2020届河北衡水高三英语复习讲义（十四）高考语法独立主格考点全角度复习

2020 届河北衡水高三英语复习讲义（十四） 高考语法独立主格考点全角度复习 独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代 词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名 词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。 独立主格结构在句中作状语，多用于书面语。在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、 条件、伴随、目的及状态等。 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词 形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。 其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。 一、功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示 时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： ❶ 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 ❷ 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 ❸ 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 In the middle of February, the weather being favorable for work, the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river. 二月中旬，天气有利于工作，工人们开始修缮河坝。 ❹ 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。 =Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all. 二、用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于 一个状语从句或并列句。 ❶ 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 ❷ 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 ❸ 用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明 天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 ❹ 用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。 ❺ 用作补充说明 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 ★注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在 句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句， 通常放于句末。 三、形式 ❶ 名词/主格代词+现在分词 (表示主动和正在进行） The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 ❷ 名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动和已完成） 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。 The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 ❸ 名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作） 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。 He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。❹ 名词/主格代词+形容词（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态） An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 ❺ 名词/主格代词+副词（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态） He put on his sweater, wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 ❻ 名词/主格代词+介词短语（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态） The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 ❼ 名词/主格代词+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 ❽ with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密。形式为: 1）with + n. + -ed/-ing 形式; 2）with + n. +adj.; 3）with +n. +介词短语 with (without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当， 但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。 （without +名词/代词+动词的-ing 形式） Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。 （without+名词/代词+动词的-ed 形式） The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。 （with+名词/代词+动词不定式） The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 （with+名词/代词+副词） He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door,computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 （with+名词/代词+介词短语） With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。 （with+名词/代词+形容词）★注: 在 with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下 with 能省略，但 without 不能省略。 ❾ each 引导的强调型独立主格 形式为: 句子(复数名词结尾) , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing 形 式/-ed 形式。这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词 The organization will be divided into five groups, each with its own leader. 这个机构被分成五组，每一组有一个领导者。 ❿ There being +名词(代词) 以及 It being +名词（代词) There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 四、特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系或动宾 关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 ★注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词 with。Don't sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他穿着衣服躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I can't go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出门了。 ★注：当独立主格与主句主语不同时可有 We walking through the garden, the flowers are beautiful. speak→speaks 五、注意事项 1. 独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象 时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。 After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略 being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中 的 being（或 having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。 It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。 (2) 在 There being+名词的结构中。 There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性 物主代词和冠词。 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较 with 的复合结构。Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 六、典例分析 请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, ____ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选 B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语 从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看， 似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓 语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么 接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选 择 B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择 A）。所以此题最佳答案选 A。 请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of ____ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of ____ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选 B，而不能选 C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)， 若选 C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选 C，该句是典型的非限制性定语从句，因为 该句修饰的是前面的 novels，即指物，所以只能用 which 做 of 的宾语，故本题 选 C。 再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of ____ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词 and，说明这是一 个并列句，故应选 B，则不能选 C。 请做做以下四题： (1) There I met several people, two of ____ being foreigners.（独立主格 结构） A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of ____ were foreigners. （非限制性 定语从句） A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of ___ were foreigners.（两个句 子）A. which B. them C. whom D. that (4)There ____ nothing more to do, Mr.Goodman left for home.（独立主格结构） A. was B. being C. to be D. had being (答案均为 B)