南京市外国语学校高三下学期英语一模试题
第一部分 听力(共两节,满分 20 分)
第一节(共 5 小题)
听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项,
并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后,你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一
小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What does the man want to do? :
A.Apply for a job.
B.Borrow the woman's car.
C.Fill out an application for a loan
2.When is the baseball game?
A.On Thursday. B.On Friday. C.On Saturday.
3.What does the man suggest the woman do?
A.Hire a tutor. B.Practice more often. C.Join a study group
4.What was the original price of the Jacket?
A.$50 B.$75 C.$100
5.What are the speakers talking about?
A.A book. B.A play. C.A role.
第二节(共 15 小题)
听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中
选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,
每小题 5 秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第 6 段材料,回答第 6 至 7 题。
6.Why does the man come to town?
A.To take some training. B.To see the dentist. C.To do some shopping.
7.What does the man think needs improving?
A.The lighting. B.The footpaths. C.The trains.
听第 7 段材料,回答第 8 至 9 题。8.What is the man mainly talking about?
A.Silences. B.Japanese culture. C.Interesting facts.
9.How does the woman feel in the end?
A.Annoyed. B.Satisfied. C.Curious.
听第 8 段材料,回答第 10 至 12 题。
10.What does Craig do?
A.A reporter. B.A gym teacher. C.A youth center clerk.
11.Why does the woman dislike Craig?
A.He talks too much.
B.He doesn’t work hard.
C.He lacks the sense of humor.
12.What does the woman say about Andy?
A.He is not fun. B.He is impatient. C.He is a music fan.
听第 9 段材料,回答第 13 至 16 题。
13.Why are many animals in danger according to the woman?
A.The environment is seriously polluted.
B.Many animals are suffering from diseases.
C.There is not enough food for animals.
14.What is advised not to do when traveling abroad?
A.Introduce new species. B.Buy pets. C.Buy skin coats.
15.What can people do in their neighborhoods?
A.Call for new laws.
B.Look after homeless animals.
C.Make the environment cleaner.
16.How can people improve animals’ living conditions in the zoos?
A.By hiring more staff to look after them. B.By building natural conditions.
C.By offering them more food.听第 10 段材料,回答第 17 至 20 题。
17.How did the servants deal with their earnings in Victorian times?
A.They paid for the housing.
B.They bought food and clothes.
C.They sent them to their families.
18.What was a nurse’s main duty?
A.Cooking meals. B.Looking after children. C.Educating children.
19.How did the Victorian upper class parents treat their children actually?
A.Cruelly. B.Kindly. C.Strictly.
20.What will the speaker talk about next?
A.Lower class families.
B.Upper class children’s situation.
C.Comparisons between upper and lower classes.
第二部分 英语知识运用(共两节,满分 35 分)
第一节 单项填空(共 15 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 15 分)
请认真阅读下面各题,从题中所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答
题卡上将该项涂黑。
21.Patience is a quality _____ success feeds on itself.
A.where B.what C.that D.which
22.Hemingway used what he learned from his life in Italy to show that war _____ the best and worst
in men and women.
A.holds out B.brings out C.puts out D.hands out
23.Jack had planned to visit his grandparents last weekend, but an emergency _____ and he had to
reschedule.
A.should come up B.had come up C.came up D.would come up
24._____ having a roommate inevitably has its challenges, it can also be a great part of your college
experience.
A.While B.When C.As D.If
25._____ by a burning desire for adventure, Li Bai left home and started to travel around in his early twenties.
A.Having driven B.Being driven C.To drive D.Driven
26.He _____ his stay in France, didn't he? He looks amazingly different.
A.will have enjoyed B.should have enjoyed
C.can have enjoyed D.must have enjoyed
27.---What's new?
---The upcoming 40-day Spring Festival travel ____ , also known as chunyun, will ___ on Jan 10
and end on Feb 18.
A.dash; kick out B.rush; kick off C.flow; kick in D.jam; kick up
28.---What happened to her?
---She was _____ to hospital with a soaring temperature.
A.adapted B.adjusted C.admitted D.adopted
29.--- Mary, what do you think of the soup I cooked especially for you?
---______, but it tastes too oily.
A.My fault B.Forget it C.Excuse me D.No offence
30.New employees, ____ they are skilled, will get more opportunities for personal development.
A.though B.since C.once D.unless
31.____ with global vision and the spirit of innovation is crucial to China's young generation.
A.Being equipped B.Equipping C.Equipped D.Having equipped
32.—What about your trip to Nantong Printed Blue Nankeen Museum?
—It displays traditional Chinese art and craft and we ____ a great time there.
A.had B.have C.would have D.had had
33.Now, I doubt if there’s anybody here who is indifferent between the choices, indifferent
_______the choice between these two lives.
A.in favor of B.in honor of
C.in place of D.in regard to
34.But for the rescue team’s efforts, more lives ________ in the wreck accident.
A.would be claimed B.should have claimed
C.would have claimed D.could have been claimed
35.— I’m afraid I can only make a small contribution this time.—______. We really appreciate your assistance.
A.Every little helps
B.It’s better to give than to receive
C.The more, the better
D.The best things come in small packages
第二节 完形填空(共 20 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 20 分)
请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项,
并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I grew up in a small village in Ohio, where everyone knew a man called Tom. Uneducated, he
couldn’t talk 36 . And because he was 37 and not very smart, everyone teased him. I
guessed he was an easy mark.
One day, he came walking by. I was about 12 and thought it would make me feel grown-up to
38 him like the adults did.
He asked how I was doing. I told him my father was 39 , and that we lacked money. I
could hear my friends 40 in the background so I went on with the lie. I had him 41 so
completely that every time he inquired about the 42 , I would make it seem increasingly
worrying.
I knew he made a 43 by doing odd jobs(打零工), so it seemed 44 when he asked
me if we needed anything. I told him that we didn’t know if we would 45 He responded,
“You poor thing, I will 46 for you. ”
That night I heard the 47 rattle(作响)softly. Thinking it was the wind beating against
it, I 48 it. Later when I opened the door to go outside, I found a box of 49 I knew who
had given the food. I 50 the small box of canned food with tears in my eyes. I felt 51 ,
and wanted to return the groceries.
My father would not let me take the box 52 . He said it would hurt Tom. Each day when
we were to have dinner, my father would ask, “What side dish are we having from the 53 box
today? ”
It was 54 for me to eat the food. I knew Tom had given sacrificially. He gave the best he
had, but I did not 55 the gift.
36.A.fluently B.carefully C.slowly D.frequently
37.A.ill-treated B.bad-tempered C.warm-hearted D.good-natured38.A.remind B.annoy C.tease D.abuse
39.A.delayed B.deserted C.prohibited D.unemployed
40.A.laughing B.whispering C.cheering D.clapping
41.A.absorbed B.amused C.fooled D.struck
42.A.atmosphere B.situation C.address D.reason
43.A.difference B.profit C.fortune D.living
44.A.funny B.impossible C.practical D.moving
45.A.panic B.starve C.remain D.succeed
46.A.pray B.manage C.operate D.purchase
47.A.window B.door C.fence D.box
48.A.investigated B.explored C.fastened D.ignored
49.A.vegetables B.groceries C.snacks D.fruits
50.A.held up B.took over C.looked through D.packed up
51.A.frustrated B.thrilled C.touched D.ashamed
52.A.out B.away C.back D.apart
53.A.ice B.gift C.money D.check
54.A.hard B.amazing C.pleasant D.precious
55.A.get B.refuse C.deserve D.appreciate
第三部分 阅读理解(共 15 小题;每小题 2 分,满分 30 分)
请认真阅读下列短文,从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在
答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The Best Time to Visit Sydney
If you prefer the cold to heat,especially if seeking to escape the northern summer,the best time
to visit Sydney could be in the Australian winter from June 1 to August 31.
The Sydney winter isn’t really harsh and the weather’s generally pleasant.It’s great for touring
the city on foot and for bushwalking.And the ski slopes are not too far away.
Holiday time
You get the Queen’s Birthday holiday weekend in June and the school holidays in July.Aside from within those periods,accommodation costs in the city will generally be lower.
Winter weather
Expect generally cool conditions.The average temperature should range from around 8℃(46)
at night to 16℃(61) in the daytime in midwinter.Expect from 80mm to 131mm of rain in a month,
with the most rain in June tapering into August.
Winter accommodation
Outside of the holiday periods,Sydney accommodation will usually be available and should be
relatively cheaper.
Winter activities
·The weather’s fine for a walking tour of Sydney.Visit the Rocks,the Sydney Opera House,the
Royal Botanic Gardens,Art Gallery of New South Wales,Australian Museum,Hyde Park,
Chinatown,Darling Harbour.
·Go on a harbor cruise.At the very least,take a Sydney ferry and cross the harbor to Manly.
·Take a day trip north,south and west of Sydney.
·Spot the whales as they travel north in the whale migration season.
·Go bushwalking at the Royal National Park.
56.Considering weather and accommodation,the best time to visit Sydney is in .
A.June B.July
C.August D.December
57.Which of the following activities is NOT recommended in the passage?
A.Going skiing near Sydney.
B.Hunting whales in the Royal Botanic Gardens.
C.Touring Sydney on foot.
D.Bushwalking at the Royal National Park.
B
The best bikes for the beginners
When it comes to purchasing your first bike, the choice is endless, making it tough to know
what to go for. Here are the the best buys on the market right now.
1. Boardman Cx CompThis is a cross country bike, and it’s so multifunctional that you can handle any terrain(地势)
on it , making it a great choice for those wanting to try various cycling subjects. If you leave on the
thick tires it comes with, it can ride on various paths and can even handle some less demanding
mountain bike routes. Alternatively, put on thin, smooth tires and treat it asa road bike. It has a
basket and comes with Shimano Sora gears (变速器), which are outstanding for its price.
£650, Halfords
2. Planet X RT-58 v2
Planet X is based in Yorkshire, which means you’d probably have to buy this bike without
seeing it. But it’s worth it,because this is an excellent machine at a lower price, Planet X is a highly
rated manufacturer and this model comes with Shimano Sora gearing.
£585, Planet X
3. Specialized Allez E5
Specialized is one of the biggest and most popular brands in cycling, and this is its hugely
popular primary road bike. It comes with solid components from front to back and you’ll look great
out on the road.
£ 75, Evans Cycles
4. Boardman Road Team Carbon
If you can push your budget further still, this bike is worth the extra investment. The frame is
made entirely from carbon, which is lighter, faster and more comfortable than the composition metal
models above and gives you an all round and more enjoyable ride. It also means that if you get really
serious about cycling, you don’t have to upgrade as quickly as you would with a cheaper bike.
£800, Halfords
58.What is special about Boardman CX Comp?
A.Its Shimano Sora gears.
B.Its reasonable price.
C.Its various functions.
D.Its firm tires.
59.Which one has the lowest price but with Shimano Sora gears?
A.Planet X RT-58 v2.
B.Specialized Allez E5.C.Boardman CX Comp.
D.Boardman Road Team Carbon,
60.What can we learn about the bikes mentioned in the text?
A.Planet X RT 58 v2 has been sold out so far,
B.Boardman Cx Comp is actually a mountain bike.
C.Specialized Allez E5 is designed for senior cyclists.
D.Boardman Road Team Carbon is made by special materials.
C
A drug used to treat severe bleeding could save thousands of lives for mothers giving birth. A
global trial of the drug found it reduced the risk of bleeding deaths during childbirth by nearly
one-third. The study involved 20,000 women in 21 countries, mainly in Africa and Asia. The trial
was carried out by London's School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The drug is called d
tranexamic acid (氨甲环酸). It is low-cost and researchers said it does not cause serious side effects
for mothers or babies.
The drug is used to treat mothers for severe bleeding during childbirth, also known as
postpartum hemorrhage (产后出血).It is the leading cause of mother’s death worldwide, according
to the World Health Organization.
Haleema Shakur is the project director of the trial. She says despite medical advances in many
countries, severe bleeding after childbirth remains a big problem in some parts of the world. “It's one
of the biggest killers of mothers. In Africa and Asia. about 10 percent of women will end up with
severe bleeding. " The drug works by stopping blood clots(血凝块) from breaking down after a
mother gives birth. The treatment can prevent the need for doctors to perform surgery to find the
source of bleeding.
Shakur said the best results were reported when the drug was given to women as soon as
possible after childbirth, “The earlier you give it- so within the first three hours of giving birth—the
better the effect is. ”
The next step will be to get the drug where it is needed provide training for doctors and nurses
on how to use it. During the trial, women were given the drug in a hospital. But researchers are
looking for easier ways to administer the drug so it can be more widely used in small clinics and rural areas.
61.Tranexamic acid is a drug that________ .
A.should be used for every mother
B.helps mothers before giving birth
C.ensures most new-born babies’ health
D.can help mothers giving birth stop bleeding
62.What is the reachers’ next plan?
A.To know how much the drug is.
B.To get permission to use the drug.
C.To let more people know the drug.
D.To make medical staff know how to use the drug.
63.What can we learn from the text?
A.The more mothers use the drug, the better its effect is.
B.African and Asian countries made great progress in medicine.
C.There is a long way to go before the drug can be used more widely.
D.Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of women’s death.
64.What may be the best title for the text?
A.Care for the Health of Mothers
B.How Can We Use Tranexamic Acid Well?
C.Childbirth Drug Greatly Reduces Bleeding Deaths
D.What's the Biggest Killer of Mothers?
D
A car dealership in my hometown of Albuquerque was selling six to eight new cars a day. I was
also told that 72 percent of this dealership’s first-time visitors returned for a second visit.
I was curious. How does a car dealership get 72 percent of its first-time visitors to return? And
how can they sell six to eight cars a day in a declining car market?
When I walked into Saturn of Albuquerque that Friday, the staff there didn’t know me from
Adam; yet they shared with me their pricing policy, the profit margin on every model, and staff
income. They even opened their training manuals for my review and invited me back on Saturday if I wanted more information.
On Sunday, the day after my second visit to the Saturn store, my wife, Jane, and I were walking
as we frequently do. On this particular June morning, Jane gently slipped her hand in mine and said
tenderly, "I don’t know if you remember, but today’s my fifth anniversary of being cancer-free." I
was surprised, partially because I was embarrassed that I had forgotten and, partially because....
Well, I didn’t know what to do with Jane’s information.
The next day, Monday, Jane went off to work teaching school. Still not knowing what to do to
mark this special occasion, I did the most impetuous thing I’ve ever done in my life: I bought a new
Saturn. I didn’t pick the color or the model, but I paid cash and told them I’d bring Jane in on
Wednesday at 4:30. I told them why I was buying the car.
On Tuesday, it dawned on me that Jane always wanted a white car. I called the sales consultant
at Saturn, and I asked him if he had anything white in the store. He said he had one left but he
couldn’t guarantee it’d still be available on Wednesday at 4:30 because they were selling so fast. I
said I’d take my chances and asked him to put it in the showroom.
Wednesday came. Unexpectedly, someone in our family was admitted to the hospital. So, it
wasn’t until 9:30 Saturday morning when we finally made our way to the Saturn store. Jane had
never been in a Saturn store. When we went through the front door, the Lord took control of her feet
and her mouth. She saw that little white Saturn coupe all the way across the showroom floor. She
quickly passed a multi-colored sea of automobiles, sat in the little white Saturn and said, "Oh, what
a pretty little car. Can I have a new car?" I said, "No. Not until our son graduates from college."
She said, "I’m sick and tired of driving that old Dodge, I want a new car." I said, "I promise, just
three more semesters and he’ll be out."
Next, Jane walked around to the front of the car. As she looked it over, she let out the most
blood-curdling, shrill scream I’d ever heard in 29 years of marriage.
Now, before I tell you why Jane screamed, let me tell you what the sales consultant had done.
He had ordered a large, professionally engraved sign (white letters on blue). The sign stood alone on
the hood of the little white Saturn coupe. It said "Congratulations, Jane. This car is yours. Five
years cancer-free. Let’s celebrate life. From Team Saturn" Every employee at Saturn of
Albuquerque had signed the back of that sign.
Jane saw it, screamed, collapsed in my arms and cried loudly. I didn’t know what to do. I was in tears. I took out my invoice (发票) from the previous Monday, pointing to the white coupe, said, "
No, honey, this car isn’t yours. I bought you this one." I tapped the invoice with my index finger.
Jane said, "No, I want this one right here."
While this conversation was going on, there was no one in the store. The sales consultant had
arranged it so that we could share the moment alone. Even so, it’s impossible to have a lot of privacy
when so many people are standing outside the showroom windows looking in. When Jane screamed
and collapsed in my arms, I saw everybody outside applaud and begin to cry.
65.Why did the writer visit the Saturn of Albuquerque that Friday?
A.He wanted to collect some raw materials for his story.
B.He was asked to write a report about that car store.
C.He was told the car store was launching a price reduction activity.
D.He simply wanted to see why the car store enjoyed so much popularity.
66.Why did the writer buy a new Saturn?
A.Because his car was so old that he didn’t want to drive it any longer.
B.Because Jane wanted a new car for her fifth anniversary of being cancer-free.
C.Because he wanted to mark his wife’s fifth anniversary of being cancer-free.
D.Because he thought the car could be helpful to his wife’s recovery from cancer.
67.When did the writer decide upon the white car?
A.On the next Tuesday.
B.On the first Friday.
C.On the second Wednesday.
D.On the first Saturday.
68.How did Jane feel when she saw the sign on the car?
A.Surprised and thrilled.
B.Angry but satisfied.
C.Shocked and frightened.
D.Skeptical but overjoyed.
69.Which of the following belongs to the most wonderful part of this story?
A.Paying cash for a new Saturn.
B.Picking up the new car in the store.C.The couple’s conversation on the street.
D.The writer’s first visit to the car store.
70.The purpose of the writer writing this story is ________.
A.to introduce a new type of car
B.to tell readers of his lovely wife
C.to sing high praise for a car store
D.to show his deep love for his wife
第四部分:任务型阅读(共 10 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 10 分)
请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
Factory farming is a type of farming that involves raising a huge number of livestock(牲畜)
in comparatively tinier enclosed spaces, with a view to supplying them to the livestock market. It
took root in the later part of the 19th century. On the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, the
inventions of antibiotics and pesticides were increasing in number, which made it possible to
practice factory farming. And gradually, with better farming methods, livestock were able to be
raised indoors leading to mass production in a shorter while. Nowadays, according to reliable
sources, more than 50% of the livestock are produced using this concept.
Factory farming is one of the most important food production methods around the world today
because it has a lot of advantages. For example, there are huge numbers of mouths to feed, and mass
production leads to the purchase of poultry and the related items. Since the items aren’t priced too
high for consumers to afford, people appreciate buying them in a large number. And as more and
more livestock are artificially raised, more and more chicken, beef and eggs are out for sale. The
purchase rate is higher and despite being reasonably priced, the produce fetches a profit for the
farms. In addition, since the business is enormous and needs as many hands as possible to increase
the food produce, an equal number of staff are required for work, which results in a growth in the
related jobs.
However, there are also disadvantages of factory farming. For instance, the animals are
artificially bred, and since the procedure is not natural, the end products could be of poor quality.
Antibiotics are injected into cows and hens, making them more unlikely to suffer from dirt and
disease. As a result, the eggs and meat will not be as good as usual. The products thus obtained are
of such low quality, which ultimately affects our health as well. Actually, since the entire production is artificial, the meat is overloaded with hormones(激素)and drugs, and the bacteria develop
resistance to the antibiotics, which is why many diseases remain untreated. Worse still, the animals’
waste can pollute the water and air, causing extensive damage to the environment. It may also lead
to harmful emissions and contribute to the already increasing global warming.
Because of the above advantages and disadvantages of factory farming, the concept has been a
subject of massive debate all over the world, wherever this practice has been employed. Supporters
of this concept argue that it does provide enough food for the increasing population and is more
affordable. However, unfavorable opinions suggest that there are better ways of producing food,
rather than subjecting animals to this suffering. The debate has been going on for quite a while, with
no one being able to gain the upper hand.
Factory Farming
Definition
Factory farming refers to raising so many farm animals in a
71. space to meet the requirements of people’s daily life.
Background
With more antibiotics and pesticides 72., factory farming came
into being in the late 19th century.
As farming methods improved, factory farming73. mass production in a
shorter while.
Over half of the livestock are produced through factory farming at the
present time.
Advantages
Factory farming produces more food to feed a large74..
The items produced through factory farming are 75. for ordinary
consumers.
The higher purchase rate makes factory farming 76., in the spite of
reasonable price.
Factory farming contributes to an increasing number of working 77..
Disadvantages
The animals aren’t78. brought up, so the quality of the end products
could not be good enough.
Antibiotics are injected into the animals, which makes bacteria79. to drugs and leaves many diseases untreated.
Debate
Some people support this concept, while some others are against it
because they think food should be produced in better ways. The debate
has80. long, but neither side has got the edge over the other.
第五部分 书面表达满分(25 分)
81.Yesterday, the Peoples Court of Qi County in Henan Province had a special plaintiff, an
eleven-year-old boy in the fifth grade. He accused his parents of peeping at his diary, which violated
his privacy.
After looking into the case, the judge found out what had happened to the boy and his parents.
Li used to be an excellent student, but recently, he couldn’t focus on his studies. His parents were
busy with their business, so they cared little about him. However, after learning about their son’s
change, they managed to peep at his diary. From the diary, they learned that their son had a love
affair with a girl in the same class. Then they got very angry and scolded him severely. As a result,
the boy charged his parents with violating his privacy.
Facing the special case, the judge said, “Li is not a grown-up, but he has privacy protected by
law. But in this case, what his parents did was to try to understand his thought in order to help him
grow up healthily, which couldn’t be defined as an invasion.” Later, the judge told the parents it was
unwise to peep at the child’s diary. Instead, they should try to talk to him. With the help of the judge,
the boy promised to concentrate on his studies.
【写作内容】
1. 以约 30 个词概括阅读材料的主要内容;
2. 以约 120 个词谈谈你对“父母偷看子女日记”的看法,包括以下要点:
(1) 看完新闻你有何感受?
(2) 如果你是文中主人公,你会如何做?
(3) 你认为子女和父母应该如何更好地相处。
【写作要求】
1. 作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事,也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不得
直接引用原文中的句子;
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。【评分标准】
概括准确,语言规范,内容合适,篇章连贯。
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南京市外国语学校 2020 届高三下学期英语第一次模拟
考试
参考答案
1-5ABCCB 6-10BCAAA 11-15CBACC 16-20BCBBA
21-25ABCAD 26-30DBCDC 31-35AADDA
36-40ADCDA 41-45CBDAB 46-50ABDBC 51-55DCBAC
56-60CBCAD 61-65DDCCD 66-70CAABC
71.limited
72.Invented
73.Caused
74.population
75.affordable/ inexpensive/cheap
76.profitable
77.opportunities
78.naturally
79.resistant
80.lasted
81.The news is about a case where an eleven-year-old boy charged his parents with peeping at his diary and invading his privacy. The result is that what the parents did was not an invasion of privacy.
Having read the news, I quite appreciate what the judge did. For one thing, he admitted the
privacy of juveniles, and for another, he admitted parents’ right to supervise their child. Meanwhile,
I felt glad because nowadays, more and more teenagers have legal consciousness.
If I were the child in the news, I would be very angry at what my parents did. However, I
wouldn’t turn to the court, because they did it just out of concern about me. I could understand them,
but I just didn’t approve of their manner.
In order to improve the relationship between parents and their children, I reckon
communication is the best way to solve problems among them. Through communication, we can
understand what’s in each other’s mind. Moreover, as children, we should be more active in
reporting what has happened to us and seek help from our parents if necessary.