2020 届江苏高考英语 3500 词汇读练测(词汇晨读)20
说明：①本系列资料的例句尽可能多地选自高考真题或各地模拟试题；
②凡是形容词+ly 构成的副词在本系列资料【拓展】栏目里不予列出。
(ripe—sidewalk)
ripe adj.①(果实等)成熟的：The wheat is ripe for harvest.小麦熟了，可以收割了。
②适宜的，(时机等)成熟的：
This land is ripe for development.这片土地适宜开发。
The conditions were ripe for social change.社会变革的时机已经成熟。
【拓展】ripen v.(使)成熟：Grapes ripen in autumn.葡萄在秋天成熟。
rise(rose, risen)v.①上升，升起：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
②上涨：The river is rising after the rain.雨后河水涨了。
③起立：She rose to her feet.她站了起来。
④起床：He rises very early.他起床很早。
n.①升高，提高：There has been a rise in prices.价格上涨了。
②(工资)提高，(地位)上升：I’ve got two rises this year.我今年提了两次工资。
【拓展】①on the rise 在上涨，在上升，在增长：
However, there are other indications that high school cheating maybe on the rise.
不过，还有别的一些迹象也表明，中学里的作弊现象可能是在上升。
②give rise to 造成，引起，导致：
There are a couple of factors that give rise to this problem.
有很多因素导致了这个问题。
③rise up against 奋起反抗
The winds of the freedom were so powerful as to cause the citizens to rise up against
the king and bring him down.自由之风如此强大，以致于公民起来反抗国王，把他
打倒。
④参看词条 arise 和 raise 词条：
A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
许多高层建筑在一年前还只是一片废墟的地方拔地而起。
It is meaningful to raise money to help people in need.筹钱来帮助有需要的人是有意义的。
risk n.危险，风险，冒险，危险人物：
Smoking multiplies the risk of heart attacks and other health problems.
吸烟会使心脏病和其他疾病的风险加倍。
He was not seen as a risk to national security.人们不认为他是威胁国家安全的危险分子。
v.冒险：My uncle got well-prepared for the job interview. He couldn’t risk the good opportunity being lost.
我叔叔为工作面试做了充分的准备。他不能冒险失去这个好机会。
I am determined to have a try even though it means risking losing everything.
即使这意味着与可能失去一切，我决心要尝试一下。
【拓展】①risky adj.有危险(或风险)的，冒险的：
It’s risky to assume that we know what voters will be thinking in a year’stime.
自以为我们了解投票人在一年后的想法是很危险的行为。
Buying a second-hand car can be a risky business.买二手车可能有风险。
It was a risky operation, but might buy more time.
这是一次冒险的行动，但也许能赢得更多的时间。
②常考含有 risk 短语的意义见下列例句：
Americans wanted to aid Britain even at the risk of war.
哪怕冒着开战的危险，美国人也想帮助英国人。
If you take the risk of not wearing a seat belt, you will be at risk while driving.
如果你冒险不系安全带，那么在驾驶过程中，你的处境就危险了。
The doctor must not allow the patient to be put at risk.医生决不能置患者于危险境地而不顾。
The officers ran the risk of being dismissed.这些官员冒了被开除的风险。
When we take a risk, we cannot know beforehand what will happen.
当我们冒险时，我们无法预知会发生什么事。
This was not the time to take risks; he knew he should play it by the rule book.
这不是冒险的时候；他明白他应该照章办事。
If you choose to download and use it, you do so at your own risk.
如果你选择下载使用它，则自行承担风险。
Don’t risk your neck.别冒险。
river n.江，河：There is a bridge across/over the river.河上有座桥。Let’s go swimming in the river.我们到河里去游泳吧。
【拓展】用于专有名词时，英国英语通常将 River 加在名称之前；而美国英语则通常将 River 加在名
称之后，但不管是英国英语还是美国英语，在含有 River 的专有名词前，一般用定冠词：the
River Thames 泰晤士河/the Hudson River 哈德逊河/the Yellow River 黄河
road n.路，道路：He lives at 411 Hongxin Road.他住在红星路 411 号。
All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。
The road began sinking some months back, with dips becoming apparent in the road.
数月前，这条路就开始下沉，凹陷处变得很明显。
Belt and Road project has been on smoothly, which has led to more nations joining.
一带一路项目进展很顺利，这已经有更多的国家加入其中。
roast v.烤(肉)：The meat is roasting.肉正烤着。
rob v.抢劫，抢夺，掠夺，非法剥夺，使丧失：
They robbed the rich to help the poor.他们劫富济贫。
My money was robbed on my way home.我在回家的路上被人抢了钱。
I just heard the bank where Julie works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.
我刚听说朱莉工作的那家银行被一个戴着面具的持枪歹徒抢劫了。
Worry can rob you of happiness, but kind words will cheer you up.
烦恼会使快乐丧失，但是善意的言语能使人振奋。
【拓展】①为及物动词，其宾语通常只能是人或场所，而不能是被抢的东西；要表示所抢的东西，用
介词 of 引出：
Yesterday he robbed the local bank of lots of money.昨天他抢劫了当地一家银行。
②robber n.强盗，盗贼，抢劫者：
The robber snatched the jewel and ran away.强盗抢了珠宝逃走了。
Armed robbers broke into a jeweler’s through a hole in the wall.
持械抢劫者通过墙上的一个洞闯进了一家珠宝店。
③robbery n.抢劫(案)，明抢，敲竹杠：
After a long and trying investigation, the police have excluded robbery as a motive for the murder.
经过长时间的调查，警方排除了抢劫是谋杀的动机。
The police have uncovered a scheme of robbery.警察当局破获了一起阴谋抢劫案。
The prices in this restaurant are unbelievable? It’s highway robbery. 这家餐馆的价格令人难以置信？简直是在敲竹杠。
robot n.机器人：The robot is a marvel of modern engineering.机器人是现代工程技术的奇迹。
rock n.岩石，大石头：She sat cross-legged on the rock.她盘腿坐在那块岩石上。
【拓展】①v.摇，摇晃，震动，震惊：
A mother rocks her baby in her arms.妈妈轻轻晃动怀中的婴儿。
The President’s murder rocked the nation.总统遇刺震惊了全国。
②rocky adj.岩石的，多岩石的，困难的，难以维持的：
There is only one port along this rocky coast.在这多岩石的海岸线上只有一个海港。
They had gone through some rocky times together.他们已经一起度过了一些艰难时光。
rocket n.火箭：The latest attempt to launch a rocket has been condemned by South Koreaand the US, while China
has expressed deep concern.朝鲜最近这一次火箭发射计划受到了韩国和美国的谴责，中国也
表示了严重关切。
role n.角色，作用，职责，任务：
She played the leading role in a television show.她在电视节目里担当主角。
The navy played a limited but significant role in defeating the rebellion.
海军在平息这场叛乱的过程中起到了有限但却十分重要的作用。
Following the example set by her father, she has fulfilled her role and done her duty
她以父亲为榜样，完成了任务，履行了职责。
roll v.①滚动，翻滚：The ball rolled across the football field.球滚过足球场。
②卷，卷成筒状：He rolled up the map.他把地图卷起来。
n.面包圈，小圆面包；卷状物：a toilet roll 一卷手纸
【拓展】常考 roll 动词短语的意义常见下列例句：
Their car went off the road and rolled over.他们的车冲出公路，翻倒在一旁。
She rolled up the window and drove on.她把车窗摇上来，继续开车。
The first reporters rolled up to the laboratory within minutes.
第一批记者在几分钟之内就涌到了实验室。
He rolled his window down and gave the man the money.
他把窗户摇下来，把钱递给这个男人。
The little girl, with tears rolling down her cheeks, stopped crying suddenly when given an apple.
那个小女孩的眼泪从她的脸颊上滚落下来，但当别人给了她一个苹果之后她突然就不哭了。Guangdong province rolled out new guidelines, defining offensive nicknames and online violence
as school bullying.广东省出台了新的规定，明确规定侮辱性绰号和网络暴力均属于校园欺凌。
Governments around the world increasingly roll out artificial intelligence to help promote
economic growth.世界各国政府越来越多地推出人工智能来帮助促进经济增长。
He will go to the Middle East next week to get the ball rolling again on peace talks
他下周将前往中东，开始重启和谈。
I think this is a perfect plan. Let’s get the ball rolling!
我认为这是个完美的计划，我们开始行动吧。
roof n.屋顶，顶部：We share the same roof.我们住在一起。
room n. ①房间，室：He lives at Room 805.他住在 805 房间。
②空间，地方，余地：Leave room for the big box.留个地方放这个大箱子。
【拓展】make room for 为……腾出空间，给……让出空地方：
Please step aside a little to make room for me.请稍站过去一点，让我插个脚。
Half the houses in the street are being pulled down to make room for the new post office.
这条街的半数房屋正在拆迁，给新的邮局腾出(建房)空地。
Move down inside, please! make room for others.请往里走，给其他的人让点地方！
After forty years in the business it’s time for me to take a back seat and make room for younger
men.我在这一行干了 40 年，现在该退居二线，让位给年轻人。
root n.①根：The roots of tree grow deep into the earth.树根深深扎在地下。
②根源，起源：We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.
在解决问题之前，我们需要找到问题的根源。
【拓展】root v.(使)生根：
Most plants will root in about six to eight weeks.大多数植物都会在 6 到 8 周内生根。
Try to root this plant in the garden.想法使这植物在园子里生根。
rope n.绳，索：He tied the rope around his waist.他把绳索系在自己的腰上。
rose n.玫瑰花：There is no rose without a thorn.没有不带刺的玫瑰。
rot v.(使)烂，(使)腐败：Some apples rotted on the tree.有些苹果在树上就腐烂了。
【拓展】rotten adj.腐烂的，恶臭的，堕落的，极坏的：
He is poisoned by eating rotten meat.他由于吃了腐烂的肉而中毒。
I personally think it’s a rotten idea.我个人觉得这个主意非常糟糕。rough adj.①粗糙的，不平的：The cloth feels rough.这布摸起来很粗糙。
②粗野的，粗暴的：Play nicely and don’t be rough.好好玩，不要撒野。
③狂暴的，汹涌的：The sea was rough in the storm.大海在风暴中波涛汹涌。
④粗略的，大概的：Only the rough guess and estimate can be made of it.
对此只能作出一个粗略的测算。
⑤倒霉的，难熬的：We’ve had a pretty rough day.我们这一天过得很不愉快。
⑥不舒服的，不适的：You look rough. Are you OK?你看上去不太舒服。你没事吧？
I had a rough night.我一夜没有睡好觉。
【拓展】be rough on 对……粗暴或苛刻，使……倒霉：
You’re rough on her.你对她太粗暴苛刻了。
It’s a bit rough on him!他真有点不幸！
round adv.①到处：Let’s go into the hall and have a look round.让我们进大厅转一转。
②转过来：Turn the picture round.将这幅画转过来。
③环绕地，围绕地：The hands of a clock move round.时钟的指针绕着圈走。
prep.①环绕，围绕：She had a blanket round her.她身裹毯子。
②绕过，转过：There’s a post-box just round the corner.邮筒就在拐角那边。
③四处，在……的附近：Let’s take a look round the exhibition.我们去展览会看看吧。
④大约，左右：I’ll be back round May Day.我将在五一节前后回来。
adj.圆形的：Balls are round.球是圆形的。/ The girl has a round face.这个女孩的脸是圆的。
roundabout adj.绕道的，间接的，拐弯抹角的，迂回的，婉转的：
We got lost and came by a roundabout route.我们迷了路，绕了远路才到。
We made a bit of a fuss in a roundabout way.我们拐弯抹角地发了点牢骚。
I heard the news in a roundabout way.我是间接地听到这个消息的。
History moves in zigzags and by roundabout ways.历史的发展是曲折的，迂回的。
She made a suggestion in a very roundabout way.她很婉转地提出了一个建议。
n.环形交通枢纽：A new roundabout was built to improve the traffic circulation.
造了一座新的环形交叉路口。以使车辆畅通无阻。
route n.航线，路，常规路线，渠道，途径：
Another new air route has been opened up.又有一条新航线开航了。
They changed their route and went to Hangzhou.他们改道去杭州了。The route is best seen by reference to the map.参照地图能将这条路线看得十分清楚。
Researchers are trying to get at the same information through an indirect route.
研究人员正试图通过间接的途径获得相同的信息。
routine n.例行工作，日常之事，惯例：
Dressing before going to work is a task which we do every day as a matter of routine.
上班前梳理是我们每天都要做的例行公事。
He wants to break the routine and to create a surrealist and has a unique charm of C Ganimation.
他想要打破常规，创作出超越写实并具有独特魅力的 CG 动画片。
The players had to change their daily routine and lifestyle.
这些运动员不得不改变他们的日常生活习惯和方式。
The operator has to be able to carry out routine maintenance of the machine.
操作员必须能对机器进行日常维护。
row n.①(一)排，(一)行 ：Before him, in the first row, sat the President.在他面前第一排坐着总统。
②划船：Let’s go for a row on the lake.我们去划船游湖吧。
v.划船：He rowed as quickly as he could to the shore.他尽快地把船划到岸边。
【拓展】in a row 一连，成一行，一字儿，接连，连续：
Ten footballer stood in a row on the sport ground.运动场上一字儿站着十名足球运动员。
It is the sixth month in a row in which imports have fallen.这是进口量持续下降的第 6 个月了。
royal adj.①王室的，皇家的：
A grand victory banquet was served in the royal dining room.在皇家餐厅举行了祝捷盛宴。
②盛大的，极好的：
She is in charge of all the arrangements for the royal wedding. Preparations for the conference
are in full swing.她负责盛大婚礼的全部筹备工作。
rubber n.①橡胶，合成橡胶：
If plastic and rubber are burnt, they’ll give off poisonous gases.
要是塑料和橡胶被焚，就会放出有毒的气体。
②橡皮擦：My classmate borrowed my rubber and forgot to return it.我的同学借了我的橡皮忘了还。
rubbish n.拉圾，废物：Pick up the rubbish and burn it.把拉圾捡起来烧了。
Don’t talk rubbish.别胡说八道。
rude adj. ①无礼的，粗鲁的：Never be rude to your parents.对父母切不可无礼粗暴。②简陋的：He has already constructed a rude cabin for himself and his family in case of necessity.
他已为自己和家人搭好了一个简陋的小木屋，以备不时之需。
③猥亵的，下流的：The joke is too rude to repeat.这个笑话太下流，不可重复。
【拓展】rudeness n.粗鲁：
I must offer him an apology for my rudeness last night.
我必须为我昨晚的粗鲁向他道歉。
rugby n.(英)橄榄球(运动)：At school I boxed and played rugby.在学校时我既打拳击又玩橄榄球。
ruin v.(使)毁坏，(使)毁灭：Heavy smoking ruined his health.吸烟过量损坏了他的身体。
n.①毁灭，破灭：The car accident meant the ruin of all her hopes.这起车祸意味着她所有希望的毁灭。
②(用复数)废墟，遗迹：
The ruins of these temples witness the past greatness of the Roman Empire.
这些庙宇的废墟见证了罗马帝国过去的辉煌。
We visited the ruins of the temple.我们参观了那个庙宇的遗迹。
A few minutes as the earthquake lasted, the whole village was left in ruins, with thousands of people
killed, injured or homeless.虽然地震只持续了几分钟，但整个村子都成了废墟，成千上万的人丧生、
受伤或无家可归。
rule n.①规则，规定：You must obey the rules.你必须服从规定。
②习惯，惯例：He makes it a rule to get up early.=He makes a rule of getting up early.他有早起的习惯。
v.统治：He was always ruled by money.他总是受制于金钱。
【拓展】①as a rule 通常：
As a rule young people like beer.通常说来，年轻人喜欢喝啤酒。
②rule out 宣布……不可能，排除……的可能性：
A serious car accident in 1986 ruled out a permanent future for him in farming.
1986 年一场严重的车祸让他永远不可能再务农了。
The possibility of a murder having been ruled out, the police have set about looking for the clues
to her suicide.谋杀的可能性被排除之后，警方已经着手寻找她自杀的新线索了。
ruler n.①统治者：He was then ruler of Egypt.他当时是埃及的统治者。
②直尺，尺：The child used a ruler to draw straight lines.这孩子用一把直尺划直线。
run(ran, run)v.①跑，奔跑：running water 自来水
②(车船等)行驶，(溪河等)流动，(机器等)运转，(钟表等)走动：Buses run every 5 minutes.公共汽车每 5 分钟一班。
③(颜色)褪色：The color of this dress will not run when you wash it.这件衣服洗时是不会褪色的。
n.奔跑，行程：I go for a run every morning.我每天早晨都要去跑步。
【拓展】常考含有 run 短语的意义见下列例句：
It’s hard for a woman to run after fashion as it has been changing so quickly.
由于变化是如此之快，对于一个女人来说，追求时尚太难了。
Don’t back up the moment you run up against a little difficulty.
不要遇到一点困难就打退堂鼓。
She decided to give up on treatment and run away from home.她决定放弃治疗并离家出走。
When we face a potential danger we panic and this makes us take wrong decisions or run
away from responsibilities. 当我们面临着一种潜在的危险时，我们会感到惊慌，一惊慌
就会导致我们做出错误的决定或者逃避责任。
Putin will run for president next March.普京将参加明年三月的总统选举。
He might have run into some trouble.他也许碰到了一些麻烦。
He was determined to hold on to this job whatever difficulties he might run into.
他决定无论他会遇到什么困难，他都决定坚持工作。
She didn’t expect to run into her friend here.他没料到会在这儿会遇到他朋友。
With food and drink running out, they couldn’t hold out much longer.
食物和饮料都用完了，他们坚持不了多久了。
I wonder how you ran out of your money in two weeks!
我想知道你是如何在两周内花完这些钱的？
Mary has run off with her music teacher.玛丽已经和她的音乐老师私奔了。
If you leave your money lying about, somebody is sure to run off with it.
要是你把钱到处乱扔，肯定会被人偷走。
You can’t run out on my wife and me like that.
你不能就那样抛弃我和我妻子。
Is it true that Mary’s husband has run out on her?
玛丽的丈夫抛弃了她，是真的吗？
But for the young man’s quick action, he could have been run over by the car.
要不是那个年轻人的迅速行动，汽车就会从他身上碾过。These changes may cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run.
这些改革可能需要耗费很多钱，但是，从长远看，它将节省很多钱。
This guerrilla detachment which mysteriously appeared and disappeared kept the invaders
constantly on the run.这支神出鬼没的游击队搞得侵略者疲于奔命。
rural adj.农村的，乡下的：
All the rural workers have been assigned to the forefront of production in their enterprises.
所有农村工人都被分到企业的生产第一线。
60 years ago half the French population still lived in rural areas.
六十年前有一半法国人仍然生活在乡村地区。
rush n.冲，匆忙，涌动：
A rush of pure affection swept over him.一阵强烈而纯洁的爱意涌遍他全身。
The men left in a rush.男人们匆匆离开了。
v.①冲，奔跑：
A schoolgirl rushed into a burning flat to save a man’s life.
一位女学生冲进起火的公寓里去救一名男子。
②仓促，匆忙：Don’t rush into marriage.不要匆忙结婚。
③催促：Don’t rush me.别催我。
【拓展】rush hours 高峰时间：
The buses are always crowded with passengers during the rush hours.
上下班高峰时间，公共汽车上总是挤满了乘客。
sacred adj.①神圣的，宗教的：
A church is a sacred building.教堂是神圣的建筑物。
He went south to climb Taishan, a mountain sacred to the Chinese.
他南下去爬泰山了，那是中国人心目中一座神圣的山。
Years ago he was a sacred cow in this field.许多年前，他在这个领域里是个神圣不可侵犯的人物。
②严肃的，郑重的：He has made a sacred promise.他做出了郑重的许诺/诺言。
sacrifice n.①供奉，祭祀，供品，祭品：They killed a sheep as a sacrifice.他们宰了一只羊作为祭品。
②牺牲：Parents often make sacrifices for their children.父母常为子女们作出种种牺牲。
v.①牺牲，放弃：
We sacrifice our personal lives to our work.我们为工作牺牲了私人生活。She is not willing to sacrifice her career in order to have children.
她不想为了生孩子而放弃自己的事业。
A mother will sacrifice her life for her children.母亲将会舍身救自己的孩子。
②作祭献：Two white bulls were sacrificed and a feast was held.祭献了两头白牛，并举行了盛宴。
③亏本出售：He sacrifice his car when he go abroad to work.
他到海外去工作的时候亏本出售了他的汽车。
【拓展】at the sacrifice of 以牺牲……为代价：
You should never try to earn money at the sacrifice of your health.
你绝对不应该为了要赚钱以牺牲健康为代价。
sad adj.①悲伤的，悲痛的，难过的：
Why does he look so sad?他为什么愁容满面？
Sad to say(=Unfortunately), the house has now been pulled down.
可惜(不幸的是)那座房子现在已经被拆除了。
②令人悲伤的，令人难过的：We were sad at the sad news.听到这个令人伤心的消息我们都很难过。
【拓展】sadden v.使悲伤，使伤心，使难过：
We were deeply saddened by the news of her death.听到她的死讯，我们深感悲伤。
Fans were saddened to see the former champion play so badly.
看到以前的冠军表现如此差劲，球迷感到难过。
It saddened her that people could be so cruel.人们竟能如此残忍，这让她痛心。
sadness n.悲哀，忧伤，悲哀：What’s the reason for his sadness?他为什么忧伤？
safe adj.①安全的，牢靠的，安然无恙：
Is the rope safe?这绳子牢靠吗？
A baby boy is safe after rescue workers pulled him from a 12-foot-deep construction hole.
营救人员将一名男婴从 12 英尺深的建筑工地的深坑里拉出来时，他安然无恙。
②谨慎的，不冒险的：He is a very safe driver.他开车很谨慎。
【拓展】①safe and sound 平安无事，安然无恙：
They came through the storm safe and sound.他们平安地度过了风暴。
We got there safe and sound in the end.我们最终安然无恙地到了那儿。
②Better play it safe 谨慎行事：
—I’d like to quit my job and start my own business.我想迟职开始我自己的事业。—You don’t have a good knowledge of the market. Better play it safe.
你没有好的市场知识，你最好谨慎行事。
safety n.安全，保险：Don’t worry about his safety.别为他的安全担心。
【拓展】in safety 安全的(地)：We are now in safety.现在我们安全了。
sail n. ①(常用单)航行：Let’s go for a sail this afternoon.我们今天下午去乘船游玩吧。
②帆，帆状物：We lowered the sails.我们降下了帆。
v.开航，驾(船)，航行(于)：
I shall get myself a little boat and sail her around the world.我要给自己买一条小船，驾着它环游世界。
You’ll be risking your neck if you go sailing in this weather.
如果你想在这种天气去航海，你将冒生命危险。
【拓展】set sail for 启航前往某地：
Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World in the Santa Maria.
克里斯托弗·哥伦布从圣玛丽亚启航前往新大陆。
sailor n.水手，海员：
a sailor hat(尤指小孩戴的)水手帽
He could not resist the attraction of the sea and became a sailor.
他无法抗拒大海的吸引力而当了海员。
sake n.缘故，理由：We can’t risk big things for the sake of small ones.我们不能因小失大。
For the sake of our friendship after years, do me this honor!
看在咱哥俩多年的情分上，你就赏个面子吧！
salad n.色拉(西餐中的一种凉拌菜)：
I’m going to order chicken and salad. What about you?我要点鸡肉和沙拉。你呢？
salary n.薪金，薪水：
How much salary does the job pay?这一工作薪水多少？
The government has decided to increase salaries for all civil servants.政府已决定给所有公务员加薪。
sale n.①卖，出售：The sale of his old house made him sad.卖掉老房子使他很难过。
②销量，销售额：Sales of cars have increased.汽车销售量增加了。
③减价出售，拍卖：I got these trousers cheap in a sale.这些裤子是我在大减价期间便宜买回来的。
【拓展】①for sale 待售，出售的：The car is for sale.此车出售。
②on sale(有货)售卖，上市，廉价出售：The new commemorative stamps will be put on sale next week.
新的纪念邮票将于下星期发售。
English textbooks and dictionaries are on sale everywhere.英语教材和词典到处都有卖的。
I got it on sale.这是我在减价时买的。
salesman/woman(pl salesmen, saleswomen)n.男(女)售货员/男(女)销售人员/男(女)推销员
We have enough salesmen to cover the area.我们本地区有足够的售货员。
The salesmen work on commission only.销售人员只根据销售量提取佣金。
The two saleswomen were busily trying to keep up with the demand.那两名女售货员正忙着接待顾客。
salt n.盐：She put salt into her coffee by mistake.她错把盐放到咖啡里。
【拓展】salt of the earth 社会精英/中坚分子：
They are no longer considered as the salt of the earth.他们再也不被认为是社会的中坚分子了。
salty adj.盐的，咸的，含盐的：
I don’t like the meat, it was too salty.这肉太咸了，我不喜欢吃。
Sea-water is salty.海水是咸的。
salute v.敬礼：The soldiers saluted the general.士兵向将军行礼致敬。
And soon a group of children ran in to salute him.很快，一群小孩跑进来向他致敬。
n.敬礼：The two soldiers exchanged salutes.这两位士兵互致敬礼。
In salute to our national flag, every citizen must stand at attention while focusing their eyes on the
rising flag.向国旗致敬时，每位公民必须立正，眼睛注视着升起的国旗。
same n.同样的人，同一件事：I would do the same again.我愿意重做一次。
adj.同一的，相同的，同样的：
We have lived in the same house for fifty years.我们 50 年来一直住在这栋房子里。
I was afraid of her, but at the same time I really liked her.我怕她，但同时也确实喜欢她。
They are the same size.它们同样大小。
【拓展】①all the same 尽管如此(仍然)，无所谓：
Thank you all the same.(不管怎样)我还是要谢谢你。
②the same to you 你也一样：
–‒Have a good weekend.
–‒The same to you.
“周末愉快。”“也祝你愉快。”③It is the same with…的意思是“……也一样”：
He likes music but doesn’t like sports. It is the same with his brother.
他喜欢音乐，但不喜运动。他弟弟也是一样。
④关于 the same as 与 the same that：其区别是，表示同类物用 as，表示同一物用 that：
The coat you wear now is the same as I bought yesterday.
你现在穿的外套跟我昨天买的一个样。
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这正是我昨天丢失的书包。
sand n.①沙，沙子：They filtered the water through the sand.他们用沙子滤水。
②(常用复)沙滩，沙地：We lay on the sand(s) and sunbathed.我们躺在沙滩上日光浴。
【拓展】sandy adj.多沙的，沙的，沙质的，含沙的：
Crocodiles bask on the small sandy beaches.鳄鱼在小沙滩上晒太阳。
The soil over which the road surface was laid was sandy.这路面下的土壤是沙质的。
sandwich n.三明治，夹心面包：I made a chicken sandwich.我做了个鸡肉三明治。
satellite n.卫星：A satellite moves round a planet.卫星绕着行星转。
satisfaction n.①满意：
We get great satisfaction from improving the house ourselves.
我们从自己动手装修房子中得到极大的满足。
She never could seem to do anything right or to his satisfaction
她似乎从没能做过一件正确或令他满意的事。
Much to the teacher’s satisfaction, all the students passed the entrance examination.
令老师非常满意的是，所有的学生都通过了入学考试。
②乐事，趣事：
It’s a satisfaction(to me)to know that he is well again.得知他已痊愈，(我)深感欣慰。
【拓展】反义词 dissatisfaction n.不满：
Many people have expressed their dissatisfaction with the arrangement.
许多人表示对这一安排不满。
satisfy v.满足，使满意：The new dress satisfied her.那件新衣服令她满意。
【拓展】①表示“对……满意”，用 be satisfied with(其中的 with 不能换成 to)：
They weren’t satisfied with the answer.他们对这个回答并不满意。
②satisfied 与 satisfying 不同：前者指感到(心理感受上的)满意的，后者指(事物、事情)令人满意的(=satisfactory)：
The satisfied boy has just left.那个感到满意的小孩刚走。
The customer was satisfied with the pair of shoes.那位顾客对他买的那双鞋子感到满意。
The explanation is a satisfactory/satisfying one.这是一种令人满意的解释。
sauce n.酱汁，调味汁：
What sauces go best with fish?吃鱼配哪种调味汁最好？
Hunger is the best sauce.(谚)饥者口中皆佳肴。
sausage n.香肠，腊肠：The knife for cutting sausage was sitting in the sink.切香肠用的刀放在水槽里。
save v. ①救，挽救：Is it wrong to try to save the life of someone you love?
尽力挽救所爱之人的生命难道错了吗？
②节省，存钱：Children should learn to save.小孩子应该学会存钱(节约)。
③免去，省去：That will save us a lot of trouble.那将省去我们许多麻烦。
④保全，保留：Enjoy losing face now in order to save face in the future!现在丢脸是为了将来保全面子！
Save me some milk.=Save some milk for me.给我留点牛奶。
【拓展】表示“省去”时，其后可接动名词(通常有逻辑主语)：
Soap saves rubbing.使用肥皂可以减少搓擦。
I’ll telephone and that will save me writing a letter.我将打个电话，这可以省得我写信。
也可用于 save sb. from doing sth.(其中的 from 省略即为上面的句型)：
If you do it tonight, it will save you from having to get up early.
你如果今晚做这事，明天早上你就不必早起了。
say(said, said)v.①说，讲：He said(that)she was ill in bed.他说她卧病在床。
(It’s)Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。
②指示，显示，提供：What time does it say on that clock?看那个钟现在是几点了？
③(文字材料)记载，写道：
The paper says that there was a terrible plane crash this morning.
报纸报导说今天早上有一起可怕的飞机坠毁事件。
④(常用于插入语)比如说：
We will need, say, ￡50,000 for a new car.比如说，我们大概需要 50,000 英镑买一辆新车。
⑤假若：Say(that)war breaks out, what do you do?假若爆发战争，你怎么办？
【拓展】①一般只用作及物动词，偶尔用作不及物动词，主要见于某些惯用表达中：It’s hard to say.很难说。
I’d rather not say.我不想说。
Who can say?=I can’t say.说不准(不知道)。
②以下两句同义，say 表示“据说”(注意用被动语态)：
It’s said that he stole the money.=He is said to have stolen the money.
据说是他偷了这笔钱。
③What do/would you say to...意为“你认为……如何”，其中的 to 为介词：
What do you say to playing tennis?打网球怎么样？
saying n.①俗话，谚语：As the saying goes, “There’s no smoke without fire.” 正像俗话所说的：“无风不起
浪。”
②言语：Saying and doing should agree with each other.言行应该一致。
scale n.①规模，范围，程度：The scale of the fighting is almost unimaginable.战斗的规模几乎无法想象。
②等级，标度：
The patient rates the therapies on a scale of zero to ten.患者按十分制给这些治疗方法打分。
③(scales)秤：I step on the scales practically every morning.我几乎每天早上都称一下体重。
④比例：The scale of the map is 1: 460000.这张地图的比例尺是四十六万分之一。
【拓展】on a large/small scale 大规模地/小规模：
This movement has aroused the masses on a large scale.这次运动，群众发动的面很广。
The work had been only on a small scale but it suggested a solution.
这项工作只是小规模进行，但表明了一个解决办法。
scan v.①审视，细看：
The officer scanned the room.那名警官仔细检查了房间。
However, we could not scan the achievement in a satisfied view.
但我们不能用满足的眼光去审视当下所取得的成绩。
②迅速地看，浏览：
I scanned the newspaper when I was waiting for the bus.等公共汽车的时候，我匆匆浏览了一下报纸。
③扫描，扫视：
Their approach is to scan every checked-in bag with a bomb detector.
他们的方法是用炸弹探测器对每一个办理了登机手续的箱包进行扫描。
scar n.伤疤，疤：The operation didn’t leave a very big scar.那手术没有留下很大的伤疤。
The psychological/mental scar is hard to heal. 心灵的伤痕难以抚平。
【拓展】v.留下疤痕：His face was scarred for life in the accident.那次事故在他的脸上留下了永久的疤痕。
scarce adj.缺乏的，罕见的：This kind of material is rather scarce.这种原料较缺。
When a thing is scarce, it is precious.物以稀为贵。
【拓展】scarcely…when…=hardly…when…,“一……就……”，主句通常用过去完成时，且要部分倒装：
He had hardly/scarcely finished the article when the light went out.
Scarcely/Hardly had he finished the article when the light went out.他刚写完那篇文章，灯就熄了。
scare v.①(使)受惊，惊恐：That noise scared me.那声音吓了我一跳。
②把……吓跑：The dogs scared the thief away.那些狗把贼吓跑了。
【拓展】由 scare 衍生出来的词汇用法请看下列例句：
The explorers had to make a fire at the edge of the forest to scare away wild animals at night.
晚上探险者们不得不在森林边点火以吓走野兽。
He was scared to death by an abrupt entrance when he is absorbed in reading.
当他专注于阅读时，有人突然进来，让他吓得要死。
We watched scary movies.我们看了几部恐怖片。
scarf n.领巾，围巾：He reached up to loosen the scarf around his neck.他伸手松了松脖子上的围巾。
scene n.①(戏剧、电影等的)一场，场景：
Mary was only in one scene of the play, but she stole the show from the stars.
玛丽只演了一幕戏，但她抢尽了其他演员的镜头。
②布景：The scenes are changed during the intervals.幕间换了布景。
③风景，景色：The night scene in Honolulu was quite fantastic.檀香山的夜景绝佳。
④(事件或事故的)发生地点：The police arrived at the scene of the homicide.警方赶到了凶杀现场。
scenery n.自然景物，风景：
I like mountain scenery very much.我很喜欢山景。
What beautiful scenery!真是风景如画！
【拓展】scene 和 scenery 都有“景色”的含义，然而，它们所指的景色范围是不同的：
scene 是可数名词，通常指一片“景色”，一个“风光”，舞台的一幕“布景”等，它还可
用于指戏剧，电影等中的“一场”或“一段情节”。它也可用于指故事，事件等发生的“地
点，场所”：There were distressing scenes when the earthquake occurred.地震发生后到处是悲惨的景象。
The picture presents the bleak, bare, grayish scene of a February morning.
这幅画描绘了二月一个早晨的荒凉、光秃、灰暗的景色。
The scene on Hamlet is Denmark.哈姆雷特的故事发生在丹麦。
A dark lane was the scene of the murder. 凶杀的现场是条黑洞洞的小巷。
scenery 是集合名词，为不可数名词，通常指户外一个地区整个的自然“景色”，而不是个
别的局部的风景，它也可指“舞台(全堂的)布景”：
The scenery is imposing.景色壮丽。
The scenery pictures a garden in the moonlight.舞台全堂布景表现了一个月光下的庭园。
sceptical(Am skeptical) adj.怀疑的：
I’m very skeptical about/of your prospects of success.我对你成功的希望甚表怀疑。
schedule n.①时间表，日程表：
I’d like to consult a train schedule for a fast train to Shanghai.
我要查阅一下火车时刻表，了解开往上海的快车的信息。
He always has a full schedule.他的时间表一向排得很紧。
The first phase of the project was completed two months ahead of schedule.
第一期工程提前两个月完工。
The train arrived on schedule.火车准时到达。
②清单，明细表，一览表：
You should look into the class schedule to find the time and date of registration.
你应该查一下课程表，找出注册的时间和日期。
The presentations will be loaded on the computer in order of the schedule below, unless special
requests are made.除非有特殊请求，报告档案将会依照下列清单顺序安装在电脑中。
v.安排，排定：We’ve scheduled the meeting for Monday.我们已安排在星期一开会。
scheme n.①计划，方案：
They hope for government funding for the scheme.他们希望政府为这个计划提供资金。
The scheme mostly benefits people in the North and Midlands.
该方案主要的受益者是北部和中部地区的人们。
②计谋：The police have uncovered a scheme of robbery.警察当局破获了一起阴谋抢劫案。
scholar n.①学者：The library attracts thousands of scholars and researchers.
那个图书馆吸引了成千上万的学者和研究人员。
②奖学金获得者：
As a scholar you will not have to pay college fees.作为接受奖学金的学生，你不必付大学的费用。
scholarship n. ①奖学金：She got a scholarship.她获得了奖学金。
②学问，学术：
He is a teacher of great scholarship.他是一位学识渊博的教师。
He combines creative imagination and true scholarship.
他同时具有创造性想象力和真正的治学谨严学风。
school n. ①学校：To attend evening schools is all the fashion now in China.目前，读夜校在中国极为风行。
②上学，学业，上课：Is she still at school, or has she left?她仍在上学还是已经毕业？
School begins at eight.8 点开始上课。
schoolbag n.书包：Mom, could you buy me a new green leather schoolbag?
妈妈，你能为我买一个新的绿色皮书包吗？
schoolboy/girl n.(中/小学)男生/(中/小学)女生：
The schoolboy fell off his bike yesterday.这个男生昨天从自行车上摔了下来。
schoolmate n.同校同学，校友：I’m going to see an old schoolmate of mine. 我去见一个老校友。
science n.①(统称)科学，科学研究：He is interested in science.他对科学感兴趣。
②(一门)科学，学科：Biology is a science.生物是一门科学。
③(统称)自然科学，理科：There’s a need for more science teachers.需要更多的理科教师。
scientific adj.科学的，合乎科学的：
All animals are given scientific names.所有的动物都给了科学的名称。
Aristotle took the scientific approach a step further.亚里士多德将该科学方法向前推进了一步。
scientist n.科学家：Scientists have collected more data than expected.科学家们已经收集到了比预期更多的数据。
scissors n.(复)剪刀：First cut along the dotted line with (a pair of) scissors.先用剪刀沿虚线剪开。
scold v.责骂，责备：The teacher scolded her for being late.老师责备她迟到。
score n.①(比赛或考试中所得的)分数：My score on the test was 85.我考试的成绩是 85 分。
②二十：Since the beginning of the 1990s China’s naval vessels have visited nearly a score of countries.
九十年代以来，中国海军舰艇编队出访了近 20 个国家。
v.(在游戏、比赛中)给人评分，记分：He scored high in the IQ test.他在智商测验中得分很高。
I never dreamed he would score the winning goal in a Champions Leaguefinal.
我做梦都没想过他可以在冠军杯决赛上打进制胜球。
【拓展】①表示“二十”时，其复数形式通常不加词尾-s，且其后一般不接介词 of：
two score eggs 40 只鸡蛋
②当其后的名词前有 the, these, those 等表示特指的限定词修饰时，或当其后接的是 us, them,
you 等人称代词时，score 后必须有介词 of：
three score of these eggs 这些鸡蛋中的 60 只
③scores of 是习语，其中的 score 要用复数：
I have heard of that scores of times.那件事我已听过很多遍了。
scratch v.①搔，抓伤：The cat scratched me.猫把我抓伤了。
②在……处搔痒：He scratched the insect bite on his leg.他在他腿上搔虫咬的地方。
③(从……)撕下，刮掉：scratch the paint off the wall 从墙上刮掉油漆
n.①抓痕，刮痕：There’s a scratch on the car door.车门有刮痕。
②抓，搔：The dog had a good scratch.那只狗痛痛快快地搔痒。
【拓展】①scratch the surface 只触及问题的表面/蜻蜓点水/走马观花：
To make an investigation one, should go into matters deeply, not just scratch the surface.
做调查工作不能蜻蜓点水，要深入实际。
We had only two weeks to tour Malaysia, which was hardly enough time to scratch the
surface.我们只有两周的时间游览马来西亚，连走马观花都来不及。
②start from scratch 从头做起/从零开始/白手起家：
We should go somewhere where we can start from scratch.
我们应该去一个可以从头开始的地方。
Hong Kong’s manufacturing industry did not start from scratch in the post-war period.
战后，香港制造业的兴起并非从零开始。
It meant I had to start from scratch and figure out where I fit in.
那意味着我必须白手起家并且得弄清楚我适合什么行业。
scream v.①尖声喊叫，拼命叫喊：
Women were screaming: some of the houses nearest the bridge were on fire.
妇女们在尖叫；离桥最近的几所房屋起火了。She screamed for help.她拼命叫喊救命。
②(机器、汽笛等)发出尖锐刺耳的声音，(风)呼啸
As he talked, an air-force jet screamed over the town.
他谈话时，一架军用喷气式飞机在镇子上空呼啸而过。
screen n. ①银幕，荧光屏：
Many viewers have strong opinions about violence on the screen.许多观众对银幕暴力心存反感。
②屏风，隔板，遮帘：She changed clothes behind the screen.她在屏风后换了衣服。
sculpture n.①雕塑(术)，雕刻(术)：He is skilled in sculpture.他精于雕刻。
②雕刻作品，雕像：Athens had the finest sculptures.雅典有最优秀的雕塑作品。
sea n. ①海，海洋：My love for you is deeper than the sea.我对你的爱比海深。
②许多，大量：a sea of faces 人山人海
seal n. ①印章，图章：The best wines are entitled to a numbered seal of quality.
上等葡萄酒可以盖上带编号的优质产品印章。
②封印，封条：Once you’ve broken the seal of a bottle, there’s no way you can put it back together again
一旦你撕开瓶子的密封条，你就无法再把它复原。
③海豹：The first time I saw a seal was in an aquarium.我第一次看见海豹是在水族馆里。
【拓展】v.密封，决定：
Remove seal together with the sealing strip.将密封件与密封条一起拆下。
A General Election will be held which will seal his destiny.一场决定他命运的大选即将举行。
Don’t worry, I won’t tell your mother you’ve been punished in school. You see, my lips are sealed.
别担心，我不会告诉你妈妈你在学校受到了惩罚。你看，我会守口如瓶的。
search n.①搜索，搜寻：
After a long search, they found the lost child.经过很长时间的寻找，他们发现了这个走失的小孩。
The search for the missing men was given up.搜寻失踪者的行动已经放弃了。
v.搜寻，搜查：He searched his mind for some words of comfort.他搜索枯肠想找到几句安慰的话。
【拓展】①search sb.=搜某人(指搜身)，search a place=搜某地方(在某地方搜)，search for sb.=搜找某人
(搜的目的是要找到某人)，search a place for sb./sth.=为了找到某人/某物而搜寻某地。
Police searched everyone present at scene of the crime.
警察搜查了在场的貌似罪犯的每一个人的身。
All night they searched for Jim.他们找了吉姆一整夜。I searched the whole room for the letter.我翻遍整个房间来找那封信。
②in search of 搜找，寻找：
He glanced about as if in search of something.他向周围望了一眼，仿佛在寻找什么。
seaside n.海滨：He must have finished his work. Otherwise, he would. not be enjoying himself by the seaside.
他一定完成工作了，否则的话他就不会再海边玩的这么高兴了。
season n.①季，季节：There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季。
②以天气或某种活动为特征的季节：The rainy season has set in.雨季开始了。
【拓展】①in season 当令，及时，正是时候，正合适，在旺季：
Fruit is cheapest in season.水果在上市季节最便宜。
②out of season 不当令，不上市，在淡季，不是时候：
Hotel charges are lower out of season.在淡季旅馆收费较低。
seat n.座位：Excuse me, is this seat taken?请问这座位有人坐吗？
【拓展】v.①使就座，能容纳……人：
Seat the child next to me.让这个孩子坐在我旁边。
The hall can seat 500 people.这个大厅能坐 500 人。
②及物动词，其后应有宾语或用被动结构，如不能说 Please seat，但可说 Please seat
yourself.=Please be seated.请坐。
second n.①秒：For a few seconds nobody said anything.有几秒钟大家都沉默无语。
②片刻：Every second counts.一寸光阴一寸金(分秒必争)。
adv.第二：The Yellow River is China’s second longest river.黄河是中国第二长河。
【拓展】①pron.第二个人(物)：He is the second to come.他是第二个来的人。
②adj.第二的，再一的，又一的：A second student stood up.又一个学生站了起来。
secondary adj.次要的，中等的：
A distinction should be made between the primary and secondary tasks.
要区别主要的和次要的任务。
The vast expansion in secondary education is putting an enormous strain on the system.
中等教育的大幅扩张正对该系统造成巨大压力。
secret n. ①秘密，内情：Our plan must remain a secret.我们的计划必须保密。
②奥秘：the secrets of nature 自然的奥秘
③秘诀，诀窍，窍门：The secret of his success was hard work.他成功的秘诀是勤勉工作。secretary n.①秘书：He is a private secretary to the Minister.他是部长的私人秘书。
②(政府机关等的)秘书官，书记，干事：
He was secretary of this Party branch.他是这个党支部的书记。
section n.①部分：Mother cut a melon into four equal sections.妈妈把甜瓜分成 4 等份。
②部门，(政府机关等的)科，处，组：an accounts section 会计科
③(书，论文等)段，(报纸的)栏： in the sports section of the paper 报纸上的体育版
sector n.部分，领域，行业，区域，地带，扇形：
The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.相比之下，私营部门就有很多钱可供开销。
The sector dam broke and its water drowned the entire valley.扇形水坝倒塌了，水淹没了整个山谷。
secure adj.①安全的：I don’t feel secure when I am alone in the house.我一个人在家时感到不安全。
②牢靠的，稳固的，稳定的：Is this ladder secure?这梯子牢靠吗？
③无忧虑的，无疑虑的：He hoped for a secure old age.他希望有一个无忧无虑的晚年。
④有把握的，确定的：Are you secure of that?你对此有把握吗？
v.①使安全，保护：
Extra men are needed to secure the camp against attack.需要增加兵力保卫兵营免受攻击。
②使固定，系住：He secured the doors and windows.他把门窗关得死死的。
③(使)获得：
Liberia became the first African colony to secure independence.
利比里亚成为非洲殖民地中第一个获得独立的国家。
security n.①安全，安稳：a sense of security 安全感
②安全(保安)措施：Security in the prison is very tight.这座监狱的防卫措施很严密。
③抵押品：lend money on security 抵押贷款
see(saw, seen)v.①看见，看到：Seeing is believing 眼见为实，百闻不如一见。
②领会，明白：You see?(你)明白吗？Oh, I see.哦，我明白了。
I don’t see what you mean.我不懂你的意思。
③看望，拜会：I’ll go and see her.我要去看看她。
④查看，检查：Please see who is at the door.请去看看谁在门口。
⑤观看(电影)，参观：He saw the sight of Hong Kong.他游览了香港。
⑥陪送，送别：You should see her home.你应该送她回家。
⑦想想，看看：Let me see.让我想想看。⑧际遇，目睹：The 19th century saw many changes.许多变革发生于 19 世纪。
【拓展 1】①后接不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带 to：
He saw her go into a shop.我看见她进了一家商店。
但在被动语态中，不定式要带 to：
He was seen to go into shop.有人看见他走进一家商店。
②see sb. do sth.与 see sb. doing sth.：前者表示看见某人做了某事(强调动作的全过
程)，后者表示看见某人正在做某事(强调动作在进行)：
I saw her play the piano.我看她弹了钢琴。
I saw her playing the piano.我看见她正在弹钢琴。
③see sb.(sth.)done 则表示 see 后的宾语与其后的过去分词有被动关系：
I’ve never seen the word used that way before.我从来没有看见这个词这样用过。
④see to it that…意为“当心、注意、务必、保证”，that 从句的谓语通常要用现在
时表示将来意义：
See to it that children don’t catch cold.当心别让孩子感冒。
Please see to it that all the alterations are made at once! 请务必立即执行变更！
【拓展 2】①see much(little, nothing, etc)of sb. 见到某人的机会很多(很少)：
I see little of Mr. Smith.我很少见到史密斯先生。
②see about 负责处理(安排)：
It’s time for me to see about(cooking)dinner.我该去安排晚饭了。
③see sb. off 为某人送行：
I went to the airport to see her off.我到机场去送了她。
④see through 看穿，识破，帮助度过(困难等)，进行到底：
I see through your little game.我看穿了你那套把戏。
⑤see to 照料，处理，照看：
See to the fire while I am out.我不在的时候，请把炉火照料一下。
It would be better if the school authorities should see to it.似应由学校领导处理。
⑥seeing that 因为，由于：
Seeing that he’s ill, he’s unlikely to come.因为他病了，大概不会来了。
⑦see the handwriting on the wall 灾难降临的预兆，不祥征兆：
I could see the handwriting on the wall when they called me in. 他们叫我进去时，我感到了不祥的预兆。
⑧see the forest for the trees 一叶障目，不见泰山；只见树木不见森林：
Paying too much attention to the details, Yuke is not able to see the forest for the
trees.由于太过注重细节，Yuke 只见树木不见森林。
Sometimes we're just too closed to the problems to see the forest for the trees.
有时候我们太围绕这个问题了，有点见山不见林。
seed n.种子，种子选手：
Farmers put seed in the ground.农民往地里下种。
In the final Capriati, the third seed, defeated Katerina Maleeva.
在决赛中，三号种子选手卡普里亚蒂击败了凯特林娜·马莉娃。
seek(sought, sought) v.
①寻找，寻求，探寻：
She will seek(after)the truth in the matter.他将弄清事实的真相。
Nowadays politicians seek after power, wealth and position.当今的政客都在追求权势、财富和地位。
We should seek common ground and reserve differences on this issue.
在这个问题上，我们应当求同存异。
To “seek truth from facts” is the scientific approach.科学的态度是“实事求是”。
The President, whose administration has been under constant fire during the last eighteen months, is
unlikely to seek a second term of life.总统的管理在过去 18 个月里一直受到抨击，他不太可能寻求连任。
②企图，试图：He has sought to explain it.他一直想对此做出解释。
seem v.似乎，好像：It seems(to be)a good idea.那似乎是个好主意。
It seems(as if )it’s going to rain.天好像要下雨。
【拓展】①比较以下同义句：
He seems(to be)ill.=It seems that he is ill.他似乎病了。
She seemed to have forgotten the whole thing.=It seemed that she had forgotten the whole thing.
她似乎把整个这件事都忘掉了。
②There seems to be every indication that there will be an earthquake.
所有迹象似乎都表明将要发生地震。
seize v.①(突然)抓住： He seized the pickpocket by the collar.他抓住那个扒手的衣领。
②抓住(时机等)：If you get the opportunity to work abroad, you should seize it with both hands.
如果你有出国工作的机会，切勿放过。
③夺取，占领：The enemy army seized the city.敌军占领了那座城市。
④(疾病)侵袭，(情绪)支配：Panic seized us.我们惊恐万状。
seldom adv.很少，不常：
I seldom eat meat.我很少吃肉。
It is seldom that a man lives to be a hundred years old.人生百岁古来稀。
select v.选择，挑选，选拔：He selected a shirt to match his suit.他挑选了一件衬衫来配他那套西服。
【拓展】selection n.选择，选拔：
The children have to sit a tough selection test.孩子们必须参加一次严格的选拔测试。
There are plenty of materials you can choose from; the problem now is how to make your selection.
可用的资料很多，就看你如何取舍了。
self n.自己，自我，自身，本人：
I want to explore and get in touch with my inner self.我想认真探寻、了解内心的自我。
She still looks her old self.她依然是那个老样子。
There are no waiters in a self-service restaurant.自助餐厅里没有服务员。
【拓展】①selfless 大公无私，无私的，忘我的，公而忘私的：
His selfless spirit is revealed in every thing he does.他无私的精神表现在各个方面。
It is the working class that is most selfless.工人阶级最大公无私。
②selflessness n.无私，忘我：
All revolutionary work calls for enthusiasm and selflessness.
一切革命工作都需要热情和忘我精神。
selfish adj.自私的，自利的：
I’m sick of your selfish attitude.你那自私的态度真令我讨厌。
Don’t be selfish.不要自私自利。
【拓展】①selfishness n.自私自利，自我中心，利己主义
We must be mindful of the consequences of selfishness
我们必须考虑自私自利的后果。
②unselfish adj.无私的，忘我的，不谋私利的：
The love coming from our parents is unselfish and great. 父母对我们的爱是无私的，伟大的。
③unselfishness n.无私精神：
Such unselfishness ought to be rewarded.这样的无私精神应当得到奖励。
sell(sold, sold)v.①卖：He sold me his car.=He sold his car to me.他把汽车卖给了我。
②被出售，有销路：The book sell well.这书很畅销。
【拓展】sell out 卖光，卖掉，售完，出卖：
He decided to sell out his shares in that company.他决定卖掉在那家公司的股份。
The new dictionaries are very useful. They sell well and have been sold out already.
新的字典非常有用，他们很好卖并已经被卖光了。
We would rather die than sell out our comrades.我们宁死也不出卖自己的同志。
seminar n.研讨会：While it will be fun, the painting seminar also promises to be most instructive.
这次绘画研讨会不仅会有趣，而且有可能会颇具启发意义。
send(sent, sent) v.①送，寄：She sent me a present.她送了我一件礼物。
②使变得，使得：This noise will send me mad.这吵声会使我发疯。
③发信，寄信：Please send me a card.请寄一张明信片来。
【拓展】①send sb. to do sth.与 send sb.(sth.)doing sth.不同：前者表示派(叫)某人去做某事，后
者表示使某人或某物很快地或失去控制地做某事：
We’ll send someone to fetch it.我们将派人去取。
The sound of the gun sent the birds flying away.枪声把鸟吓飞了。
②send for sb.(sth.)派人去请某人(找某物)：
Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗？
③send off 寄出(信等)，发出(消息等)：
You should send all these parcels off by noon.这些包裹应该在中午以前全部寄出。
④send out 发出(光亮等)：The sun sends out light and heat.太阳发出光和热。
⑤send up 发送，发射：
They’re going to send up another man-made satellite next year.
明年他们将要发射另一颗人造卫星。
⑥send away 送走，解雇，遣散：
You must send away this friend of yours.你必须把你的这位朋友送走。
He sent away his servant.他把仆人解雇了。senior adj. ①年长的，上级的：
He is two years senior to me.他比我大两岁。
Although he only joined the firm last year he’s senior to me already.
他虽然去年才来公司，却已经是我的上级了。
②资深的，职位、级别较高的：
Only one manager is senior to me now.现在职位比我高的就只有经理了。
③高年级的：Several options are offered for the senior students.为高年级学生开设了几门选修课。
n.①上级：She felt unappreciated both by her colleagues and her seniors.
她觉得无论同事还是上司都不赏识她。
②年长者，长辈：I was slightly his senior.我比他稍年长。
【拓展】用作形容词，本身已含有比较意义，不再加 more；对两者进行比较要用介词 to，不用
than：He is senior to me.他比我年纪小。
sense n.①(常用单)感觉，意识：
The biggest difference between people and animals is that people have a sense of shame, and no animals!
人与动物最大的区别在于人有羞耻感，而动物却没有！
Our school is trying to teach young people to develop a sense of responsibility.
我们的学校努力教育年轻人以培养责任感。
②感官，官能：A dog has a keen sense of smell.狗有灵敏的嗅觉。
The dog has an acute sense of smell while the rabbit has a sharp sense of hearing.
狗狗有着灵敏的嗅觉，而兔子有敏锐的听觉。
③常识，见识：There’s a lot of sense in what she says.她说的话很有见地。
④(词语等的)意义：The sense of the word is not clear.这个词的意思不清楚。
⑤(用复数)知觉，理性，理智：
He can dull your senses with facts and figures.他会用事实和数据蒙蔽你的理智。
v.感觉到，意识到：The horse sensed danger and stopped.那匹马意识到危险，停了下来。
【拓展】①in a sense 在某种意义上：What you say is true in a sense.你说的话在某种意义上属实。
②make sense 有意义，有道理，讲得通：
This sentence doesn’t make any sense.这个句子完全讲不通。
③make sense of 理解，弄懂：
We can’t make sense of what the teacher is saying.对老师说的我们没弄懂。④There is no sense in doing sth.做某事没有道理：
There’s no sense in going by boat when the plane is just as cheap and much quicker.
坐船去是没有理由的，因为坐飞机也一样便宜而且快得多。
sensitive adj.①敏感的，在意的：
Some of us are sensitive to smells.我们当中的一些人对气味很敏感。
Young people are very sensitive about their appearance.年轻人对外表很在意。
②易受伤害的，神经过敏的：
Don’t be so sensitive! I was only joking.不要那么多心！我不过是开玩笑。
Don’t be so sensitive and I was not criticizing you.别那么神经过敏，我不是在批评你。
③体贴的，体恤的，善解人意的：
He was always so sensitive and caring.他总是如此理解和关心别人。
I have a helpful and sensitive friend.我有一位乐于助人、善解人意的朋友。
④(机器、仪器等)灵敏的：This instrument is highly sensitive.这架仪器很灵敏。
【拓展】①sensible 明智/理智的，通情达理的，合乎情理的，意识到的：
The sensible thing is to leave them alone.别去管他们才是明智的。
I’m trying to persuade you to be more sensible.我想要说服你更理智一点儿。
They found her a sensible woman.他们发现她是个通情达理的妇女。
In the state I was in, this seemed a perfectly sensible remark.
在我所处的情况下，这么说看来是完全合乎情理的。
He’s sensible of the danger of his situation.他意识到自己所处的险境。
②senseless adj.无意义的，无知的，失去知觉的，不省人事的：
He thought it absolutely senseless to attempt the impossible.
他认为试图去做一些不可能实现的事是无意义的。
It's senseless to get angry over such a trifle.不值得为这点小事惹气。
The blow to his head knocked him senseless.他头部受了一击，失去了知觉。
sentence n.①句子：Write three sentences using “thanks to”.用 thanks to 造三个句子。
②判决，徒刑：
Heath’s appeal against the sentence was later successful.希思对判决不服提出上诉，后来胜诉了。
【拓展】v.宣判，判决：
He was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder.他因谋杀罪被判终身监禁。You can be sentenced to death if you commit a serious crime in this state.
在这个州如果你犯了重罪的话，就可能会被判处死刑。
separate v.①分开，隔开：Separate your things from mine.把你的东西与我的东西分开。
②分手：We talked until midnight and then separated.我们一直谈到深夜才分手。
He announced a new ministry to deal with Quebec’s threat to separate from Canada.
他宣布成立一个新部门，专门处理魁北克威胁要从加拿大分裂出去一事。
【拓展】参看词条 divide：
Let’s divide the students into three groups and separate boys from girls; in this way each group
will have a separate room to live in.让我们把学生分成三组，把男生和女生分开，用这种方
式每组都有单独的房间居住。
adj.①分开的，分离的：
Cut it into three separate parts.把它切成三等份。
Business bank accounts were kept separate from personal ones.
银行的商业账户和个人账户是分开管理的。
②单独的，各自的，各个的：We have separate rooms.我们各有各的房间。
separation n.分离，隔离：They were pleased to meet after such a long separation.久别重逢，他们非常高兴。
series n.系列，连续：The students have put forward a series of questions.学生们提出了一系列问题。
He was carrying on about some stupid television series.
他喋喋不休地说着某个无聊的电视连续剧。
serious adj.①严重的：The mistake is not very serious.这个错误并不是很严重。
②严肃的，认真的：
I want to have a serious talk with you.我想认真地同你谈一谈。
She was serious about the problem.她对那个问题非常认真。
③不是开玩笑的：Are you serious?你当真吗？
vant n.仆人，佣人，公仆：
Fire and water may be good servants, but bad masters.水火是忠仆，用之不慎成灾主。
A politician should be a servant of the people.政治家应该是人民的公仆。
serve v.①招待(顾客等)：Are you being served?有人接待你吗？
②为……服务：Lenin considered that theory should serve practice.列宁认为理论必须为实践服务。
③向……供应，提供：A single pipeline serves all the houses with water.一条管道为所有房子供水。④供职，服役，服刑：He began to serve in the army in1930.他从 1930 年开始在部队服役。
⑤用作：This will serve as a proof.以此为凭。
【拓展】①表示“为……服务”，它是及物动词，不要按汉语意思在其后误加介词 for。
②比较同义句：
She served us(with)fruit and tea.=She served fruit and tea to us.她用水果和茶招待我们。
③It serves you right.活该，自作自受。
④serve a purpose 有用：
I hope that my lessons serve a purpose in my students’ lives.
我希望我的课对学生的生活有用。
service n.①服务： I can assure you，our after-sales service won’t be a problem.
我敢向您保证，我们的售后服务绝对没问题。
All the ladies are full of praise for the staff and service they received
所有女士都高度赞扬了工作人员和他们所提供的服务。
②帮忙，贡献：Will you do me a service?帮我个忙好吗？
【拓展】①表示“服务”时，视含义的具体与抽象，可用作可数(多用复数)或不可数名词，但若指
旅馆、饭店、商店等的服务，通常不可数：
The service in this place is bad; sometimes you have to wait 10 minutes for service.
这个地方的服务很差，有时得等 10 分钟才有人接待。
②service-charge n.服务费，小费：
Here is your bill. We’ve added on the five per cents service charge.
这是你的帐单。我们已把百分之五的手续费加进去了。
③随时听候吩咐，随时为你效劳：
I’m always at your service.我随时听候您的吩咐。
My brothers and I are at your service. 我的兄弟们和我本人随时为你效劳。
session n.①开会，开庭：Congress was in session.国会正在开会。
The court was in session.法庭在开庭。
②一段时间：
We need a session to work out our budgets.我们需要一段时间算出我们的预算。
A relaxation session may put you in a better frame of mind.放松一段时间，你的心情或许会好一些。
③学期，学年：You will be asked to present your proposal during the last session.你必须在学期末报告你的计划。
set(set, set)v.①(太阳等)下落：The sun rises in the ease and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。
②摆设，放置：I set the flowers on the table.我把花放在桌子上。
③使，致使：
We set the children to clean the windows.我们叫孩子们擦窗户。
What he said set me thinking.他的话使我思考。
④以……为背景，设置(布景，背景)：
The play is set in a small Midwestern town.这出戏以中西部的一个小镇为背景。
⑤调整，校正：She set the watch by the time signal.她按报时信号将表调好。
⑥确定，规定：Let’s set the time of the meeting.我们来定一下会议的时间。
⑦树立(榜样)：She has set us a good example.她为我们树立了好榜样。
n.①装备，设备：I bought a new TV set.我买一台新电视机。
②一套，一副：a set of gardening tools 一套园艺工具
【拓展】常考含有 set 动词短语的意义见下列例句：
I will set about preparing/set out to prepare supper.
我要开始准备晚饭了。
I don’t know how to set about this job.我不知道怎样着手这项工作。
He felt happy when his boss stated that he could set aside some time for exercise.
当他的老板表明他可以留出点时间来锻炼时，他很开心。
He would always set down new ideas that occurred to him.
他总是愿意写下他突然想起的新主意。
The play is set in a small Midwestern town.这出戏以中西部的一个小镇为背景。
The spring-sowing time has set in.春播季节到来了。
Tommy, it’s about time you should set off for the airport.
汤米，到了你该出发去机场的时间了。
The enemy tank car caught fire and set off a chain of explosions.
敌人的油车着了火，引起了一连串的爆炸。
Almost every country celebrating a special occasion will set off fireworks.
几乎每个国家在庆祝特别时刻时都会放烟花。
Blue suits you, and sets off the colour of your hair.蓝色很适合你，能衬托出你的发色。
They have set out to deal with the present situation 他们已经开始着手处理目前的现状。
A new middle school has been set up in the village.村里新办了一所中学。
The old lady died, leaving his son an orphan. But the money she left set him up for life.
老太太去世了，留下她的儿子一个孤儿。但她离开时留下的钱够安置孩子度过一生。
setting n.环境，(某事、戏剧、小说等的)背景：
Farmers and workers work in a safe work setting.农民和工人在安全的环境中工作。
The performance of the actors and setting on the stage are mainly symbolic.
京剧中演员的表演和舞台背景多采用象征手法。
This is a short story with a contemporary setting.这是一篇以当代生活为背景的短篇小说。
settlement n.①解决(办法)：
We hope for a lasting settlement of all these troubles.我们希望这些纠纷能获得永久的解决。
②定居点，(美)部落，村落：
He said there is no middle solution on the settlement issue.
他说，在定居点的问题上没有中间道路可走。
The village is a settlement of just fifty houses.这个村子里只住了 50 户人。
③安置:The third chapter analyzes the settlement pattern of farmers losing land in Wuhu city.
第三章是芜湖市失地农民安置模式分析。
【拓展】①settle v.
安家，定居：He finally settled in South America.他最后在南美定居下来。
降落，停息：The bird settled on a branch.那只鸟落在了树枝上。
变稳定，安定下来：The weather has settled at last.天气终于稳定下来了。
安定，安放：She settled herself beside him on the sofa.她舒适的挨着他坐在沙发上。
使平静，使镇定：The music will settle your nerves.音乐会使你镇定下来。
解决，安排，决定：That settles the matter.事情就那样解决了。
②settle down 定居/安定/安静下来：
The Roma originally lived in northern India in what is now Pakistan, and later tried in vain
to settle down where they could live and trade peacefully.吉普赛人最初生活在印度北部，
也就是现在的巴基斯坦，后来他们试图在那里定居，并进行和平贸易，但没有成功。
It was two o’clock before I could settle down to writing the next chapter.直到两点钟我才能静下来写下一章。
③settle for 满足于，勉强接受：
Maybe you got to settle for a second-rate job.或许你开始满足于一个二流的工作。
England will have to settle for the third or fourth place.
英格兰将只好接受第三或第四的排名。
④settler n.移居者，殖民者，定居者：
Chinese settlers helped tame the American continent during the 19th century.
中国移民在 19 世纪为开拓美洲大陆作出了贡献。
several pron.几个，数个：Several of you need to work harder.你们有几个人还需要努力。
adj.若干：I have several letters to write today.我今天有好几封信要写。
severe adj.①严厉的，苛刻的：He is severe upon [on] his son.他对他儿子很严厉。
②严重的，剧烈的，恶劣的：severe pain 剧痛
③严峻的：She was facing with severe money problems.她面临严峻的资金问题。
【拓展】severity n.严重，严格，严谨：
The new drug lessens the severity of pneumonia episodes.新药减轻了肺炎发作时的痛苦。
sew(sewed, sewn/sewed) v.缝制，缝补：
This dress is sewn by hand.这件衣服是手工缝制的。
Next day, Miss Stone decided to sew up the hole in her trousers.第二天，斯通小姐决定将裤子上的洞缝好。
sex n.性，性别：Which sex is your cat?你的猫是公的还是母的？
There are members of both sexes in the team.这个队里男女队员都有。
There is a lot of sex in the book.这本书有很多性描写。
sexual adj.性的，生殖的，性别的：
Girls generally reach sexual maturity two years earlier than boys.
通常女孩性发育成熟要比男孩早两年。
Some female groups are strongly opposed to sex discrimination.一些女性团体强烈反对性别歧视。
shabby adj. ①破烂的，衣衫褴褛的：
His clothes were old and shabby.他的衣服又旧又破。
②简陋的，寒酸的：
He walked past her into a tiny, shabby room.他从她身边经过，走进了一个狭小简陋的房间。
His shabby look gives a bad impression.他那寒酸的样子给人留下不好的印象。shade n.①阴凉，树阴：
There isn’t much shade here.这儿阴凉不多。
Green trees make shade.绿树成阴。
②遮光物，帘，幕：Put down the window shade.把窗帘拉下来。
shadow n.①影子，阴影：As the sun set, the shadows became longer.太阳落山时，影子就会变长。
②(也用复数)阴暗的地方：
He walked along in the shadows hoping no one would recognize him.
他走在暗处，希望没人认出他来。
shake(shook, shaken) v.
①摇动，震动，：
Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.服用此药前请先摇晃瓶子。
He was much shaken at/by/with the news.听到这个消息他非常震动。
②(使)发抖/颤抖：
An experience like that would shake anyone here.那样的经历会使这里任何人都紧张得发抖的。
My hands started to shake.我的手开始颤抖。
③握(手)：If you agree, let’s shake on it.如果你同意，我们就握手确定。
He shook hands with me.= He shook my hand.他同我握了手。
④挥去，摇落，抖掉：
Shake the rugs well and hang them for a few hours before replacing on the floor.
把地毯好好抖抖，挂起来晾上几小时再铺到地板上。
Shake off any excess flour before putting livers in the pan.将多余的面粉抖落干净，再把肝脏放进锅中。
【拓展】shake off 摆脱：
I was unable to shake off my self-pity.我无法摆脱自怜自哀的情绪。
shall(should) modal v.
①将要，会：I’m afraid I shan’t be able to come.我恐怕不能来。
②(用于疑问句中征求意见)要不要，……好吗：
Shall I open the window?要我把窗子打开吗？
③(用于陈述句中表示允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定、必然性)：
You shall suffer for this.你会为此事吃苦头的。
shallow adj.①肤浅的：The argument was shallow from beginning to end.那次辩论从头到尾都很肤浅。②浅的，不深的：I don’t accept that shallow explanation.我不会接受那样肤浅的解释。
shame n. ①羞愧，羞耻，惭愧：To my shame, I made a mistake again.令我感到羞耻的是，我又出了错。
②耻辱，没有名誉：He put her to shame.他使她感到羞耻。
③惋惜的事，可耻的事：What a shame you didn’t win.你没赢，真是遗憾。
【拓展】①shameful adj.不体面的，可耻的：I hate such shameful conduct.我憎恨那样的可耻行为。②
shameless adj.(人)不知羞耻的，无耻的，脸皮厚的：
To tell you the truth, you are the most shameless person I have ever seen.
恕我直言，你是我见过的最不知羞耻的人。
What a shameless man! 这人脸皮真厚！
shape n.形状，外形：
The picture is round in shape.这幅画是圆形的。
Diet and exercise will alter your shape.节食和锻炼会改变你的体形。
The shoes were worn out of shape.把鞋穿走形了。
There was a red mark on his back in the shape of the letter S.他的背上有一个蛇形的红斑。
Our plan is beginning to take shape.我们的计划开始成形了。
v.(使)成型，塑造，影响：
The Greeks shaped the thinking of Western man.希腊人对西方人的思想产生了巨大影响。
It shapes the pattern of our life and thinking way.它塑造了我们的生活方式和思考方式。
share v.①分配，分发：He shared (out) $100 among [between] the five men.他把 100 美元分给了这 5 个人。
②分享，分担，共用：
Children should learn to share.小孩应该学会与人分享东西。
You can find out whether they are prepared to share the cost of the flowers with you.
你可以弄清楚他们是否愿意和你一起分担买花的费用。
All artists have part of themselves that they can never share with anyone else.
所有艺术家都有一些不愿和他人分享的东西。
n.①份额，一份：Where is my share?我的一份呢？
②股份，股票：He has been keen to buy shares in US-AIR.他一直热衷于购买美国航空公司的股票。
shark n.鲨鱼：The shark dived down and swam under the boat.鲨鱼急速潜入水中，在船下游动。
sharp adj.①锋利的，尖的：Be careful of the sharp blade.当心这锋利的刀。
②机警的，敏锐的，精明的：He’s old but his mind is still sharp.他虽上了年纪，思维还很敏捷。③陡峭的，(上升或下降等)陡的：There was a sharp rise in prices last year.去年物价急剧上升。
④(疼痛等)剧烈的，(寒冷等)凛冽的：
Suddenly I felt a sharp pain in my shoulder.我突然感到肩膀上一阵剧痛。
sharpen v.①使锐利，削尖，加剧：
A workman must sharpen his tools if he is to do his work well.工欲善其事，必先利其器。
Her voice sharpened as she became impatient.她在变得不耐烦时，声音也变尖了。
The case of Harris has sharpened the debate over capital punishment.
哈里斯案激化了人们对死刑的争论。
②使敏锐，使敏捷，加强，提高：
Studies suggest chocolate may also help lower blood pressure, and sharpen thinking.
研究还表明，巧克力有助于降压，使思维敏捷。
She’s doing a course to sharpen her business skills.她正在进修，以提高自己的业务技巧。
【拓展】sharpener n.削尖用的器具：
Here’s a pencil sharpener.这儿有把卷笔刀。
shave(shaved, shaved/shaven) v.修(面)，刮(脸)：His beard was freshly shaven.他的胡子刚刮过。
shaver n.剃须刀：Please fetch me the electric shaver from the room downstairs.
请帮我把楼下房间里的电动剃须刀拿来。
she pron.她：She was seventeen and she had no education or employment.她 17 岁，未受过教育，也没有工作。
sheep(pl sheep) n.(绵)羊：Dogs guard sheep.护羊犬守护羊群。
【拓展】a black sheep 败类、败家子、害群之马：
John is considered a black sheep in the village and no one likes to make friends with him.
约翰被人看作是村里的害群之马，没有人愿意和他交朋友。
Dick is a black sheep, always bringing trouble to his family.迪克是个败家子，总给家里招惹麻烦。
sheet n.①床单，褥单：We change the sheets every week.我们每周换床单。
②一页纸，一张纸，一大片：
Once the decision is reached, he can date and sign the sheet.
一旦决议达成，他就可以在这张纸上签署日期和姓名了。
shelf(pl shelves) n.架子，搁板：
He took a book from the shelf.他从书架上拿了一本书。
I hope this time they will not put my plan on the shelf.希望这一次他们不会把我的计划束之高阁。shelter n.①隐藏，掩蔽：In the storm I took shelter under a tree.下暴风雨时我在树下躲避。
②隐蔽处：A shelter must be large enough to protect you.隐蔽处必须具有足以保护你的空间
③避难/庇护所，栖身之所，安身之处：
The Red Cross provides food and shelter for disaster victims.红十字会给受难者提供食物和避难所。
Many of our money goes for food, clothing and shelter.我们的钱多数用于吃穿住上。
Many are sleeping in the open because they have no shelter.
很多人因为没有栖身之所，只好露宿在外。
He afforded a temporary shelter for the needy.他为穷人提供暂时的安身之处。
【拓展】shelter 作动词用：
Some parents are just too protective. They want to shelter their kids from every kind of danger,
real or imagined.许多的父母太具有保护性，他们想保护自己的孩子免于任何一种危险，
甚至想象中的危险。
With the number of migrants rising sharply, Europe’s leaders have struggled to find solutions
that can accommodate both domestic political pressures and their legal and moral duties to
shelter those migrants.随着移民人数急剧增长，欧洲的领导人们努力寻找一种解决办法，
从国内政治压力和法律和道德义务两方面考虑为移民们提供庇护。
shift v.改变，转移，变换：
Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.最近几年对精神病的态度已有所改变。
He shifted from foot to foot.他从一只脚换到另一只脚。
I’ve been long enough in this job and I’m going to shift to a new one.
这份工作我干的时间太长了，所以我想换一份新工作。
n.①转移，改变，变换，转换：
A sudden shift in the wind warned of the coming storm.风向的突然改变预示暴风雨来临。
Press “Shift” and type “C”.按切换键然后打字母 C。
②轮/换班 ：The day shift arrives[arrive] at eight o’clock.白班工人八点钟来换班。
shine(shone, shone)
v.①发光，发亮：The sun shone bright(ly).阳光明媚。
②使(灯等)照射：Please shine your flashlight over here.请把手电筒往这边照。
③擦亮：Go and shine your shoes.去把你的皮鞋擦亮。
ship n.船，轮船：You can get there by train or by ship.你可以坐火车和坐船到那。v.用船装运：The products will be shipped to Europe.这些产品将用船运到欧洲。
shirt n.衬衫：He was wearing a light-grey suit over a shirt.他在衬衫外面套了一件浅灰色西装。
shock n.①震动：I felt the shock as the aircraft hit the ground.飞机着落时我感到震了一下。
②震惊，惊骇：
That shock almost finished him.那一惊几乎把他吓死。
She froze when she saw us—I thought for a moment she might be in shock.
她一看到我们，就楞住了——我想了一会儿，她可能下了一大跳。
③撞击，打击：
He has never recovered from the shock of your brother’s death.
他还没有从他兄弟去世的打击中恢复过来。
④电击，电震：An electric shock can kill you.电击可致人于死地。
v.使震惊：I was shocked to hear the news.=I was shocked at/by the news.我听到这个消息很是震惊。
shocking adj.令人气愤的，触目惊心的，惊人的，非常糟糕的：
It is shocking that nothing was said.当时竟然什么都没说，真让人愤慨。
In recent years, the invasion of alien organisms causes a shocking loss.
近年来，外来生物入侵造成的损失触目惊心。
There is a shocking number of traffic accidents.交通事故多得惊人。
It is shocking that they involved children in the crime.令人发指的是，他们教唆儿童参与犯罪活动。
I must have been in a shocking state last night.昨晚我的情况一定很糟糕。
shoe n.鞋(子)：He fished out a pair of shoes from under the bed.他从床底下摸出一双鞋来。
【拓展】stand in others’ shoes 站在别人的立场上，换位思考：
People like this know how to stand in others’ shoes. They know when they should reach out a
helping hand.这样的人，知道怎样站在别人的角度想问题，知道什么时候应该伸出援手。
shoot(shot, shot)v.
①射击，射中：He shot at the bird, but missed it.他对着鸟开枪，但没有打中。
②(篮球)投篮，(足球)射门：
A time limit was set for a team to shoot at the basket.球队在规定时间内必须要投篮。
③拍摄：He’d love to shoot his film in Cuba.他很乐意在古巴拍摄他的影片。
n.嫩枝，苗，芽：Notice how the white shoot turns green.注意白色幼苗如何变绿。
shop v.买东西：I like shopping for clothes.我喜欢买衣服。She went shopping.她去买东西了。
n.商店：There’s a little gift shop around the corner.在街角附近有一家小礼品店。
shopkeeper n.店主，零售商人：
Last month a shopkeeper’s nephew was shot dead.上个月一名店主的侄子被枪杀了。
shopping n.买东西：She did a lot of shopping yesterday.她昨天买了许多东西。
I’ve got some shopping to do.我要买些东西。
shore n.岸：on the shores of the West Lake 在西湖湖滨
short adj.①短的：He had a short stay here.他曾在这里短期停留过。
There is no short cut.没有捷径(可走)。
②矮的：Jane is shorter than her.简比她矮。
③不足的，短缺的：We are short of money.我们缺钱。
【拓展】①in short 简而言之，总之，一句话，简言之：
In short, he is a cheat.总之，他是个骗子。
In short, I didn’t like the film at all.总而言之，这电影我一点儿也不喜欢。
②for short 为了简短，简称：Jonathan is called Jon for short.乔纳森被简称为乔。
③shorten v.(使)变短，缩短：
Injury problems could shorten his career.受伤的问题有可能缩短他的职业生涯。
Her name’s Katherine, generally shortened to Kay.她名叫凯瑟琳，通常简称凯。
Do you know where I can get someone to shorten my skirt?
你知道在哪儿我能找人把握的裙子裁短了吗？
shortcoming n.缺点，短处：We all have some shortcomings.凡人皆有某些短处。
shortly adv.①立刻，不久，很快：
He will be back shortly.他不久就回来。
Shortly after the earthquake, many people hurried to the hospital to donate their blood.
地震后不久，许多人匆忙去赶到医院捐献血液。
Please be seated and have a little patience. Ms. Jones will be back shortly.
请坐，稍等片刻。琼斯小姐很快就会回来的。
②无礼地，唐突地，不耐烦地：He answered me shortly.他很唐突地答复我。
shorts n.(复)短裤，运动短裤：You need a bathing suit and a pair of shorts.你可以穿游泳衣和短裤。
shot n.①射击，开炮，射击声：He was not a particularly good shot because of his eyesight.他视力不好，算不上是一个出色的射手。
②射门，投篮，击球：The center-forward had a shot at the goal.中锋射了一次门。
③子弹：A man fired a volley of shots at them.一名男子向他们射出了一排子弹。
should modal v.①(shall 的过去式)过去将会：I told him I should get up early.我告诉他我会早起。
②应当，应该：Teachers should be kind to their students.老师应该对学生友好。
③竟然(表示惊讶或不理解)：
I find it astonishing that your desk-mate should be so rude to you.
你的同桌竟然对你这么粗鲁，我觉得真是让人感到震惊。
④(用于虚拟语气的条件从句中，加强假设的语气)：
Write to me if you should need help.万一需要我帮助，写信给我。
We shouldn’t have won without you.没有你的话我们就不会赢。
【拓展】①should 表示推断时，语气较肯定，通常是指非常可能的事(因为暗示有一定的事
实依据或合乎常理)，而与之相比，may, might, could 等表示推测时，则语气较不
肯定，尤其是 might, could。
②should do sth.与 should have done sth.不同：前者指应去做某事，后者指本来应该
做的结果却未做：
You should come early.你应该早点来。
You should have come earlier.你本来应该早点来的。
shoulder n.肩膀：She looked over her shoulder.她回过头来看。
He has a heavy task on his shoulders.他肩负重任。
【拓展】①give(sb.)the cold shoulder 冷淡，冷漠对待：
You give someone the cold shoulder when your refuse to speak to them.
当你不想与某人讲话时，你会对他冷淡。
Don’t give me the cold shoulder.别给我摆臭脸。
—Peter, you must have received a warm welcome at Jane’s birthday party.
—Far from it. I still wonder why it was that she gave me the cold shoulder.
“彼得，你一定在简的生日聚会上受到了热烈欢迎。”“并非如此。我仍然想知道为
什么她对我爱搭不理。”
②shoulder to shoulder(肩)并肩：
The soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder.士兵们肩并肩地站着。 ③v.承担，担负，肩负； 背，扛，挑，担；用肩推(或挤)：
He has had to shoulder the responsibility of his father's mistakes.
他得为他父亲的过错承担责任。
Living in the new era, we should shoulder the responsibility to achieve the Chinese dream.
生活在新时代，我们应该肩负起实现中国梦的责任。
The rest of the group shouldered their bags, gritted their teeth and set off.
那群人中其余的人扛起包，咬着牙出发了。
The policemen rushed past him, shouldering him aside.
警察从他身边匆匆而过，把他挤到一边。
shout n.叫声，呼喊：Suddenly I heard a shout.突然我听到喊叫声。
v.叫喊，高声呼喊：
She shouted for help.她大声呼救。
Don’t shout out all the answers.别把所有的答案都大声说出来。
He shouted at me.他对我吼叫。(意在训人)
He shouted to me.他朝着我大声叫喊。(无训人之意)
show(showed, shown)
n.①展示，展览(会)：Have you been to the flower show?你去参观花卉展了没有？
②演出 ：The show lasted two hours.演出持续了两小时。
v.①给……看，出示：Show me some others.=Show some others to me.再拿一些给我看。
②引导，带领：Show the visitors in, will you?请把参观者迎进来好吗？
③告诉，解释：Show me where your leg hurts.告诉我你的腿什么地方疼。
④说明，表明：That shows how little you know.这表明你多么无知。
⑤显现，显出：Her fear showed in her eyes.从她的眼睛里可以看出她的恐惧。
⑥上映，演出：Where is the film showing?电影在哪里放映？
【拓展】常考含有 show 动词短语的意义见下列例句：
Although he wants to make a hit, I think he hasn’t got much to show off.
虽然他想大出风头，不过我以为他没有什么可炫耀的。
Body builders shave their chests to show off their muscles.健美运动员剃去胸毛以展示肌肉。
If I have time, I will show you around our city.如果我有时间，我将领你参观我们城市。
Don’t you hate it when somebody shows up at a party wearing the same dress as you?你难道不讨厌有人穿着和你一样的衣服出现在派对上吗？
shower n.①阵雨：It looks like a shower.看起来要下阵雨了。
②淋浴：I was having a shower at that time.那时我正冲澡。
v.①下阵雨：It’s started to shower.开始下阵雨了。
②阵雨般地落下：Letters showed on him.大量信件雪片似的向他飞来。
③淋浴：There wasn’t time to shower or change clothes.没时间淋浴换衣服了。
shrink(shrank, shrank) v.
①(使)变小，短缩：The dress shrank when I washed it.这件衣服洗后缩水了。
②退缩，回避，畏怯：A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.羞怯的人怕见生人。
shut(shut, shut)v.
①关闭，关上：
All the shops were shut.商店都关门了。
I don’t have to tell you how important it is for you to keep your mouth shut about all this.
我不用告诉你，你自己也知道对所有这些事保密有多重要了吧。
②关在(里边或外面)：to shut a bird into a cage 把一只鸟关入笼中
【拓展】常考含有 shut 动词短语的意义见下列例句：
They threatened to shut down the factory.他们威胁着要关闭这家工厂。
Shut off the gas and electricity before you go out.出门前将煤气和电关掉。
Are you telling me to shut up again?你是不是告诉我我应该再次闭嘴？
Some kinds of flowers shut up at night as if they do this in order to sleep.
一些种类的花在夜间收拢，好像它们这么做是为了要睡觉一样。
shuttle n.往返与两个定点之间的)(火车、汽车、飞机/飞船),班车(机)：
There is a shuttle between the town center and the station.市中心和车站之间有往返汽车。
Some time after the rockets and the space shuttle are launched, the rocket will separate from the space
shuttle and fall into the sea.火箭和飞船在发射一段时间之后，火箭会和飞船分离，落入海中。
shy adj.①害羞的：She gave him a shy smile.她对他羞怯地笑了笑。
②畏缩的：His eye trouble made him shy of light.眼病使他怕光。
【拓展】①I am a little shy.(交际用语)我钱不够了(囊中羞涩)：
I’m a little shy. Could you please lend me some?
我钱不够了(囊中羞涩)，你能借我一点吗?②shyness n.害臊，羞怯，胆怯，羞涩，腼腆：
There was a hint of schoolboy shyness in his explanation.他的解释中带有一丝学生的羞涩。
Many believe it was his shyness and insecurity which let him down
很多人认为是他的腼腆和缺乏安全感拖了他的后腿。
sick adj.①有病的，患病的：He fell sick.他生病了。
②(想)呕吐的，恶心的：The long train ride made him sick.长时间坐车使他想呕吐。
③厌烦的，讨厌的：John is sick of his job.约翰讨厌他的工作。
【拓展】be sick for 思念，想念：
After a long time for many years, he is now sick for his home.多年以后他现在很想家。
sickness n.①疾病：A lot of workers are absent because of sickness.许多工人因病缺勤。
②恶心，呕吐：After a while, the sickness gradually passed and she struggled to the mirror.
过了一会儿，她渐渐不那么恶心了，挣扎着到了镜子前。
【拓展】乡思，思家成疾，怀乡：
Eyes raised, I see the moon so bright; Head bent, in homesickness I am drowned.
抬头望明月，低头思故乡。
side n.①边，旁边：There are trees on both sides of the road.路的两边都种有树。
②面，侧面：He painted all four sides of the box.他把箱子的四面都漆了。
【拓展】①adj.侧面的，边的：a side door 边门
枝节的，附带的：Some drugs have harmful side effects.有些药有有害的副作用。
②side by side＝shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩，一起：
Every morning, he was running side by side with his father.
每天早晨他都和爸爸肩并肩跑步。
We must stand side by side in our days of trouble.
在困难的日子里我们一定要肩并肩地站在一起。
sidewalk n.人行道：Driving past the crossroads, I found a little girl lying on the sidewalk crying.
开车经过十字路口时，我发现一个小女孩正躺在人行道上哭泣。
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