一、听力
听力满分不容易，听力满分完全可以。唯二的诀窍之一就是做到“有准备的听”。听力考试开始之后，只
看听力题！
例如：2019 年江苏省听力的第一题。问的是“对话在哪里发生”，关键地点有三个“教室、医院、博物
馆”。于是你就知道，你听的时候重点是听出三个地点的特点，这样你对听力的对话有了预见。当你听到 W:
Excuse me, sir, visiting hours are over. Now your wife must get some rest. M: Oh, I'm sorry, doctor. I didn't hear
the bell or I would have left earlier。
不要在听力之间做单选题，因为人的思维是有惯性的，回神过来时，轻舟已过万重山。
【2019 年的听力句子一观】
I didn't hear the bell or I would have left earlier.
I need to get in shape. How do I register for the classes?
...the position is still open. Do you have any openings?
Did you know James went out of business?（lose one's job; be out of work; be unemployed; be between jobs）
Life must be pretty tough.
Dear listeners, for today's show I have with me my colleague Mary Lee.
My father always told me that an education was one of the greatest advantages I could have. One that would always
stay with me.
Plus, having the doctor tell us to get two and a half hours of exercise a week doesn't really help our motivation
much.
Don't be discouraged. Now, a new study suggests getting benefits from exercise doesn't have to be that demanding.
（promising, inviting, trying）
唯二的诀窍之二是 stay focused.
【注意审题】
例如：What will the man do?
A. Change the plan. B. Wait for a phone call. C. Sort things out.
原文： M: What time are we leaving for the outing?
W: I'll phone you tomorrow. I should have everything sorted out by then.
二、单选
问：单项填空用多少时间？
答：一般 7-8 分钟
问：临阵变化？
答：事有反常必出妖
单项填空考的是“富有时代气息充满正能量的语言表达的一般规律”。在答题时不要钻牛角尖，不要
碰到简单的题你就自问：“不会这么简单吧，肯定有陷阱”，这不是理性判断问题的方式。
【词汇】
If you fail to get along well with your husband, you can become more mentally _____than physically worn out.
A. drained B. defeated C. drilled D. declined
---Jimmy is always busy and never helps his wife with housework.
---It would be ______to say that he is lazy, for he won't do it even if he is free.
A. untrue B. absurd C. unfair D. accurate
【时态和语态】
(2018) 30. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years.
A. had been carried out B. would be carried outC. is being carried out D. has been carried out
(2019) 22. The musician along with his band members _______ ten performances in the last three months.
A. gives B has given C. have given D.give
【三大从句】
World Environment Day falls on June 5, _______ theme this year is “Beat Air Pollution”.
A. which B. of which C. whose D. when
The most exciting moment in my life was ________ I was admitted to my ideal university.
A. which B. that C. when D. why
The knot is tied in such a way ______it can't be untied.
A. as B. that C. in which D. which
【非谓语动词】
________ the food,the foreign guests did enjoy the dinner for the Spring Festival.
A．Eat up B. Eaten up C.To eat up D. Having eaten up
【情态动词】
It's strange that he______have taken the books without the owners permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【虚拟语气】
So many people in the U.S. have lost their lives due to Covid-19. If only measures to contain it _______in the first
place!
A. were taken B. had been taken
C. would have been taken D. could have been taken
【交际用语】
Honesty is the best policy. If you make a mistake, don't just _____ . It's always better to admit it.
A. sweep it under the carpet B. fly off the handle
C. scratch the surface D. wash your hands
---It shouldn't take long to prepare the party if everyone is involved.
---You bet!________.
A. Many hands make light work B. Make hay while the sun shines
C. Birds of a feather flock together D. Two heads are better than one
三、完形填空
完型填空不需要创新，不是原创，是复原！高考是选择最佳答案，不是选择正确答案！
第一步 big picture, 第二步 detailed picture, 第三步 complete picture.
一篇完形填空，大概 270 词，留出 20 个空格，所以，必须耐心，此处可以“细嚼慢咽”。
用近几年高考题来设定自己的思维模式，可以把答案先填上，再去思考，为什么是这个答案。
2019
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their 38 . Emma, a female crane, has
been in their care since she arrived in 2004…
She refused to live with male cranes, and even had a 44 for killing some of them, which made it
impossible for her to become a mother…
The two keepers are proud of their productive work. But before they can be 49 , more efforts must be
made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline…
Chris and Tim offered us the answer: human beings took it for granted that their brains held all the solutions,
but maybe their hearts can be a better 55 .38. A. abortion B. recreation C. reproduction D. administration
44. A. gift B. skill C. concern D. reputation
49. A. defeated B. grateful C. assured D. tolerant
55. A. guide B. treat C. example D. companion
2018
During the journey, Raynor began a career as a nature writer. She writes, " 52 had taken every material
thing from me and left me torn bare, an empty page at the end of a(n) 53 written book. It had also given me
a 54 , either to leave that page 55 or to keep writing the story with hope. I chose hope.”
52. A. Doctors B. Hiking C. Lawyers D. Homelessness
53. A. well B. partly C. neatly D. originally
54. A. choice B. reward C. promise D. break
55. A. loose B. full C. blank D. missing
2017
For a long time Gabriel didn't want to be involved in music at all．In his first years of high school, Gabriel
would look pityingly at music students, 36 across the campus with their heavy instrument cases…
With a sinking feeling，he realized that he actually enjoy doing it．He tried to hide his obvious pleasure from
the music teacher, who had 45 over to listen. He might not have done this particularly well, 46 the
teacher told Gabriel that he had a good 47 and suggested that Gabriel go into the music store-room to see
if any of the instruments there 48 him.
36．A．travelling B．marching C．pacing D．struggling
45．A．run B．jogged C．jumped D．wandered
46．A．because B．but C．though D．so
47．A．ear B．taste C．heart D．voice
48．A．occurred to B．took to C．appealed to D．held to
【练习】
Retailers(零售商) closed more than 9,000 stores in 2019. Some people call what has happened to the
shopping landscape “the retail 36 .” It is easy to chalk it up to the rise of e-commerce, which has
thrived while physical stores struggle. But this can be 37 . Online sales have grown tremendously in
the last 20 years, 38 Internet shopping still represents only 11 percent of the entire retail sales total.
Collectively, three major 39 forces have had an even bigger impact on brick-and-mortar retail than the
Internet has.
To begin with, we have changed 40 we shop — away from smaller stores like those in malls and
toward stand-alone “Big Box” stores, which is a greater problem for most physical stores.
Also, Rising income 41 has left less of the nation's money in the hands of the middle class, and
the traditional retail stores that 42 them have suffered. It is estimated that since 1970, the share of
the nation's income earned by families in the middle class has fallen from almost two-thirds to around 40
percent. As the 43 of income at the top rises, overall retail suffers simply because high-income
people save a much larger share of their money. The government reports 44 for different income
levels in the official Consumer Expenditure Survey. In the latest data, people in the top 10 percent of
income 45 almost a third of their income after taxes. People in the middle of the income 46 spent 100 percent of their income. 47 , as the middle class has been squeezed and more has gone to the top,
it has meant higher saving rates 48 .
Lastly, We have spent 49 less of income on things and more on services. Since 1960, we went
from spending 5 percent of our income on health to almost 18 percent, government statistics show. We
spend more on education, entertainment, business services and all sorts of other products that
aren't 50 in traditional retail stores. Economists debate theories of why we have 51 to services
and away from goods but no one 52 that it has happened. It means that over time, retailers
selling 53 will have to run harder and harder just to stay in place.
In short, the broad 54 hitting retail are more a lesson in economics than in the power of 55 .
It's a lesson all retailers will have to learn someday.
36. A.business B.disaster C.investment D.strategy
37. A.advanced B.confirmed C. overstated D.undervalued
38. A. and B. so C. thus D. but
39. A.economic B.legal C.physical D.political
40. A.how B.what C.where D.why
41. A.distribution B.inequality C.level D.tax
42. A.aim at B.approve of C.compete with D.stem from
43. A.concentration B.influence C.security D.source
44. A.education B.employment C.housing D.spending
45. A.concealed B.donated C.earned D.saved
46. A.reception B. distribution C. classification D. addition
47. A.Instead B.However C.Moreover D.Therefore
48. A.though B.overall C.regardless D.particularly
49. A.cautiously B.intelligently C.proportionately D.prospectively
50. A.available B.insufficient C.popular D.uncommon
51. A.applied B.committed C.shifted D.tied
52. A.wonders B.questions C.ensures D.confirms
53. A.ideas B.patents C.services D.things
54. A.strengths B.forces C.energies D.senses
55. A.consumption B.habit C.income D.technology
四、阅读理解
高考阅读理解高分的前提是读懂和读通。
读懂，就是对文章中的词、句、段的理解，并且读懂问题和答案。
读通，就是以全文为中心，对全文观点和主旨的理解，上下贯通。
从几年高考阅读理解的命题方式来看，A 篇一般是比较直接的信息比对，基本策略就是在文章中找 fact。
B 篇与 C 篇一般是科普文和议论文。你也许比较怕科普文，因为词汇量比较大，而且内容离我们的生活比较
远，基本没有多少背景知识。其实，科普文是纸老虎，貌似凶恶。你再看一下这几年的高考试卷，科普文
的问题设计都比较简单，而且都一般按照“问题---原因----解答”的套路，只要读懂科普文的 80%左右就
基本可以解决问题了。最重要的是 D 篇，体裁说不准，可能是议论文，也可能是传记、记叙文或其他，细
节题多。65—70 题按照文章的顺序来命题的，所以，65 题必定依照文章前端找线索，到 69 题或 70 题才是
全文贯通，可能是标题，也可能是总结或概括。
考前建议：1. 五年真题，读懂文章、读懂问题、读懂答案。2. 向高考的命题思路靠拢！想通为什么没
有争议！每天去阅读，每天做阅读，每天思考阅读！【猜测词义】
2019B
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone.
A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a
nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed
to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than
forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past
Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph. D. Bird's view.
2017D
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore
not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at
least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless, there
are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies．
A．adaptation is an ever﹣changing process
B．the cost of adaptation varies with time
C．global warming affects adaptation forms
D．adaptation to climate change is challenging
【细节理解】
2019C
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the
national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our
fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all
sorts of wrong directions.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
2019D
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts, Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and
encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling
her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal songs. With Naomi’s help, the
Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought that would be the
end. But it wasn’t.
68. Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower," his wife Joni _______.
A. thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B. didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C. didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D. brought her husband’s music career to perfection2017B
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy
wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in
Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of
notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity…
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of
children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent, do you invest in quality children,
or do you invest in children that are in need?” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for
quality.”
59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on？
A．Similarities between the calls moms and chicks．
B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia．
C．The data collected from Queensland's locals．
D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds．
60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ．
A．can receive quality signals
B．are in need of training
C．fit the environment better
D．make the loudest call．
2015D
But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do
not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place
without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It
had been the Athenian 爷 s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never
entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer
who paid her
citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people
wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object,
ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more
and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.
Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could
be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the
common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be
had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of
freedom and was never to have it again.
But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was
not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to: “The capacity (能力) of mankind
for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest
background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age
cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man’s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of
action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so
sometime.
67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?
A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.
C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.
D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.
68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Athens would continue to be free.
B. Athens would cease to have freedom.
C. Freedom would come from responsibility.
D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.
69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?
A. The author is hopeful about freedom.
B. The author is cautious about self-government.
C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.
D. The author is proud of man’s capacity.
【主旨大意】
2019B
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone（圆锥体）shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，
which are created when erupting magma（岩浆）piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican
farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a
cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than
half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of
them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These
are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.
Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
2015B
In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a
growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is
increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the
weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the
concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring
minerals.
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful
metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which
allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the
material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced
those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the
producing process are harmful as well.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas
release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance, buying
reusable products and recycling.
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place
as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their
products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?
Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually
based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气
泡垫) that encased your television?
From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to
transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers
back to the producers.
60. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The increase in e-waste. B. The creation of e-waste.
C. The seriousness of e-waste. D. The management of e-waste.
2015C
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help
with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and
what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate
people to get involved. For example,…To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the
people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so...
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this
question, researchers have conducted ...
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to
which people view “volunteer” as an important social role..
64. What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities
五、任务型
静下心来，先将 1—70 选择题的机读卡涂好，哪怕是有些自己依然不能确定的答案也先涂好，等会有时间
再修改，免得结束时匆忙和紧张之间，漏涂了！
做任务型阅读的时候，记住：先做简单的，词语转换。读懂答题项，注意搭配。不留任何空，相信感觉。
【练习】
Coupons-good way to boost consumption
In an effort to boost consumption and counter some the of the negative impacts of the novel
coronavirus outbreak on the economy, authorities in more than 30 cities have distributed consumption coupons(优
惠 券 ） among local residents. Given that a better part of China's economy is now mainly driven by
domestic consumption, issuing consumption coupons should be seen as an ingenious way to help stabilize
the economy.
The outbreak has sharply reduced consumption in the tourism, retail, catering, cultural and entertainment
industries in the first three months of this year, increasing the risk of unemployment. As for the impact of the outbreak for the entire year, it depends on whether consumption in the coming months would make up for the
decline of consumption in the first quarter, in particular, the Spring Festival period.
The expected increase in consumption, especially in the durable goods sector, after the outbreak is effectively
contained could partly balance out previous losses. But still it would be impossible to see a consumption spree(消
费热潮）similar to that during Spring Festival.
Rising exports could possibly make up for the decline in domestic consumption. But net exports are not likely
to rise this year because many countries have shut down their airports and seaports, and locked down cities to
prevent the spread of the virus.
As such, the authorities have to boost consumption using whatever means. And as consumption is
influenced by three factors-people's income, confidence, and price of goods and services-the authorities should
first reduce the epidemic's negative impact on people's income, by ensuring they have enough money spend.
Second, they should boost people's confidence so they dare to spend more. And third, the authorities should
stabilize prices to encourage people to increase consumption. Consumption coupons are a good way to achieve all
the three goals. Issuing consumption coupons is similar to increasing people's income and promoting consumption,
because the coupons can be used to buy goods and services.
Many local authorities have even issued electronic consumption coupons through third-party payment. Such
coupons are highly efficient, convenient, and easy to track. And since they also ensure equality and fairness, they
are a good example of the important role digitalization plays in China's social and economic governance.
The consumption coupons the local authorities have issued until now are mainly to boost the catering industry,
obviously because the outbreak has dealt the industry a big blow. But the authorities should consider broadening
the scope of the coupons in the future to further increase consumption by, say, issuing coupons that can be used in
more sectors, including those for buying home appliances.
Moreover, the authorities could also combine e-coupons with targeted printout coupons for
impoverished groups, extend the validity period for the coupons. But in general, the consumption coupons will play
an active role in boosting domestic consumption this year.
Coupons-good way to boost consumption
Purpose Consumption coupons have been distributed to boost economy and counter the
negative impact of Covid-19.
（71)__________of
issuing consumption
coupons
● Largely(72)__________on domestic consumption, China' economy calls for
a new way to stay stable.
● The expected increase in consumption is not likely to(73)__________for
economic slowdown.
● Exports can't be counted on as a stimulus to economy, since even airports and
seaports of many countries are(74)____________
（75)___________
of consumption
coupons
● Issuing consumption coupons can be(76)_________with increasing people's income.
● Featuring(77)_________efficiency and great convenience, electronic coupons
can coupons ensure equality and fairness, thus boosting economy.
Suggestions
● Authorities are expected to(78)_______the use of coupons to more sectors,
including those for buying home appliances.
● The(79)_________of e-coupons and targeted printout coupons as well as the extension
of validity period is recommended.
Conclusion The consumption coupons may(80)___________the big blow the outbreak has on economy and actively promote domestic consumption.
六、作文
建议：1. 你必须审清题，不要偏题，首先要完成任务。2. 写概要前写下草稿，避免低级错误。3. 高考还是
安全为主，你平时用了多遍的句式和表达方式，到高考的时候还是坚持用自己熟悉的，不要变，不要厌。
人在稍微紧张的状态下能发挥出最佳水平！
【考前词汇扫雷】
N.
curriculum
revenue
consent
principle
peak
facility
produce
explosion
essay
presentation
vacancy
assignment
relief
medication
unrest
philosopher
amateur
delivery
subscriber
avenue
lane
fare
depression
professional
procedure
crisis (Pl: )
expansion
pulse
commitment
equal
architect
exposure
evolutionprocedure
log
arrow
clue
well-being
distinction
sponsor
jungle
landscape
whisper
trend
V.
stretch
sharpen
swear(swore, sworn)
hatch(多义)
imitate
reveal
postpone
shrink(shrank, shrunk)
propose
undertake
spoil
prohibit
trigger
release
transfer
reserve
behave
edit
further
discipline
overlook
inhabit
swallow
uncover
catalogue
excel
originate
prioritize
justify
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downtown
financial
vague
valid
vacant
frustrated
skeptical
desperate
medium
explicit
basically
generously
remotely
barely
courageous
contemporary
industrial
industrious
controversial
confidential
contradictory
conventional
transparent
fascinating
informative
entertaining
lesser-known
superb
enormous
massive
essential
intelligent
troublesome
glorious
gorgeous
objective
reserved
innovative
Chunks.
were it not for=
be both widely reviewed and highly praised
bring out the best in sb.relieve worldwide starvation
take to
give an account of
vary with time
undergo rapid economic development
compensate for=
have much to do with=
off the top of one’s head
over and overa gain=r_________
in question
far from clear
set off
set down
observe social distancing rules
be consumed by fire
subscribe to
submit to
roll up
wind up
clear up
place an order
a wet blanket
as sly as a fox
experiment with
take flight
a handful of
out of the question
at will
at random
at intervals
at odds
be lost to doing
be invested in/invest (time, energy, effort, life) in
deserve to be preserved=be worthy_______
give (deep) insight into
shelter her from criticism
rise to fame
be involved in =
enroll in the course=
throwaway items
website hits
the kite-making craft
misty mountains
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