高中英语阅读理解破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法

破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 1 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 高考英语阅读理解的文章大都选自英语原版材料，文中含有一些长难句，比较难以理解，对 做题会有影响。没关系，看看突破高考英语阅读长难句的 5 大招，再瞅瞅历年高考长难句精 析，10 分钟就能教你搞定高考英语中的那些长难句。 英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。 句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分 隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。下面我们来谈谈几种英语阅读长难句的处 理方法。 方法 1：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的 意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句 可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如： People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎， 导致大象数量减少。 【分析】that 引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是 encourage 和 hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知 encourage 和 hurt 的主语是动名词短语 weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。 方法 2：提主干，去枝叶（从句、状语和定语等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信 息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维 混乱，主次不分。如： Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s. 【句意】来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项 研究是一个历时 15 年的课题，它记录了数千名在美国 20 世纪 90 年代中期上中学的一组青 少年的财产情况。 【分析】句子主干为 Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作 economists 的定语；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作 findings 的定语；a 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 2 15-year research project 作 the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 的同位语； charting...作 project 的定语；who 引导定语从句修饰 teenagers。 方法 3：寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关 联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主 句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关 联词谙熟于心。如： Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements. 【句意】你与教授相处是否融洽对你的自身发展起着重要的作用，因为这是衡量你是否尊重 权威和服从要求的标准。 【分析】此句为复合句，句中 whether 引导主语从句，as 引导原因状语从句，how well 引 导从句作介词 of 的宾语。 方法 4：看搭配，防分隔 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若 受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【句意】一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在 广告中强调这一点。 【分析】其实本句是一个"主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语"句型"make+宾语+宾补"，即"使…… 成为……"，只不过宾语和宾补被"to some degree"隔开而已。 方法 5：关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，让人理不清头绪，这时只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚 句意。 Miss Dermain’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted. 【句意】Dermain 的妈妈在整个婚礼显得很焦虑，据说 Cordell 的父母的情绪也不是很高涨。 总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强 对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 3 The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. 【句意】一种文化背景下的人不像另一种文化背景下的人一样直率地表达他们的情感，这一 事实并不意味着他们没有这些情感。 【分析】本句的主干为 The fact does not mean that...，其中，that they do not experience emotions 是从句作mean的宾语。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another 为 fact 的同位语从句，其中 as do members of another 是状语从句，助动 词 do 位于主语 members of another 前形成倒装，主语后省略了 express their emotions。 ★2016—2013 年高考英语真题阅读理解长难句精析 21 句 1. 2016•全国卷 I•B 篇 Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. 【分析】but 前面是第一分句，but 后面是第二分句。动名词短语 Having your grandchildren far away 是第一分句的主语，现在分词短语 especially knowing your adult child is struggling 是第 一分句中的状语；动名词短语 giving up the life you know 是第二分句的主语，you know 是定 语从句，修饰先行词 the life。 【译文】与孩子们距离远是痛苦的，尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艰难，但是放弃你熟悉的 生活可能会更艰难。 2. 2016•全国卷 I•C 篇 For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 【分析】For this courier job 是介词短语，在句中作状语；that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life 是宾语从句，in that box 是宾语从句中的地点状 语，you’ve got something 是宾语从句中的主谓宾；that is potentially going to save somebody’s life 是定语从句，修饰前面的 something。 【译文】对于这份传递员的工作而言，你会自觉地意识到你手中的那个箱子装着可能挽救某 人生命的东西。 3. 2016•全国卷 I•D 篇 Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied （ 暗 示 ） is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 4 continuing. 【分析】when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops 是时间状语从 句，what may be implied 是主语从句，what 在主语从句中作主语，that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing 是表语从句，表语从句中含有宾语从句 what has been said before continuing，what 在宾语从句中作主语。 【译文】所以当一个来自这些文化之一的人在讲话时突然停住了，可能那个人是在继续（讲 话）之前暗示听众去思考他之前说了什么。 4. 2016•全国卷 II•B 篇 His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect（感染） other students. 【分析】句中that引导宾语从句，且whose引导定语从句，修饰an unexpected teaching assistant。 【译文】他的存在意味着我在班级有一位意想不到的教学助手，并且他的创造力会感染其他 的学生。 5. 2016•全国卷 II•C 篇 Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. 【分析】句中现在分词短语 hoping that...在句中作状语，且其中的 that 引导宾语从句，且从 句中的现在分词短语 traveling...在从句中充当状语，而 who 引导定语从句，修饰 each new reader。 【译文】然后，这个人把它放在一个公共场所，希望这本书会经历一次冒险，与发现它的每 一位新读者到处旅行。 6. 2016•全国卷 III•A 篇 CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. 【分析】本句为一个含有较长介词短语的简单句，including 至句末为介词短语，performances 后的"by..."是介词短语作后置定语，presenting Baroque through modern music 为现在分词短语 作名词的后置定语。 【译文】CCM 组织了多样的活动，包括知名的 LaSalle 四重奏乐团和 CCM 爱乐管弦乐团的 演出，还有各种代表巴罗克风格到现代音乐的音乐家团体所进行的演出。破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 5 7. 2016•全国卷 III•B 篇 Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion（团聚）. 【分析】本句为复合句，逗号前为现在分词短语作时间状语，定语从句"that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion（团聚）"在句中修饰先行词 the turn of events. 【译文】在返回市区宾馆的途中，韦尔蒂的大都市的朋友们惊讶于他们活动的转变，他们的 聚会早已由纽约式的宴会变成了密西西比人的地方性团聚。 8. 2016•全国卷 III•B 篇 Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. 【分析】句中的"Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats"与"Welty’s people"构成同位关系，三个 from 介词短语与 come 连用，表明小说中人物角色来源的多面 性。 【译文】Welty 小说中的角色——美容师、酒吧招待、钢琴演奏者及那些戴着紫色帽子的人 ——源自于她与老朋友共度的下午，源自于她在土生土长的密西西比州杰克逊城的大街小巷 散步的过程中，还源自于她在公交车上无意间听到的闲谈。 9. 2016•全国卷 III•C 篇 To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. 【分析】本句主干为 it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，句中不定式短语作真正的主语，it 为形式主语；该句前面为介词短语 To people， 而 people 后又接了一个定语从句，该句后面为 such as 短语，用于举例。 【译文】对于那些已习惯了选择超市里有限的苹果种类如 Golden Delicious 和 Royal Gala 的 人来说，目睹 Decio 这种过去由罗马人种植的传统苹果品种如今依然存在可能会令他们大开 眼界。 10. 2016•全国卷 III•D 篇 Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消极的）, 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 6 but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. 【分析】本句为连词 but 连接的两个并列分句，第一个分句为含有一个宾语从句的复合句， 主句的主语是 Researchers，其后的现在分词短语 analyzing word-of-mouth communication 作 定语，谓语是 found，后面是 that 引导的宾语从句；第二个分句也是一个含有宾语从句的复 合句。 【译文】分析口述交际如电子邮件、网帖、评论和面谈的研究者发现，它倾向于更积极而不 是消极（的内容），但这并不一定意味着人们更偏爱积极的消息。 11. 2015•新课标全国卷 I•B 篇 These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months. 【分析】破折号后面的句子对前句进行解释。破折号后为主从复合句。主句 I realized 后跟 that 引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中含有 that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 things。 【译文】这些都是货真价实的瓜果蔬菜——就在那一刻，我意识到，萨拉索塔的冬天最美妙 之处在于可以吃到新鲜的瓜果蔬菜，而我一旦回到纽约的家中，连续几个月都无法品尝到这 些瓜果蔬菜。 12. 2015•新课标全国卷 II•A 篇 I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. 【分析】这是一个主从复合句。连词 because 引导原因状语从句，同时该从句又包含了一个 由 that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 clothes。 【译文】我能够在一年多前买下它（电视机）是因为我让我的亲戚们在我生日时给我钱而不 是买大量不合身的衣服。 13. 2015•新课标全国卷 II•B 篇 Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious（难为情） when they’re in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food. 【分析】这是一个主从复合句。for 为并列连词，表示原因，when 在句中引导时间状语从句。 【译文】昏暗的环境更有可能刺激人们暴饮暴食，因为在这种光线暗淡的地方人们往往会不 那么难为情，所以就更有可能吃大量的食物。破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 7 14. 2015•新课标全国卷 II•C 篇 The gap-year phenomenon originated（起源） with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year. 【分析】主语是 The gap-year phenomenon，谓语是 originated，后面是介词短语作状语。 【译文】间隔年现象起源于牛桥申请者在十一月入学考试和下一个学年开始前的这几个月。 15. 2015•新课标全国卷 II•D 篇 Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze（迷宫） where it is easy to get lost! 【分析】这是一个主从复合句。定语从句 which include the famous maze 修饰先行词 historic gardens，定语从句 where it is easy to get lost 修饰先行词 maze。 【译文】（你可以）参观宫殿和各种（皇家）历史花园，花园中有著名的迷宫，在那里（游 客）容易迷失方向！ 16. 2014•新课标全国卷 II•A 篇 He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. 【分析】这是一个主从复合句。lost and lonely in a strange city 做伴随状语；thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country 是现在分词做 伴随状语；while trying to settle down in a new one 是状语从句的省略。 【译文】他向警方报案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤单，想想从一个遥远 的国家把那么多文件重新整理一遍会有多大麻烦，而自己还要试图在一个新的国度安家。 17. 2014•新课标全国卷 II•B 篇 We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA. 【分析】这是直接引语。引语部分含有主从复合句，there even was an environment 是宾语从 句，let alone that there was a problem with it 是平行结构。 【译文】美国地球日主席 Bruce Anderson 说，“那时候我们根本就不知道环境，更不用说知 道环境有问题了。” 18. 2014•新课标全国卷 II•C 篇 The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 8 American parents who want their children to learn Chinese. 【分析】这是一个主从复合句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词 parent。 【译文】随着越来越多的美国父母希望自己的孩子学习汉语，来自中国的互惠生受欢迎这一 趋势一直在加强。 19 2013•新课标全国卷Ⅱ•B 篇 Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh. 【分析】本句很长，却是一个简单句，句子主干是：groups of students were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre。 【译文】不久，一批批的学生，首先是来自爱丁堡大学的学生，接着便是牛津、剑桥、达勒 姆和伯明翰的大学的学生，每年夏天来到苏格兰首府，在小教堂中为爱丁堡人表演一些不太 为人所知的作家的戏剧。 20. 2013•新课标全国卷Ⅱ•C 篇 Given that many people’s moods （情绪）are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine. 【分析】given 是介词，意为"鉴于，考虑到"，Given that...作状语。主句是 it was probably only a matter of time，意为"……可能只是个时间问题"。 【译文】鉴于许多人的情绪受巧克力化学作用的控制，或许使巧克力店像中药店一样（人们 能购买巧克力治病）只是个时间问题。 21. 2013•新课标全国卷Ⅱ•D 篇 Some gift companies such as Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day by picking gifts in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity （慈善机构）. 【分析】本句的基本结构是：Some gift companies allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day。 句中的"in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity"是一个定语从句，修饰先行词 gifts。 【译文】一些礼品公司，如 Presents for Purpose 允许你在今年母亲节前预付款，你所挑选的 礼品，其价格的 10%将捐给慈善机构。（中学生学习）