高考英语阅读技巧讲解＋实战训练2-说明文

抓住特点，看清说明文 说明文剖析 说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法， 因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然 而对于考生来说，说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识， 动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文 中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以 冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 说明文命题特点 说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果， 社会经济发展中出现的新生事物等。说明事物可采用多种方式，如举例、分类法或类比、对 比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。 ☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点； ☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异； ☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处； ☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似； ☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同； ☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。 除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都 是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。 因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 一般说来，说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面， 即 Who→What→When→Where→How→Why（注意这里要区别于记叙文的六要素） 1. Who：这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. What：主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. When 和 Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. How：通过什么方式表现出来的？（即方式的具体内容） 5. Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？（即原因解释） 做说明文阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的 Wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全 文。 说明文解题策略 要了解说明文的解题策略，首先要知道阅读理解说明文一般涉及哪些题型。一般来说，高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种： ★ 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。 （1）在列举处命题。如用 First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容 中选出符合题干要求的答案项。 （2）在例证处命题。句中常用由 as、such as、for example、for instance 等引导的短语或句 子作为例证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。 （3）在转折对比处命题。一般通过 however、but、yet、in fact 等词语来引导。对比用 unlike、until、not so much...as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。 （4）在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中， 考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。 （5）在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考 生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项 不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。 ★ 词义猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事物阐述明白，学术性强的生词就会比 较 多 ， 所 以 常 进 行 生 词 词 义 判 断 题 的 考 查 。 命 题 方 式 多 以 The underlined part in Paragraph ... refers to ... 或 What does the underlined word mean? 或 What's the meaning of the underlined word? 为设问方式。 解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突 破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词 语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作 用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时，易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常 以 it，they，them 等代词为命题点。因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动 作转换背景，弄清动作的不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的实际指代对象。 ★ 主旨大意题 说明文常用主旨大意题考查考生对通篇文意的理解，即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归 纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。 命题形式： This passage mainly talks about... What is the main idea of the passage？ 回答方式：This passage mainly talks about the major surprising findings about... 答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有 针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、 对比，有依据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 ★ 推理判断题 这种试题的设问方式多为： （1）The passage is intended to... （2）The author suggests that... （3）The story implies that... （4）Which point of view may the author agree to？ （5）From the passage we can conclude that... （6）The purpose of the passage is to... 这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系， 文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示 判断题，这种试题可以以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺 序以及相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异， 根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生 对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的描述，了 解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。 观点态度题也是推理判断题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表 达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目 常见的题干表达方式有"What was the author's attitude towards...? "等。 说明文答题步骤 1.通读全文。说明文的篇幅一般在 500 单词左右，原文一般没有直接的题干，这给我们把握 文章主旨造成一定困难。做题目之前一定要通读全文，迅速形成整体印象，初步了解主要信 息。每读完一个长句或段落之后，可以在自己的头脑中“复述“一遍，以加深印象。在通读 全文时，应重点留意每段的首句，因为首句大多揭示了本段的主题（即 topic sentence），常 常与全文主旨密切相关。把握首句可以用很短的时间获得许多重要的信息。 2.细读试题。对材料有了总体印象后，应对试题仔细推敲，弄清题目要求，即从内容上弄清 是“关于什么”的选择，再就是要明确“选对还是选错”。 3.题文对应。说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意， 从原材料中找出与各个选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件， 作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。 4.筛选答案。即紧扣题干的要求，根据有效信息来筛选答案。说明文片段体验 片段一 Northwest China is part of the sandstorm center in Central Asia. Sandstorms begin in desert areas. Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of "desertification". This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass. According to the passage, which is NOT likely to cause "desertification"？ A. Climate changes. B. Cutting down trees. C. Digging up grass. D. Saving water. 解析： 这是一道推理判断与词汇语义相结合的题目，题目问根据文章内容，以下哪个选项不太可能 会起“desertification”。这是生僻词汇，但通过文中"This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass."对这个词的解释，同学们可以得知，气候变化、砍伐树木和破坏草地都能够导致 “desertification”，而选项 D 节约用水显然不在此解释中，因此答案选 D。 片段二 The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids（金字塔）. They have stood for nearly 5, 000 years, and it seems likely that they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet.There are over eighty of them scattered（散布）along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids. The most famous of these are the "Step" pyramid and the "Bent" pyramid. What can we conclude from the first paragraph？ A. The pyramids are oldest buildings in the world. B. The pyramids will stand in Egypt for ever. C. Not all pyramids in Egypt are true. D. The "step" and "bent" are true pyramids. 解析：推理判断题。根据本段倒数第 2 句可知，有一些金字塔是假的，因此选 C。 说明文阅读解析 Eat your vegetables. Wash your hands. Always say "please" and "thank you". We are full of advice for our children, but when it comes to money, we of ten have little to say. As a result, our children may grow up with clean hands and good manners, but without any idea how to manage their money. Here are some basics that will help guide them their entire lives: Show them the future. If your 13-year-old girl were to save $1, 000, invest（投资）it at 8% and add $100 every month, by the time she's 65, she would have $980, 983！ Be careful of credit. Credit cards can help you buy necessary things and build a credit history, but they must be used responsibly, which means paying off your debt in time. Explain to your children that when you buy something using a credit card, you can easily end up paying two or three times what you would have paid if you used cash. Teach patience. Suppose your child wants a new bicycle that costs $150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, $15 each week, he will be able to buy it for himself in only ten weeks. Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. "For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot, " says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning. Explain your values. "Values and money are deeply intertwined （错综复杂的）", says Eilleen Gallo, co-author of The Financially Intelligent Parent. When your child demands that you buy something, explain why you really don't want to buy it. "You might say, 'I' d rather save that money for your education." advises Gallo. Every time you spend or don't spend money, you have a chance to share your values. 题干 1. The writer gives some basics to help in a proper way. A. parents teach their children how to deal with money B. children follow their parents' instructions C. children manage their money D. parents save their money 2. The writer thinks that, if a child wants to buy something, his parents should . A. give him some regular pocket money B. encourage him to put money away for it C. explain to him the importance of investment D. tell him to save some money by using a credit card 3.The underlined word "incentive" in paragraph 6 means . A. honor B. praise C. excitement D. encouragement 4. What leads the writer to write this article? A. Parents want to know how to educate their children.B. He wants to share his good ideas about money matters. C. He thinks money management the most important for children. D. Parents care little about their children's management of money. ★ 文章大意 本文是教育、指导子女如何理财的生活常识说明文。通读全文，文章从投资、储蓄、使用信 用卡到激励和价值观等方面，让子女学会节约和理财，为人生做准备。 解析 第 1 题选 A。属于“主旨大意题”。本文是针对家长写的，是让家长如何教育子女处理钱财 的。故选 A。 第 2 题选 B。属于“细节理解题”。注意，题目问的是作者的观点是什么，从第四段内容以 及最后一段“你的价值观“中可以找到答案。 第 3 题选 D。属于“词义猜测题”。incentive 的词义可以从第六段讲的内容中进行推测：告 诉孩子储蓄的重要性，他（她）每省下一美元，你再奖励他（她）一美元。这显然是一种“激 励”措施。 第 4 题选 D。属于“推理判断题"。该题问的是，是什么促使作者写这篇文章？也就是说写 本文的原因是什么？很明显，正是因为许多父母对子女的“理财问题”漠不关心，但是“理 财问题”又很重要，所以作者才写出这篇文章。 说明文实战演练题型: 阅读理解 难度: 准确率: 65.60% 题 1 During this shopping season, salesmen will come up with different strategies to get your business. Many product companies use specific colors to cause positive emotions and compete for a sale. However, sight is not the only sensory (感官的) retail that companies use. Sounds and smells can also influence consumers' purchasing decisions. Nobel Prize-winning research shows that our sense of smell has great power to cause an emotional response. A study published earlier this year compared purchasing in a French flower shop when the smell of lavender (薰衣草) was given off and when it wasn't. It found that the smell increased the number of consumers' purchasing items and the amount of their purchases. An earlier study using Nike shoes found that consumers desired the shoes more, and were willing to pay more, when the room had a mixed smell of flowers. Realizing the subconscious impact of smell, many stores apply artificial scents (气味) through their heating and air﹣conditioning vents (通风口) or place scent machines above their doors. For instance, a coconut scent might make that bikini more appealing as you long for a vacation. Ever felt frenzied due to a store's fast﹣paced music? Or calmed by a piece of light music? A retailer's choice of music can have a big impact on consumers' moods. One study found that when subjected to loud music, consumers will spend less time in a store. But interestingly, the researchers did not find a difference in sales or customers' satisfaction. Another interesting finding from a recent study was that customers actually shop longer when exposed to unfamiliar music. Just as department stores use different scents in certain departments, many use different music in some areas to appeal to varying consumers. Well, you could always leave the store and take a break, but the food court probably isn't your best choices as brands like Cinnabon and Panera Bread also use scents as part of their customers' experience. Online retailers (零售商) use a variety of other strategies to get your business, but you can always neglect those and enjoy the familiar scents of home. (1)The passage is mainly about. A.consumers' favorite sounds and smells while shopping B.shopping malls' strategies for satisfying consumers C.some special services from super shopping malls D.two factors affecting consumers' shopping decisions (2)What can be inferred from Paragraph 2? A.Decorating stores with flowers becomes a fashion. B.Shops with special smells can attract more consumers. C.Smells can actually help businessmen gain more profits. D.The products with a kind of special smell are more popular. (3)How does music have an effect on consumers? A.It controls consumers' desire for shopping. B.It influences how long consumers stay in a shop. C.It gives consumers the satisfaction of enjoying shopping. D.Whether consumers are willing to buy things depends on it. (4)Which of the following can replace the underlined word "frenzied" in Paragraph 3?A.Satisfied. B.Depressed. C.Surprised. D.Excited. (5)What does the writer try to express in the last paragraph? A.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular nowadays. B.People should spend more time at home with family members. C.People can choose to get rid of salesmen's promotion strategies. D.Smells and sounds are important for consumers'shopping experience. 答案 1.答案 D 解析 主旨大意题。根据文章内容，本文主要讲述了在购物季到来的时候，一些商家总是想出各种 各种的方法来吸引顾客。文章就吸引顾客的一些策略进行了说明。这二个策略就是味道和音 乐。结合选项，故选 D。 2.答案 C 解析 推理判断题。由第二段第三句 It found that the smell increased the number of consumers' purchasing items and the amount of their purchases.可知，薰衣草的香味增加了顾客购买的 物品数量和种类。结合选项，故选 C。 3.答案 B 解析 细节理解题。由第三段 One study found that when subjected to loud music, consumers will spend less time in a store…Just as department stores use different scents in certain departments, many use different music in some areas to appeal to varying consumers. 一项 研究发现，当消费者听到吵闹的音乐时，他们在商店里的时间会减少。但有趣的是，研究人 员没有发现在销售或顾客满意度上有什么不同。最近一项研究的另一个有趣的发现是，当消 费者接触到不熟悉的音乐时，他们实际上会购物更长。就像百货商店一样。在某些部门使用 不同的气味，许多人在某些地区使用不同的音乐来吸引不同的消费者。可知，音乐会影响顾 客在商店的停留时间。结合选项，故选 B。 4.答案 D 解析 猜测词义题。根据文章第三段内容，Ever felt frenzied due to a store's fast-paced music? Or calmed by a piece of light music? A retailer's choice of music can have a big impact on consumers' moods.有没有因为商店的快节奏音乐而感到疯狂？或是因为轻音乐而平静？零 售商对音乐的选择会对消费者的情绪产生很大的影响。由后面的 fast﹣paced music 可知， 是感到激动；与后面的 calmed（平静的）反义对应。结合选项，故选 D。 5.答案 C 解析 准理判断题。由最后一段 Online retailers (零售商) use a variety of other strategies to get your business, but you can always neglect those and enjoy the familiar scents of home.在线零售商使用各种其他策略来获得您的业务，但您可以忽略这些策略，并享受熟悉的家居气息。 可推知，作者想告诉我们可以不理会这些营销策略而回家。结合选项，故选 C。