A
【2016·上海】In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed
the most famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do
anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 ,
that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from
4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian(专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures,
particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work
group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have
tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will
become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional
8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without
9 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of
management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of
senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea
of delegation(委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of
management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more
profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work
on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they
精 选 大 题
完形填空 说明文大题狂刷十produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
B
【河南省南阳市 2020 届高三上学期期终质量评估英语试题】
Bridging the gap
How does a principal investigator make communication among deaf and hearing colleagues easier? Moreover, how
are the large number of field-specific technical terms 16 and communicated in sign language? These 17
differences are not remarkably challenging to work around.
Blumberg taught himself American Sign Language and has interpreters 18 in the lab during the day. For lab
meetings, journal clubs and research seminars, he has two interpreters present to tag-team signing. Costs for the interpreters are 19 by the NIH’s Office of Research Services. The only learning curve that he experienced,
Blumberg says, was realizing he needed 20 interpreters. Before, when he had one deaf student, he could 21
the interpreting. As more deaf fellows joined, Blumberg 22 full-time interpreters for help.
Having interpreters around all day is not necessary though. “ 23 , interpreters are only needed during the day
if we’re having lab meeting, classes, important functions or events, or 24 —poster presentations, student
presentations, guest presentations from 25 scientists,” Lundberg says, “The rest of the day, I do not need an
interpreter, 26 I’m in lab and it’s independent work.”
During his Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota, Lundberg used online chat platforms to 27 with his adviser
and colleagues. Or he wrote 28 a whiteboard, scratch paper, or paper towels. His adviser later 29 that he
keep the scraps of paper, which “was really good advice”, Lundberg says, “because they were really good notes.”
“The best way to arrange the most suitable accommodations for deaf individuals is to ask them 30 they need,”
says Derek Braun, a former postdoctoral fellow with Blumberg and currently a professor of biology at Gallaudet
University. One of his ongoing projects is a collaboration with Blumberg and Lundberg to investigate the role of Ras
guanyl nucleotide(鸟苷核苷酸)-releasing proteins in cancer. “ 31 deaf people sign,” Braun says. “Some are oral.
Really, we come in every flavor imaginable. The best judge of what that person needs is usually the person.”
Signing scientific terms is not unusually challenging either. While no standardized set of signs for technical words
exists, colleagues working in the same lab develop their own signs for the terms they frequently use. If each lab develops
signs 32 what happens when members of different labs meet?
Larry Pearce, a technician in Blumberg’s lab 33 is deaf, explains to me. “It’s really not that difficult because
when an individual does not understand a sign we use, they’ll ask for clarifications(说明) and I’ll finger-spell. I’ll spell
34 out. They will tell me what their sign is, and I’ll tell them what our sign is. If I like their sign better, I might adopt
it and use it every day, or vice-versa(反之亦然), and eventually it becomes more 35 .
16. A. adapted B. adopted C. adjusted D. announced
17. A. culture B. pronunciation C. communication D. habit
18. A. stationed B. canned C. cupped D. capped
19. A. counted B. contained C. included D. covered
20. A. better B. fewer C. more D. less21. A. carry out B. carry on C. make out D. make up
22. A. turned B. sought C. referred D. 1ed
23. A. In particular B. In general C. In conclusion D. In word.
24. A. colleagues B. interpreters C. presentations D. accommodations
25. A. another B. any C. others D. other
26. A. because B. though C. whether D. unless
27. A. write B. read C. listen D. speak
28. A. below B. on C. in D. beyond
29. A. knew B. suggested C. discovered D. noticed
30. A. which B. that C. what D. if
31. A. Not all B. All C. Few D. Not enough
32. A. independently B. dependently C. secretly D. occasionally
33. A. where B. which C. who D. when
34. A. them B. me C. myself D. it
35. A. essential B. particular C. related D. universal
A
【山东省济南市济钢高级中学 2020 届高三第一次诊断】In today’s busy world, it’s easy to get off the course
of our life. Having a Life Map to 1 helps us keep moving quickly and 2 towards our goals. It helps us
quickly correct things when we are 3 a mess, and helps us find the right 4 to deal with unexpected problems.
模 拟 精 做But if we don’t have the map, all the planning in the world won’t 5 . We’ll end up driving 6 around,
being distracted by many different paths. Even if you know 7 you want to go, you haven’t tried and have no true
method of getting there.
If you were going to drive to somewhere 8 , firstly you would map it out. More likely, you often look at the
9 for directions to make sure that you were on the right track. You would be able to tell quickly if you needed to
10 adjustments, correct a mistake, or consider a(n) 11 of plans. Don’t let your temporary, current desires take
precedence(优先) over what you really want, because an important part of success is 12 what is and what isn’t a
distraction.
For example, as you are 13 for your party, you see a seller with some fresh flowers and you decide to stop
and 14 some for your friends. In this 15 , a stop along the way adds to your goal. 16 , if you decide to
stop and see a movie and arrive quite 17 at the party, then you have detracted from your goal.
It is exactly true for the Life Map. Each “opportunity” must be 18 according to how this will 19 your
final goal—will this contribute to it 20 will this detract from it? Therefore, both the driving map and the Life Map
serve the same high purpose: to keep you on the right track.
1. A. focus on B. refer to C. think about D. adapt to
2. A. suddenly B. possibly C. properly D. formally
3. A. in B. to C. at D. for
4. A. solution B. chance C. result D. excuse
5. A. need B. lose C. exist D. matter
6. A. excitedly B. unsteadily C. happily D. aimlessly
7. A. where B. when C. whether D. why
8. A. unusual B. unfamiliar C. unimportant D. unattractive
9. A. road B. sky C. car D. map
10. A. make B. collect C. show D. choose
11. A. explanation B. future C. change D. arrangement
12. A. dropping B. avoiding C. catching D. deciding 13. A. preparing B. heading C. calling D. fighting
14. A. put out B. work on C. pick up D. see to
15. A. time B. system C. area D. case
16. A. Thus B. However C. Anywhere D. Still
17. A. early B. timely C. fast D. late
18. A. expected B. lost C. valued D. evaluated
19. A. affect B. combine C. reach D. set
20. A. but B. or C. and D. so
B
【2020 届徐州高级中学高三模拟考试】A research shows two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not
with discussion of a cultural or political issue, not heated debates about a film or a book, but plain and simple 21 .
Language is our greatest treasure and what do we 22 do with it? We gossip(闲聊) about others’ behavior and
private lives; how to deal with difficult 23 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 24 of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about
25 in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor
Robin Dunbar, who says gossip is one of these really 26 issues.
Dunbar 27 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social
development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively. 28 , he suggests that language
evolved among women. “We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just 29 we can talk,” argues Dunbar, “
30 ,” he goes on to say, “language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.”
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 31 of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys.
By means of grooming leaning the fur by brushing it monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can
rely for support 32 some kind of conflict within the group or 33 from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from in a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 34 that at one time in
our history we did much the same. 35 together made sense because the bigger the group the greater the 36 it
provided, on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the 37 of living close to others. Grooming helped to
ease the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 38
to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 39 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a
kind of vocal grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging
information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 40 contact.
21. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language
22. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally
23. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural
24. A. admirers B. masters C. consumers D. wasters
25. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
26. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult
27. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens
28. A. Still B. Besides C. Therefore D. Instead
29. A. because B. until C. unless D. as
30. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result
31. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behavior
32. A. in terms of B. in favor of C. in the wake of D. in the event of
33. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance
34. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. acknowledges
35. A. Communicating B. Grouping C. Migrating D. Swinging
36. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection
37. A. stresses B. benefits C. barriers D. conveniences
38. A. reduced B. extended C. consumed D. wasted
39. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful40. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. confidential
A
【答案】1-5 DABDC 6-10 BADAC 11-15 BBDAC
【解析】本文是说明文。作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的 X 理论和 Y 理
论，并介绍了现代社会中的一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
1.考查动词。根据后半句 “...will do anything to avoid it.” 可知，很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，
说明那些人生性都不愿意工作。故 D 项正确。
答 案 与 解 析
精 选 大 题2.考查名词。to the contrary“相反地”；to the degree“在某种程度上”；to the extreme“走向极端”。在文章
第一段中提到了 X 理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢
负责任。而 Y 理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完
成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意 X
理论。故 A 正确。
3.考查上下文串联。本句中 for example 表示“举例说明”；这些管理人仍然同意 X 理论，例如他们认为如
果要员工效率高，就需要给予他们不断的监督。这属于 X 理论的举例说明。故 B 正确。
4.考查副词。根据后句 makes for authoritarian managers 可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是自上而
下的，没有任何商量的余地。故 D 项：above(上面的)正确。
5.考查动词。句意：不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学理论，因此
此处应用 manage，且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故 C 正确。
6.考查动词短语。refer to“提到，谈到”；contribute to“做贡献，导致”；object to“反对”；apply to“适用
于”。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理办法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故 B 正确。
7.考查名词。agreement“同意”；practice“练习，做法”；election“选举”；impression“印象”。亚洲人使
用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在一致目标基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故 A 正确。
8.考查形容词。根据前半句 women will become more effective managers than men 可知有些专家认为女性比
男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故 D 正确。
9.考查动词。根据前句 encourage employees to use their own initiative（鼓励员工发挥自己主动创造性），也
就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故 A 项正确。
10.考查动词。根据前句 the trend towards downsizing 可知是减少管理层的数量，从而下级可以直接做出决
定而不需要请示上级。故动词 reduce(减少)符合上下文串联。选 C。
11.考查短语。be honored with“被授予”；be left with“留下，剩下”；be crowded with“挤满”；be compared
with“与……相比”。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和与前线直接接触的一线管理人，省略了很多中
间环节，提高了管理的效率。故 B 正确。
12.考查副词。economically“经济地”；traditionally“传统地”；inadequately“不充分地”；occasionally“偶
尔地”。根据后句 Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management 可知授权管理是一种新型的管理
方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故 B 正确。13.考查动词辨析。deny“否认”；admit“承认”；assume“假定，设想”；ensure“保证，确保”。授权管
理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中间管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被及时跟进。根据句意可知 D 正确。
14.考查形容词。virtual“虚拟的”；ineffective“低效的”；day-to-day“日常的”；on-the-scene“现场的”。
根据后句 where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses 可知，在
这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故 A
正确。
15.考查名词。opinion“观点”；risk“冒险”；performance“表现”；attractiveness“魅力”。根据后半句中 in
terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them 可知，项目经理评估团队
表现是根据最终成果而不是时间。故 C 项正确。
B
【答案】16-20 BCADC 21-25 ABBCD 26-30 ADBBC 31-35 AACDD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了以 Blumberg 为负责人的科学家供聋哑人交流的手势语进行研究，以架
起聋哑人与正常人之间的沟通桥梁。
16.考查动词。句意：此外，大量具体领域的专业术语如何用手语表达并进行交流呢？A. adapt：使适应；
B. adopt：采用；C. adjust：调整；D. announce：宣布。B 项符合语境，文章最后一句 adopt 同一词再现。故选
B。
17.考查名词。句意：这些沟通差异解决起来并不十分困难。A. culture：文化；B. pronunciation：发音；
C. communication：沟通；D. habit：习惯。根据第一句话 How does a principal investigator make communication
among deaf and hearing colleagues easier?可知，C 项符合语境，故选 C。
18.考查动词。句意：Blumberg 自学了美国手语，且白天在实验室里还有翻译。A. stationed：派驻，把某
人安置到某地；B. canned：装入密封；C. cupped：使成杯形；D. capped：覆盖。由语境可知，A 项符合文意，
故选 A。
19.考查动词。句意：口译员的费用由 NIH 研究服务办公室支付。A. counted：算作、包括；B. contained：
包含；C. included：包括、计入；D. covered：支付款项。根据句子可知，costs 意为费用，cover the cost 意为
“支付费用”，故 D 项符合文意，故选 D。
20.考查形容词。A. better：更好的；B. fewer：更少的；C. more：更多的；D. less：更少的。后文提到 As more
deaf fellows joined，可知随着聋哑学生增多时，他需要更多的翻译，more 修饰可数名词复数，故选 C。21.考查动词短语。句意：以前，当他只有一个聋哑学生的时候，他还可以自己进行翻译。A. carry out：完
成；执行；B. carry on：继续进行；C. make out：辨别，理解；D. make up：构成，弥补，化妆。由语境可知，A
项符合文意，故选 A。
22.考查动词。句意：随着更多的聋哑学生加入进来，Blumberg 就不得不寻求全职译员的帮助。A. turned：
转向，转身；B. sought：寻找；C. referred：引用，提到；D. led：领导，导致。seek 寻求，符合语境。A/C 需
加 to；D 选项意为带领，不合逻辑。故选 B。
23.考查介词短语。句意：一般来说，只有在举办实验室会议、上课、出席重要活动或项目时，才需要反
应。A. In particular：尤其、特别；B. In general：通常来讲；C. In conclusion：总而言之，D. In word：口头上。
根据语境可知，B 项符合语境，故选 B。
24.考查名词。A. colleagues：同事、同行；B. interpreters：译员；C. presentations：展示、阐述；D.
accommodations：食宿。破折号后是对前文的解释说明，此处指海报展览，由此可知，C 项符合文意，故选
C。
25.考查代词。A. another：另一个；B. any：任何的；C. others：不同的；D. other：其他的。other 常用来
修饰可数名词复数，根据文章可知，此空不指代具体的科学家。由此可知，D 项符合文意，故选 D。
26.考查连词。A. because：因为；B. though：虽然，尽管；C. whether：是否；D. unless：除非。分析文章
可知，空处后一句是对不需要翻译的解释说明，因此需使用从属连词，引导原因状语从句。由此可知，A 项符
合文意。故选 A。
27.考查动词。句意：在明尼苏达大学攻读博士学位期间，Lundberg 利用在线聊天平台与顾问和同事进行
了交流 A. write：写；B. read：读；C. listen：听；D. speak：说。根据文章可知，online chat platforms 是在线聊
天的平台，speak with 意为“和……谈话”。由此可知，D 项符合文意，故选 D。
28.考查介词。句意：或者他会写在白板、便笺或纸巾上。根据文章可知，write on 为固定搭配，意为
在……上写，B 项符合文意，故选 B。
29.考查动词。A. knew：知道；B. suggested：建议；C. discovered：发现；D. noticed：注意。分析文章可
知，从句中的谓语在第三人称单数后使用了（should）+动词原形的形式，由此可判断该处应使用虚拟语气。
由此可知，B 项符合文意，故选 B。
30.考查连接词。句意：为聋哑学生安排最舒适住宿的最佳方式是询问他们需要什么。A. which：哪一个；
B. that：那个；C. what：什么；D. if：如果。分析句子可知，该句为宾语从句，what 引导宾语从句，并在从句
中作宾语。故选 C。31.考查部分否定。句意：并不是所有的聋哑人都需要用手势。A. Not all：并不是所有；B. All：所有的；
C. Few：极少的；D. Not enough：远远不够。分析句子可知，后文中提到 some are oral，说明不是所有的聋哑
人都是一一个情况，应使用部分否定。由此可知，A 项符合文意，故选 A。
32.考查副词。句意：如果每个实验室都独立地发明手势语，那当不同实验室的成员相遇时会怎么样？A.
independently：独立地；B. dependently：依赖地；C. secretly：秘密地；D. occasionally：偶尔地。文中倒数第
二段提到现阶段的技术用词没有统一的标准，同一个实验室的人员会根据他们经常使用的词来发明他们的手势。
后文提到 different labs 说明实验室是分别发明自己的手势，由此可知，A 项符合文意，故选 A。
33.考查连接词。A. where：哪里；B. which：哪一个；C. who：谁；D. when：当……的时候。分析句子可
知，该句定语从句先行词 technician 是人，且从句中缺少主语成分，因此需使用关系代词 who 引导，故选 C。
34.考查代词。A. them：他们；B. me：我；C. myself：我自己；D. it：它。分析句子可知，指示代词 it 指
代前文中出现的 a sign，故选 D。
35.考查形容词。A. essential：必不可少的；B. particular：特别的；C. related：相关联的；D. universal：普
遍的。分析文章可知，该空前提到：如果我更喜欢这个手势的话，就会每天用，最后就会使其变得更加普遍，
故选 D。
A
【答案】1-5 BCAAD 6-10 DABDA 11-15 CDBCD 16-20 BDDAB
【解析】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文说的是拥有一张人生地图，可以帮助我们不偏离正轨，快速而正确地朝着
目标前进。
1.考查动词词组。句意：有一张可以参考的人生地图，可以帮助我们快速而正确地朝着目标前进。A. focus
on：集中于；B. refer to：提到，涉及到，参考；C. think about：考虑；D. adapt to：使自己适应于。人生地图
是用来做参考的。故选 B。
2.考查副词。句意：有一张可以参考的人生地图，可以帮助我们快速而正确地朝着目标前进。A.
suddenly：突然地；B. possibly：很可能地；C. properly：适当地；D. formally：正式地。用人生地图是为了正
确地找到目标。故选 C。
3.考查介词。句意：当我们陷入混乱时，它能帮助我们迅速纠正，并帮我们找到正确的解决方案来处理突
发问题。固定词组 in a mess：一片混乱。故选 A。
模 拟 精 做4.考查名词。A. solution：解决方案；B. chance：机会；C. result：结果；D. excuse：借口。人生地图是为
了帮助找到正确的解决方案。故选 A。
5.考查动词。句意：但是如果我们没有地图，世界上所有的计划就都不重要了。A. need：需要；B. lose：
失去；C. exist：存在；D. matter：关键，要紧。故选 D。
6.考查副词。句意：我们最终会漫无目的地前行，被许多不同的道路分散注意力。A. excitedly：兴奋地；
B. unsteadily：不稳定地；C. happily：高兴地；D. aimlessly：无目标地。根据第一段中 It helps us quickly correct
things when we are 43 a mess 可知选 D。
7.考查宾语从句。句意：即使你知道你想去哪里，但你没有试过的话，没有地图也不知道如何才能到达那
里。此处是 where 引导的宾语从句。你知道去哪里也要有地图。故选 A。
8.考查形容词。句意：如果你要开车去一个不熟悉的地方，首先你要把它在地图上标出来。A. unusual：
不寻常的；B. unfamiliar：不熟悉的；C. unimportant：不重要的；D. unattractive：不吸引人的。根据下文 for
directions to make sure that you were on the right track 可知去不熟悉的地方，要在地图上标出来，确保走对了路。
故选 B。
9.考查名词。句意：更有可能的是，你经常查看地图，以确定自己走对了。A. road：公路；B. sky：天空；
C. car：小汽车；D. map：地图。根据上文 firstly you would map it out 可知选 D。
10.考查动词。句意：这样的话，你可以很快确定是否需要予以调整、纠偏或者改变原计划。A. make：制
造；B. collect：收集；C. show：展示；D. choose：选择。固定搭配 make adjustments：做出调整。故选 A。
11.考查名词。句意：这样的话，你可以很快确定是否需要予以调整、纠偏或者改变原计划。A.
explanation：解释；B. future：未来；C. change：改变；D. arrangement：安排。根据下文 Don’t let your
temporary, current desires take precedence over what you really want 可知一旦有错就要纠正或改变计划。故选 C。
12.考查动词。句意：不要让一时的欲望凌驾于你真正想要的东西之上，因为成功的重要一步是确定干扰
因素。A. dropping：落下；B. avoiding：避开；C. catching：抓住；D. deciding：决定。此处指要做出正确的决
定。故选 D。
13.考查动词。句意：例如，当去参加聚会时，你看到一个卖鲜花的人，于是决定停下来给你的朋友买一
些。A. preparing：准备；B. heading：朝着；C. calling：呼喊；D. fighting：打架，战斗。固定搭配 head for：
前往，朝……方向。故选 B。14.考查动词词组。句意：例如，当去参加聚会时，你看到一个卖鲜花的人，于是决定停下来给你的朋友
买一些。A. put out：熄灭，出版；B. work on：继续工作；C. pick up：捡起，获得，买便宜货；D. see to：注意，
负责。此处 pick up 的意思是买。故选 C。
15.考查名词。句意：在这种情况下，中途停车成了你的目标之一。A. time：时间；B. system：制度，系
统；C. area：地区；D. case：情况，实例。固定词组 in this case：在这种情况下。故选 D。
16.考查副词。句意：然而，如果你决定停下来看电影，结果在派对上迟到，那么你就偏离了你的目标。
A. Thus：因此；B. However：然而；C. Anywhere：在任何地方；D. Still：仍然。前后是一种转折关系，故选
B。
17.考查副词。句意：然而，如果你决定停下来看电影，结果在派对上迟到，那么你就偏离了你的目标。
A. early：提早；B. timely：及时地；C. fast：迅速地；D. late：迟，晚。此处指派对迟到，选 D。
18.考查动词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必须评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目
标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A. expected：期盼，预测；B. lost：丢失，失去；C. valued：重视；D.
evaluated：评估。此处指评估目标。故选 D。
19.考查动词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必须评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目
标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A. affect：影响；B. combine：使结合；C. reach：到达，伸出；D. set：放，
设置。根据常识，每个机会都会影响最后的目标。故选 A。
20.考查并列连词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必须评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实
现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A. but：但是；B. or：或者，否则；C. and：和；D. so：所以。此处表
示选择关系“或者”。故选 B。
B
【答案】21-25 CBADD 26-30 ABDAC 31-35 DDACB 36-40 DABBC
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明人们的语言中大部分不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而是很多闲言碎语，
这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢？Robin Dunbar 教授认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，在人类发展过程中属于非常
重要的交流形式。
21.考查名词。句意：一项研究表明，三分之二的人类对话不是关于文化或政治问题的讨论，也不是关于
一部电影或一本书的激烈辩论，而是简单明了的闲聊。A. claim：宣称；B. description：描述；C. gossip：闲话；
D. language：语言。根据 We gossip about others’ behavior and private lives 及下文多次出现 gossip 这个词可知，
人类的对话大多数是闲聊。故选 C。22.考查副词。A. occasionally：偶然地；B. habitually：习惯地；C. independently：独立地；D. originally：
最初地。根据前句 Language is our greatest treasure 可知此处是说：语言是我们最宝贵的财富，我们习惯怎么使
用它呢？故选 B。
23.考查形容词。句意：如何处理涉及孩子、爱人和同事的社会情境。A. social：社交的；B. political：政
治的；C. historical：历史的；D. cultural：文化的。故选 A。
24.考查名词。句意：我们天生喜欢浪费时间和多说废话吗？A. admirers：仰慕者；B. masters：主人；C.
consumers：消费者；D. wasters：浪费者。根据句意，故选 D。
25.考查代词。句意：或者难道我们谈论很多无关紧要的事情只是为了避免面对生活中真正重要的问题吗？
A.
everything：一切；B. something：某事；C. anything：任何事；D. nothing：没有什么。根据 to avoid facing
up to the really important issues of life 可知选 D。
26.考查形容词。Robin Dunbar 教授认为事实并非如此，他认为闲言碎语是其中一个非常重要的话题。
vital：至关重要的；B. sensitive：敏感的；C. ideal：理想的；D. difficult：困难的。根据前句 It’s not the case
according to Professor Robin Dunbar 可知，Robin Dunbar 教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是很重
要的。故选 A。
27.考查动词。A. confirms：证实；B. rejects：反对；C. outlines：概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图；D.
broadens：拓宽。根据上下文可知 Robin Dunbar 教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期由男性在打
猎时发展起来的这个观点。故选 B。
28.考查副词。句意：相反，他认为语言是在女性中进化而来的。A. Sill：仍然；B. Besides：此外；C.
Therefore：因此；D. Instead：相反。根据后句 he suggests that language evolved among women 可知，Dunbar 教
授提出的观点与他反对的观点相反。故选 D。
29.考查连词。句意：我们不会仅仅因为会说话就花三分之二的时间闲聊。A. because：因为；B. until：直
到；C. unless：除非；D. as：正如。根据句意，故选 A。
30.考查介词短语。句意：相反，语言的进化是为了让我们能够闲聊。A. for instance：例如；B. in
addition：此外；C. on the contrary：相反；D. as a result：结果。故选 C。
31.考查名词。A. motivation：动机；B. appearance：外表，出现；C. emotion：情感；D. behavior：行为。
根据下文的描述 By means of grooming 可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个结论的。故选 D。32.考查介词短语。句意：倘若当群体内部发生冲突或受到外部攻击时，它们可以依靠这些个体获得支持。
A.
in terms of：就……而言；B. in favor of：赞成；C. in the wake of：随着……而来；D. in the event of：倘若。
根据后句可知，这里是一种假设。故选 D。
33.考查名词。句意：倘若当群体内部发生冲突或受到外部攻击时，它们可以依靠这些个体获得支持。A.
attack：进攻；B. contact：联系；C. inspection：视察；D. assistance：帮助。故选 A。
34.考查动词。句意：Dunbar 总结说，历史上，我们曾经做过同样的事情。A. recalls：回想：B. denies：
否认；C. concludes：下结论；D. acknowledges：承认。这句话是教授下的结论。故选 C。
35.考查动词。A. Communicating：交流；B. Grouping：聚合；C. Migrating：迁移；D. Swinging：摇摆。
根据句意可知，群体越大，保护能力越强，所以团结在一起是有意义的。故选 B。
36.考查名词。句意：因为群体越大，保护能力越强。A. prospect：前景，期望；B. responsibility：责任；
C. leadership：领导；D. protection：保护。故选 D。
37.考查名词。句意：另一方面，群体越大，与他人生活在一起的压力就越大。A. stresses：压力；B.
benefits：术益；C. barriers：栅栏；D. conveniences：方便。根据 on the other hand 可知，这里叙述的是群体大
的缺点，即与他人生活在一起的压力越大。故选 A。
38.考查动词。A. reduced：减少；B. extended：延伸，延长：C. consumed：消费，消耗；D. wasted：浪费。
根据 But as the groups got bigger and bigger 可知，随着群体越来越大，花在梳理毛发上的时间就需要延长。故
选 B。
39. 考 查 形 容 词 。 A. common ： 常 见 的 ， 普 遍 的 ； B. efficient ： 有 效 的 ； C. scientific ： 科 学 的 ； D.
thoughtful：考虑周到的。根据上文的 effectiveness 可知这里是指需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发的方法，故选
B。
40.考查形容词。句意：语言最终演变而成，它允许人类通过更广泛的个体网络交换信息来发展与更大群
体的关系，而不是通过一对一的身体接触。A. indirect：间接的；B. daily：日常的；C. physical：物理的，身体
的；D. confidential：秘密的。故选 C。
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