderness. In many languages of the Indian subcontinent, including Indian English it is generally used to refer to any wild, untended or uncultivated land, including forest, scrub, or desert landscapes.
creature n. The term creature refers to an animal.The term can be used to dehumanize a person. For example, in the fictional novel Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley, Dr. Frankenstein’s hideous construction is often referred to as a "creature." The term literally means "a created thing," and is sometimes used in theology to contrast a created object with a divine Creator under discussion.
volunteer n. a. v. A volunteer is a person who performs or offers to perform a service out of his or her own free will, often without payment. The year 2001 was the International Year of the Volunteer. 2005 is the UK Year of the Volunteer
People may volunteer to perform some work, e.g., of charitable character. Some volunteer for clinical trials or other medical research, and may even donate their bodies to science after their death.
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