高中英语语法解析

高中英语语法解析 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于 名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句 中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一． 主语从句 　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。 被强调部分指人时也可用 who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我对你成功与否不感兴 趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强 调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.　是 John 打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It appears that… 似乎… (4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… It is said that… 据说…3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely? 4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而 that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二．宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词 之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由 that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由 what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.　她不知道发生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.　我想知道你是否 能帮我改一下笔记。 (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.　她对我说她会接受我的 邀请。2. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.　我们 的成功取决于我们之间的合作。 3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.　我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。 注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的 that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾， 特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。 5. 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词 这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。如： 正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match. 6. 不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that 从句“结构中，常见的有 envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate 等。 例如： 正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句 谓语用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三. 表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词 ＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the reason is that… 和 It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people. 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四. 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如： 1) The king ’ s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位 语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特 征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消 息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。） （同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分） 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 　　"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点， 因此应给予充分的重视，现将 it 用法归纳如下： 　　一、It 用作实词 　　表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的 this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一 位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、 气候、距离等自然现象…… 二、It 用作形式主语 　　替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名 词置于句尾。 It 作形式主语的常见句型： 1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为 (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此 处 adj. 通 常 为 描 述 事 件 的 形 容 词 ： easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous… 例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. (2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处 adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy. 例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem. (3) It 替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 It's no good/use doing… It's (well)worth doing… It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do… It's (well)worth while doing/ to do 例 It's no use crying over spilt milk. 2. It 替代作主语的从句常见句型 (1) It is + noun +从句 例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office. (2) It is adj. +clause It's surprising that… (should)………竟然…… It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然…… 例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.) (3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze /bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that… 例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.) (4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sb/sth verb to do (verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out) 例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) (5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know） 例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.) (6) It is v-ed that … (should)… (verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend 例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question. 3、It 作主语的句型 1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事 例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.) 2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格 例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us. 3. It's (about/high) time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了 例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action. 4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了 例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test. 5. It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间 不发生了 例 It's 10 years that he lived here 6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了 例 It was not long before they arrived. 4、It 作形式宾语 用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定 式、动名词置于句尾。 It 作形式宾语的常见句型： 1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own. 2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret. 3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)… verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)… (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference. 4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view) 例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture. 5. v. +it + prep. + that… owe it to sb. that…把…归功于… leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做 take it for granted that …想当然 keep it in mind that… 例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out. 6. It 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟 it 之 后 例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't. 7. It 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟 it 之后（except that 例 外） 例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice. 5、强调句型 It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子 成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用 who。 在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点： 1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？ 2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由 because 所引导的从句 例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday. 3. 在强调 not … until 结构时必须把 not 与 until 一起放到被强调的位置上 例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother. 4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别 例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型) It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句) 6、It 常用的固定搭配 1. make it (1).在口语当中相当于 succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达 例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. (2).在口语中相当于 fix the date for,表示“约定好时间” 例 —Shall we meet next week? —OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. as it is (1).相当于 in fact, in reality 表示“事实上，实际情况是……” 例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week. (2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样” 例 Leave the table as it is. 3. as it were 相当于 as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说， 换句话说” 例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. 4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于 without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……” 例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today. 5. that's it (1). 相当于 That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了” 例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it. (2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦” 例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A” —That's it. 6. catch it 在口语中，相当于 be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示 “因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚” 例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again. 7. have it (1).相当于 say, insist 表示“说，主张，表明，硬说” 例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced. (2).相当于 get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉” 例 I had it from John that she was going abroad. 8. have what it takes 在口语中，相当于 be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的 条件” 例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star. 9. so it seems / appears. 10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于 go on,表示“继续做，不放弃” 例 My teacher asked me to keep at it. 11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞 12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.) 13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.) 14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于 it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真 遗憾” 例 As it happened, they were out. 15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于 it was found to be in the end, 表示 “最后被证明是” 例 As it turned out, his statement was false. 16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于 although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值” 例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is. 17. Take it/things easy. 相当于 Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表 示“不要慌，别担心，存住气” 例 Take it easy! He will do it well. 18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于 believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的 话，我敢担保” 例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time. 19. For what it is worth … 在 口 语 中 ， 相 当 于 although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何” 例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth. 20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于 useful, 表示“有好处，值得做” 例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it. 21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你” 例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday. 22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃 例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. 23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于 it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来” 例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends. 24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于 it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由…… 负责，取决于……” 例 —Shall we go out for dinner? —It's up to you. 第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 　　在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子 成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下： 一、并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如： a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这 个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴 但使汤姆生气。 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。 d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于 1959 年，傅彪出生于 1963 年。 二、主从复合句中的省略 1．状语从句中的省略 　　一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once 等引导的时间状语从句；由 whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句； 由 though , although ,even if ,whatever 等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的 比较状语从句；由 as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应 遵循下面原则：1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词 be，这时从 句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once ）+ 名词; (2) 连词（ though, whether , when ）+ 形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+ 介词短语；(4) 连词 (when , while , though )+ 现在分词； (5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词； (6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如： a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个 工　人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。 b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后 悔的。 c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么 东西。 d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡 锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。 e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣 的多。 f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。 奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。 注意： 1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲 告诉她要当心。 2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词 be 时 ，可以把 it 和系动词 be 一起省略。 此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如： Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好 不要查字典。 2．定语从句中的省略 1） 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略； 如： Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这 就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002 上海春季） 　　而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较： Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom 可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。 Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom 不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他 了。 2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词 when ,where , 和 why 经常用 that 来代替，甚至 还可省略。如： a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老 板。 b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。 c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什 么如此不高兴吗？ 3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用 that 或 in which ， 或将它们全部省略。如： I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。 3．宾语从句中的省略 1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词 that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是 由 that 引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个 that 可以省略。如： a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人 民币兑换率的改革是必要的。 b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛 主席已签署了主席令。 2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如： a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道 NBA 明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。 b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。 4．在与 suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式 “should +动词原形”，should 可以省略。如： Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种 各样的形式长期持续。 5．主句省略多用于句首。如： (It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没 有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。 6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。 三、动词不定式 to 的省略 1．主语部分有 to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去 to。如： 　The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。 2．作介词 but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do 时，不定式通常省去 to. 如： 　 He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro- “independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没 有做。 3．主语部分暗含 to do，表语中的不定式通常省去 to。如： 　All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学 习。 4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。 如： 　It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。 5．在 would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如： 　I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。 6．在 see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后 作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号 to；why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带 to。如： 　a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间 　b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？ 四．其他一些省略结构 1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物 时，常常可以省略。如： 　We spent the weekend at the Mary's.　我们在玛丽家过的周末。 2．What 和 how 引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词 如： a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对 Tom 来说是个多么大的胜利呀！ b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对 他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。