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高中英语作文 高级句型、词汇（短语）【积累】（有些序号被删掉是因为本人进行第二次检查时发现重复）
【注】本份资料的制作过程：①从网上搜集数十份关于高中英语作文积累的 word 文档 → ②复制粘贴成一
个 word 文档 → ③整理（选取有用的，删除重复的，弄成表格、打印版）
【注】1、较高级词汇并不是指超出高中阶段的四六级偏难词汇，而是指地道准确的英语。换句话说，主
要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同（近）义词或反义词等来代替
常见词语。2、增强句子复杂性，是指我们从英语最基本的简单句入手，明白五种简单句型的基本结构，
再逐渐过渡到并列句、复合句，由浅入深。
一、“普通 → 高级”的例句（上面的是普通句，下面的是高级句）
Because the weather was good，our journey was comfortable.1 Thanks to the good weather，our journey was comfortable.
We all think he is a great man.2 We all think highly of him.
Suddenly I thought out a good idea.3 A good idea occurred to me./ A good idea suddenly struck me.
The students there needn’t pay for their books.4 Books are free for the students there.
As a result the plan was a failure.5 The plan turned out to be a failure.
When he arrives，please give me an e-mail.6 On his arriving，please give me an e-mail.
To his surprise，the little girl knows so many things.7 What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
Though I’m weak，I’ll make the effort. 8 Weak as I am，I’ll make the effort.
He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.9 It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
Ipassed the physics exam because of your help.10 I couldn’t have passed the physics exam but for your help.
You can find my house easily.13 You’ll have no trouble/difficulty finding my house.
We have a lot of homework to do every day.14 We have endless homework to do every day.
Thank you for your help very much.15 I feel thankful/ grateful for your help./ I appreciate your help very much.
we achieve our goal only in this way.16 Only in this way can we achieve our goal.
We had to stand there to catch the offender.17 What we had to do was（to）stand there，trying to catch the offender.
People suggest that the conference be put off.18 It is suggested that the conference be put off.
He is so kind that he can help me.19 He is so kind to help me.2
She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.20 Followed by many students，she walked out of the lab.
It disappointed everybody that he didn‘t turn up.22 The fact disappointed everybody that he didn’t turn up.
The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.23 The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.
If you come back before six o’clock，you can go out.24 You can go out on condition that（provided that） you come back before six o’clock.
However，Mr Smith got a different answer.25 Mr Smith，however，got a different answer.
The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.26 The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.
The bathroom and the kitchen are good.28 The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.
There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.29 A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.
I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.30 Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.
Ah Fu saved my sister.31 It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.
We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.32 How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.
It's a flat of 25 square metres.There is a bedroom in the flat.There is a bathroom and a
kitchen in it，too.In the bedroom，there is a bed；there is a sofa，a desk
and a chair as well.33
It's a flat of 25 square metres，with a bedroom，a bathroom and a kitchen.In the
bedroom there is a bed，a sofa，a desk and a chair.
Through traveling， I learned a lot of knowledge.35 Through traveling， I gained / obtained a lot of knowledge.
I like reading while my brother likes watching television.36 I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.
适当地多使用一些词组、习语或高级词汇代替普通单词，以增加文采，丰富文章的表现力。
To tell you the truth，I don’t really like your new novel.37 To tell you the truth，I really show no interest in your new novel.
A new building is being built in my hometown.38 A new building is under construction in my hometown.
合理运用介词或名词短语、非谓语动词代替句子，使文字清新简练。
1.介词短语代替句子
I was pleased to hear from you and I’m writing to tell you something that has taken place
in our school.40
I was pleased to hear from you and I’m writing to tell you something turned out to be.
I picked up the case.I shouted at the man loudly.But he didn’t hear me and rode away.41 After picking up the case，I shouted at The man loudly，but he rode too fast to hear me.
When she heard he had died，she went pale with sorrow.43 At the news of his death，she went pale with sorrow.3
2.用替代词代替名词、句子
It showed me that the way of education in Canada is quite different from the way of education
of China.44
It showed me that the way of education in Canada is quite different from that of China.
3.用 with + n.+ doing/done/介词短语
The trees and grass disappeared and the forest became wasteland.45 With the trees and grass disappearing.the forest became wasteland.
4.用非谓语动词代替从句
But later people wanted to grow crops.They began to destroy the forest.46 But later in order to grow crops，people began to destroy the forest.
If the weather permits，I'll come tomorrow.49 I'll come tomorrow，weather permitting.
改变传统句型，促成灵活表达
1.改变句子开头
We can learn much by being brought into contact with other minds.51 By being brought into contact with other minds we can learn much.
2.改变时态
The bell is ringing now.52 There goes the bell!
3.灵活使用强调句、被动句、倒装句、感叹句、特殊句型
By doing this，we will become a harmonious society.54 Only in this way can we become a harmonious society.
What he said encouraged us.55 It was what he said that encouraged us.
Regular radio broadcasts began in 1920.56 It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.
4.灵活使用各种主从复合句
I happened to have met him.57 It happened that I had met him. （主语从句）
To his surprise，the little girl knows so many things.58 What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. （主语从句）
So when wind blows，the sand on the ground flies into the air.It is harmful to the environment
and our health.60 So when wind blows，the sand on the ground flies into the air，which is harmful to the
environment and our health.（定语从句）
There was a thick forest on the hill.A great diversity of animals and birds live there.
61 There was a thick forest on the hill，where a great diversity of animals and birds live.
（定语从句）
I won’t believe what he says.62 No matter what he says，I won’t believe.（状语从句）
If you go through the gate，you’ll find the entrance to Bear Country.64 Go through the gate，and you’ll find the entrance to Bear Country.（并列句）
I was walking aimlessly through the street.At that time，I saw a fruit shop.65 I was walking aimlessly through the street when I saw a fruit shop.（并列句）
66 The ship didn’t sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.4
But for the efforts of the captain，the ship would have sunk with all on board.（虚拟）
Suddenly，I had an idea.I stopped a taxi to catch up with the man.I caught up with him at
last.67 I was wondering what I should do when an idea suddenly struck me.I stopped a taxi as quickly
as I could so as to catch up with the man.（综合使用）
有效使用语句间的连接成分，使文章结构紧凑，思路清晰，过渡自然
Some students think that our school should play music during break time.Music can produce
a lively and happy atmosphere.Music provides us with relaxation ， which reduces the
tiredness.And listening to music also makes us feel comfortable.
68 Some students think that our school should play music during break time.To begin with ，
music can produce a lively and happy atmosphere.Furthermore ， music provides us with
relaxation，which reduces the tiredness.Last but not the least，listening to music also makes
us feel comfortable.
使用不同结构、不同长度的句子，尽量使句型多样化，避免单调乏味的表达方式
There is a new classroom building on one side of the road.There used to be a layground on
the other side.But there is a library now.There are all kinds of books，newspapers and
magazines in the library.There is a new playground in the front of the school.There are a
lot of trees in and around our school.69 On one side of the road there is a new classroom building.On the other side，where the
playground used to be ，now stands another new building-- our library，in which you can find
all kinds of books，newspapers and magazines.The playground is now in the front of the
school.We have also have planted a lot of trees in and around the school.
二、高级句型 分类例句、词汇（短语）
1.
【表示原因】(1)There are three reasons for this.(2)The reasons for this are as follows.(3)The
reason for this is obvious.(4)The reason for this is not far to seek.(5)The reason for this
is that …(6)We have good reason to believe that … 例如：There are three reasons for the
changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people's living standard has been greatly
improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or
like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.注：如考生写第一个
句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life.There
are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2.
【表示好处】(1)It has the following advantages.(2)It does us a lot of good.(3)It benefits
us quite a lot.(4)It is beneficial to us.(5)It is of great benefit to us.例如：Books are
like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen
our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3.
【表示坏处】(1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.(2)It does us much harm.(3)It is
harmful to us.例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful
to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching
television.
4.
【表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能】(1)It is important（necessary，difficult，
convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth.(2)We think it necessary to do sth.(3)It plays an
important role in our life.例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the
government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，
too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role
in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.
【表示措施】(1)We should take some effective measures.(2)We should try our best to overcome
（conquer）the difficulties.(3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.(4)We should solve the
problems that we are confronted（faced）with.例如：The housing problem that we are confronted 5
with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore we must take some effective measures to
solve it.
6.
【表示变化】(1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.(2)A great change will
certainly be produced in the world's communications.(3)The computer has brought about many
changes in education.例如：Some changes have taken place in people's diet in the past five
years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people
are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.
【表示事实、现状】(1)We cannot ignore the fact that …(2)No one can deny the fact that …
(3)There is no denying the fact that …(4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested
in.(5)However，that's not the case.例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization
brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，we can start by educating
the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design
stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.
【表示比较】(1)Compared with A，B …(2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.(3)There is
a striking contrast between them.例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages
besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．
Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to
people's health by giving them due physical exercise.
9.
【表示数量】(1)It has increased（decreased）from … to … (2)The population in this city
has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.(3)The output of July in this factory increased
by 15％ compared with that of January.例如：With the improvement of the living standard，
the proportion of people's income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education
has increased.再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers
has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
10.
表示看法。(1)People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.(2)People
have different opinions on this problem.(3)People take different views of（on）the
question.(4)Some people believe that…Others argue that … 例如：People have different
attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they
experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed
endeavor．However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the
category of losers.再如：Do lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have
different views on it.注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
11.
【表示结论】(1)In short，it can be said that …(2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.
(3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that … 例如：From what
has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，
however， its method should be improved.注：例句 1 可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句 3 则多
用文章结论段的第一句。
12.
【套语】(1)It's well known to us that … (2)As is known to us， … (3)This is a topic that
is being widely talked about.(4)From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen
that … (5)As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.例如：As is well known
to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.The reason for this
is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no
longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside
the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different
people have different opinions on it.
13.
【“比如”的表达方式】(1)For example，(2)For instance，(3)It can be given a concrete
example，(4)Take …for an example，it is a very obvious case (5)There is one impressive
example I want to mention here.(6)Let's see an example.(7)It is best illustrated if given
the following example.(8)Let me provide an example.(9)Perhaps the most important example
of … is that …(10)As I remember，/ I now still remember that.(11)I will never forget
that (12)To illustrate this，there is an example that is very persuasive.(13)An instance
that accompanies this reason is that…(14)An example can give the details of this 6
argument，…(15)It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of …(16)History
presented many examples of…
(17)In order to see this point clearly，let us see an example.
14.
【原因结果】(1)… owing to … (2) … attributable to … (3)… lie in the fact that …
(4)… result from …（句型一般）(5)It is precisely because … that … (6) …，as a
result，… (7) … be responsible for …（常见句型） (8) …，which in turn … 例如：They
give rise to unfair competition，which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial
panic.
15.
【强调句】(1)only 例如：Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation.
(2)It is … that … 例如：It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.
(3)nothing but 只不过；只有 … 例如：If what we have been striving for is nothing but
pleasure-seeking，our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(这里 nothing but 可以去
掉，不影响句意，但有了 nothing but，就强调了后面的名词)
16.
【假设】(1)Supposing … ，it is likely that … .假设…，那么很可能… 例如：Supposing you
wanted to buy a washing machine，it is more than likely you would obtain details (2)regarding
performance，price，etc.from an advertisement.
17.
【否定】(1)双重否定 not uncommon = common 平常的，普通的 not unusual = usual 平常的，
通常的 not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的 (尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定，为
文章多增加亮点)
18.
【直陈观点】(1)(or) vice-versa 反之亦然 (2)sth.be measured in terms of … sth.用…来衡量。
例如：“success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity.(3)A be more essential
to B.对 B 来说，A 是尤为关键重要的.(4)Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter
of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years.(很优美的句子，
值得借鉴) (5)from the … point of view 从 … 角度来看。例如：From the health point of view
从健康的角度来看。(6)must be rooted out in order to …. …必须根除以…。例如：Moral corruption
must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state.为了使国家健康发展，必须根
除腐败。(7)The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead
to the productive forces of the world and the economic and social development of humanity.科技
的快速发展带给世界生产力和人类经济和社会的发展一个强劲的推动力。(8)It is generally
believed/accepted/held that … 通常认为… 。(9)It is no denying the fact that ….无可否认…。
(10)Just as the popular saying goes，“Every coin has two sides”.From one
side，… .from the other side，….正如一个谚语所说的，“每个硬币都有两面(事物都是一分为二
的)”。从一方面看…，从另一方面来看…。
19.
【 自 然 、 生 态 、 环 境 的 好 词 】 (1)Environmental/water/air/noise pollution(2)Resources
exhaustion
(3)Wildlife extinction(4)Endangered species(5)Natural habitat(6)Reserve areas
(7)Sand/dust storm(8)Clear-cutting/deforestation(9)Over fishing(10)Overgrazing
(11)Soil erosion(12)Water and soil conservation(13)Desertification(14)Natural disaster
(15)Flood threat(16)Fire hazard(17)Storm/tempest(18)Blizzard(19)Drought(20)Famine
(21)Disruption of ecological balance(the balance of ecosystem)(22)Eruption of volcanoes
(23)Earthquake(24)Avalanche(25)Landslide(26)Hurricane(27)Shortage of water resources
(28)Shortage of fresh water(29)Harmful chemicals(30)Poisonous/toxic gases
(31)Carbon monoxide(32)Urban smog(33)Industrial waste(34)Hazardous nuclear waste
(35)Radioactive pollutants(36)Waste gas sent off from automobiles(37)Car emission standard
(38)Non-biodegradable material(39)Throw-away lunchbox(40)Recyclable product
(41)Renewable resources(42)Conserve natural resources(43)Plastic bags
(44)Greenhouse effect(45)Global warming(46)Acid rain(47)Energy crisis(48)Oil leakage
(49)Environment awareness(50)Pest rampancy(51)Rescue and relief work(52)Garbage disposal
20.
【自然、生态、环境的好句】(1)Pollution is，in fact，threatening our existence.(2)Villagers
are as a rule healthier than people who live in towns.One reason for this is that country
air is fresher than the air in smoky cities.(3)Most of the noise in the city comes from traffic，
factories and construction sites.(4)There is an increasingly loud voice from the public 7
calling for firm action against pollution.(5)Scientists have warned that unless effective
solutions are worked out，the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand.(6)Many
factories discharge enormous harmful chemicals into air and rivers every day.(7)To kill
insects，farmers use a large amount of insecticides so as to have a bumper harvest.As a
result ，they pollute the air ，water and land.(8)The gas from car engines is very poisonous.It
is a main source of air pollution in cities.(9)Deforestation result in the increase of global
temperature and unpleasant change of climate.(10)The earth is our home and we have the duty
to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generation.
(11)Beijing now has become one of the most polluted cities in the world.Among the 10 cities
with the worst air pollution in the world last year，Beijing was the third most polluted
city.(12)If the city had not plagued by poor quality air，the annual death rate in Beijing
would have been 4 percent lower in past three years，according to the research done jointly
by Beijing Medical University and Harvard University.(13)Beijing consumes 2.8 million tons
of coal each year ，of which 75 percent are low-grade coal.(14)To make room for those buildings，
trees are being cut down，grass plots occupied.Cities look like nothing but grey concrete
woods.(15)Modern cities should be expanding with a certain percentage for green-plant areas.
(16)We must begin now to protect our only earth.(17)Almost everything we use daily comes
from the land directly or indirectly.(18)But the limited land is decreasing at a surprising
speed.(19)The nature has given us so much，but looks at what we have done in return for its
generosity.(20)The ozone layer is our natural shield in the sky，but this shield is in great
danger due to human activities.To protect the ozone layer is to protect us.(21)Depleting
the ozone layer allows more UV-B to reach the earth，which means more skin cancers，more
eye cataracts(白内障)，weakened immune systems，and reduced plant yield.(22)The nature has
been irritated，which results in the shortage of valuable resources，air pollution，countless
acres of lands becoming deserts，etc.(23)Fortunately，many countries have got to know the
seriousness of the problem and take active measures to preserve the environment.(24)We
sincerely hope that all the people in the world will take part in the campaign and join hands
to protect the nature.(25)Besides，trees and lawns in our cities will in the long run help
improve the local climate.(26)The government should also spend more money on the preservation
of current lawns and cultivation of new lawns.(27)Chinese government has taken strict
measures to stop careless and indiscriminate felling of trees.(28)Therefore，governments
are playing the most important role in environmental protection today.(29)The government
should let people full realize the importance of environmental protection through education.
(30)Cars should be equipped with special devices to reduce auto emission.(31)Farmers can
utilize modern biological techniques instead of chemical fertilizers to grow crops.
(32)Desert can be turned into cultivated land by a certain kind of shrub.(33)Recycling of
paper，steel and plastics is important for helping protect our environment.(34)The city was
beautified on a tremendous scale.(35)Energy crisis will threaten our existence because of
the people's extravagance and the rapid growth of he population.(36)It is imperative that
we investigate and develop new sources of energy immediately.(37)With the expansion of
industrialization，requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.(38)We have a
great need for energy because of the rapid growth of our economy.(39)These rich energy
resources are being used up rapidly.(40)To avoid energy crisis in the future，we should take
some actions.(41)The overuse of energy has influenced ecological balance.(42)The
development of modern life is placing and ever increasing demand for electricity.(43)If there
were no energy，our world would be in a state of confusion.(44)Protecting endangered species
helps protect a healthy environment.Endangered species are nature's early warning system
for pollution and environmental degradation that may someday affect human health.(濒危物
种是大自然的关于污染和环境恶化的早期警戒系统，污染和环境恶化有朝一日会影响人类的健康。)
(45)Protecting endangered species saves a part of nature for our children and grandchildren
to enjoy.(46)Protecting endangered species helps protect sustainable economies and a good 8
quality of life.Endangered species of fish ，wildlife and plants are of ecological ，
educational ，historical ，recreational and scientific value to the nations and their
people.(47)All of the living creatures，including humans，are part of a complex，delicately
balanced network called the biosphere.(48)No creature exists in isolation.The removal of
a single species can set off a chain reaction affecting many others.(49)It is estimated that
about 12，000 Tibetan antelopes are killed each year.If this trend continues，this species
will be extinct in two decades.(50)A healthy environment for wildlife contributes to healthy
environment for people，today and tomorrow.
21.
【社会生活问题的好词】(1)Population explosion/baby boom(2)Population census
(3)Birth/death rate(4)Family planning(5)Suicide bombing(6)Dropout students
(7)Eliminate illiteracy(8)Help those in distress and aid those in peril
(9)Poverty-stricken areas(10)Remote and mountain areas(11)Brain drain
(12)Shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(13)Corruption phenomenon
(14)Offer and take bribes(15)Embezzle pubic funds(16)Counterfeit certificates
(17)Counterfeit currency/ID card(18)Credit card fraud(19)Fake commodities
(20)Vending machine(21)Generation gap(22)Couch potato(23)Keep a concubine/mistress
(24)Casino/gambling(25)Go on a diet(26)Well-balanced meals(27)Juvenile delinquency
(28)Enjoy banquets using public funds(29)Bad construction projects(30)Laid-off workers
(31)Suspend/discontinue a project(32)Welfare-oriented public housing distribution system
(33)High-rise apartment building(34)Down payment (by monthly installments)(35)Trial-period
(36)On-the-job training/professional training(37)Reemployment project(38)Drunk driving
(39)U.N.Security Council(40)Government-funded personnel studying abroad
(41)Racial/sex discrimination(42)Traffic jam/road congestion(43)Hit-and-run accident
(44)Violation of traffic regulations(45)Rush/peak hour(46)Security personnel
(47)Spokesman for news release(48)Press conference(49)Globalization(50)Sports lottery
(51)Intellectual property right(52)Infringement on the patent right(53)Live broadcast
(54)Bid for the Olympic Games(55)Frozen food(56)Preservation of cultural relics
(57)Change from temporary to regular worker(58)Body-building exercises(59)Bungee jumping
(60)Permanent residence certificate(61)Euthanasia(62)Drug addition(63)AIDS disease
(64)Campus violence(65)Child abuse(66)Kidnap/blackmail
22.
【社会生活问题的好句】(1)More and more people come to realize the importance of regular
physical exercise.(2)We must struggle against our own laziness and stay with our training，rain
or shine.(风雨无阻)(3)Maintaining our health is very important.No one should trifle with
his health.(4)Physical exercise increases the appetite and favors digestion.It increases
the circulation of the blood.Physical exercise can develop one's self-confidence ，
judgment ，and a strong will.(5)Early to bed and early to rise ，makes a man healthy ，
wealthy，and wise.(Benjamin Franklin)(6)A sound mind is in a sound body.(7)Taking part in
sports and games will keep us fit and healthy.(8)Proper sports activities help us strengthen
our physical body and build our sense of competition and cooperation.(9)Research shows that
getting plenty of exercise makes heart beat faster and lung work harder，thus strengthening
the heart and reducing the chance of heart attack，and helping to lower blood pressure.(10)For
those who work with their brains most of the day ，the practice of sport is especially
useful.(11)Once a habit is formed，it is difficult and sometimes impossible to shake it
off.(12)It is easier to fall into bad habits than to get into good ones.(13)Many successful
men declare that they own much of their prosperity to the formation of certain good habits
in early life，such as punctuality，early rising，honesty，and thoroughness.(14)The eating
habits of Chinese people have changed dramatically in the past decade.(15)People begin to
eat less grain ，but more fruit and vegetables.Fresh fruit and vegetables are rich in
carbohydrate( 碳水化合物) ，vitamins and minerals.(16)People now pay much attention to
nutrition，so they choose to eat meat and drink milk.(17)Fish and chicken contain more protein
and less fat.(18)The issue of re-employment is of vital importance to the country's
reform，development and stability.(19)Some statistics indicate that trained workers are 9
three times as likely to be re-employed as those who haven't participated in any training
programs.(20)A re-employment-oriented training network should be formed immediately to
cover as many laid-off workers as possible to enhance their abilities to face
challenges.(21)Its no shame to earn bread with one's own hands no matter what kind of work
he does，but it's a disgrace to idle along with folded arms and wait until financial aid
arrives.(22)China is undergoing a period of transition from a socialist planned economy to
a socialist market economy.(23)The government is supposed to issue more beneficial policies
to help the lay-offs out of difficulty.(24)Everyone desires and pursues happiness.But
happiness means different things to different people.(25)I'll be happy if I can realize my
value in my future career and make some contribution to the development of our
country.(26)Happiness also means being on good term with my colleagues and friends.(27)The
only ones who will be really happy are those who will have sought and found how to serve
the people.(28)Happiness lies first of all in health.(29)Happiness is always abounded from
hard work.(30)Happiness consists in
contentment.(31)Every generation has its own view of life and value system，which results
from its living circumstances.(32)As long as different generations can understand each other
and avoid foisting their own views and values on others，there will be fewer conflicts and
more harmony between the generations.(33)The old assume that they know best，but it is only
a matter of experience.(34)The young know how to enjoy work and leisure and not to be
inhibited.(约束)(35)Children often complain that their parents cannot understand them，while
parents feel sorry that their children seldom show them proper respect and obedience.
(36)Children should respect their parents and be aware that what their parents do is for
their good.(37)As reformation goes deeper in China，civil servants no longer have “iron
rice bowls” as they used to have in many places.(38)Whatever we do，we should do in our
power.(尽力而为)(39)To make a wise choice of occupations，two important things should be
taken into consideration.One is the interest，the other，the demand of the people and society.
(40)It is definitely true that behind every daily activity lies a motive.As a matter of fact，we
can achieve nothing without a realistic goal.(41)Everybody should have a goal in his life，because
aimless life wastes our energy and time.(42)Whatever goal you might have，the primarily
important thing you should have in life is health.(43)It is universally true that everyone
needs good health.With our society becoming more competitive ，it is important to stay
healthy.(44)For one thing，people with good health can do work with full energy and their
excellence in work in turn contributes to their health and happiness.For another，an unhealthy
person is seldom able to show interest in everything around him and therefore he loses many
opportunities to achieve success.(45)Generally speaking，those who have good motives do their
duties well.For example，parents work hard from early morning till late at night because
they want to support their families.Students study diligently either to rank top in their
class or to be prepared for their future success.(46)On the other hand，people do things
evil because they have evil goals.For instance，the motive for getting money without hard
work makes a pickpocket steal a purse.To fulfill his evil desire，a robber grab others'
belongings，and a murderer can kill an innocent person.These wicked motives are the kind
that people need to get rid of because they hurt others.(47)It is often easier to have ideals
than to carry them out.(48)Effort and persistence are necessary for the realization of
ideals.(49)Once the goal is determined，we must create opportunities to reach it.Work hard
and be patient after your goal is set.Try your best to make your life happen in the way you
wish to see it.It is those who set the right goal and stick to it long enough will finally
achieve it.(50)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.When ideals are gone
you may still exist，but you have ceased to live.(虽生犹死)
23.
【高级词汇代替一般词汇】
(1)severe 替换 serious( 严重的)(2)needy 替换 poor( 贫穷的)(3)wealthy 替换 rich ( 富裕
的 )(4)benificial 替 换 good ( 有 益 的 )(5)undesirable 替 换 bad ( 不 好 的 ， 不 受 欢 迎
的)(6)nevertheless 替换 however(然而，不过)(7)fundamental / significant 替换 important(重
要的)(8)relevant 替换 related (有关的)(9)pros and cons 替换 advantages10
and disadvantages(好处和坏处)(10)extraodinary 替换 surprising (惊人的，非凡的)
(11)provided/providing (that)替换 if (如果…)(12)promote /strengthen 替换 improve (提
高，加强)(13)cope with 替换 solve(解决)(14)motivate 替换 encourage(激励)(15)jeopardize 替换
be bad to (损害，危及)(16)ease 替换 relieve (减轻，缓解)(17)well-being 替换 happiness (幸
福，安康)(18)approach / method 替换 way(方法，方案)(19)adopt 替换 use (采用，采取)(20)the
aged 替换 old people(老人)(21)adolescents 替换 the young (青少年)(22)employment 替换 job(就
业)(23)affair 替换 thing (事情，东西)(24)bent 替换 gift (天赋，爱好)(25)catastrophe 替换
(disaster 灾难)(26)subscribe to 替换 agree with( 同意)(27)tend 替换 want( 趋向于.. 想
要…)(28)acquire 替换 gain (获得(尤指知识上的))(29)administration 替换 government (政府
部门)(30)contribute to 替换 cause (引起)(31)extremely 替换 very (非常的)(32)frown on sth
替换 disagree with sth (不同意)(33)for instance 替换 for example (例如)
(1)occur 替换 think of。Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house.→ An
idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.It occurred to me that someone
had broken into my house.(2)devote 替换 spend。He spends all his spare time in reading.→
He devotes all his spare time to reading.(3)seek 替换 want /look for。They sought (wanted)to
hide themselves behind the trees.(4)average 替换 ordinary 。I'm an average (ordinary)student.
(5)but 替换 very。The film we saw last night was very interesting.→ The film we saw last
night was nothing but interesting.The film we saw last night was anything but boring.(6)seat
替换 sit。On his way to school，he found an old lady seated (sitting)by the road，looking
worried.(7)suppose 替换 should。He is supposed to (should)have driven more slowly.
(8)appreciate 替换 thank。Thank you very much for you help.→ We appreciate your help very
much./Your help is much appreciated.(9)the case 替换 true。I don't think it is the case (true).
(10)on 替换 as soon as。As soon as he arrived，he began his research.→ On his arrival，he
began his research.(11)due to 替换 because of。He arrived late due to (because of)the storm.
(12)cover 替换 walk/read。After covering (walking)10 miles，we all felt tired.(13)contribute
to 替换 be helpful/useful 。Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study.→
Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.(14)round the corner
替换 coming soon/nearby。①The summer vacation is round the corner (coming).Do you have any
plans ？② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby).(15)come to light 替换
discover。The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels.→ The family were
so pleased when the lost jewels came to light.(16)have a ball 替换 have a good time/enjoy
oneself。After visiting the workshop，we went back to school.Every one of us had a ball (had
a good time).(17)come up with 替换 think of。 Jack is very clever.He often comes up with (thinks
of)new ideas.(18)set aside 替换 save。Some students think that they should set aside some
of their pocket money for books.(2004 天津卷)(19)be of + n.替换 adj. The products are of high
quality (very good)and are sold everywhere in China.(20)refer to 替换 talk about/of ，
mention。 The professor you referred to (talked about)is very famous.(21)can not but /can
not help but 替换 have to do。I could not but (had to)go home.(22)more often than not 替
换 usually 。 More often than not (Usually) ，the meaning of many words can be easily
guessed.(23)lest 替换 so that /in order that。I wrote down his telephone number so that I
would not forget it.→ I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should)forget it.(24)be
long for sth./be long to do sth.替换 want to do sth./wish for。I want to see you very much.→
I am long to
see you.(25)be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to 替换 be interested
in 。He is caught up in (very interested in)collecting stamps.(26)more than 替换 very。①
I'm very glad to learn that you are coming in September.→ I'm more than glad to learn that
you are coming in September. (NMET 2003)②If there is anything I can do for you，I would
be more than glad to help.(2004 全国卷)(27)perfect (ly)替换 good/very well。He speaks perfect
(good)English./He speaks English perfectly (very well).(28)do sb a/the favor 替换 help。
Would you please do me the favor (help me)to turn down the radio?(29)the other day 替换 a
few days ago。The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.(NMET 1997)
(30)in the course of 替换 during。In the course of (During)the mountain-climbing，please help 11
each other and pay special attention to your safety.(31)the majority of 替换 most 。The
majority of (Most of)the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the
cinema.(32)consist of 替换 be made up of 。Our class consists of (is made up of)50
students.(33)be worn out 替换 be tired /broken。 ① After five hours' non-stop work，we were
all worn out (tired). ② My shoes are worn out (broken).Please buy me a new pair.(34)become
of 替换 happen 。What do think has become of (happened to)him ？(35)attend to 替换 look
after。(36)on condition that 替换 as long as。(37)nevertheless 替换 however。(38)express one's
satisfaction with 替换 be satisfied with。(39)spare no efforts to do 替换 try one's best to
do。(40)many a 替换 many。(41)be rushed off one's feet 替换 be busy in doing。(42)a handful
of 替换 a little /some。(43)meanwhile 替换 at the same time。(44)get to one's feet 替换 stand
up。(45)beneath 替换 under。(46)occasionally 替换 sometimes /once in while。(47)for instance
替换 for example。
(48)seldom 替换 not often。(49)wealthy 替换 rich。(50)amazing 替换 surprising。(51)as a matter
of fact 替换 in fact。
24.
【过渡语】(1)表示时间顺序: first，then，afterwards，meanwhile，later，first of all，
finally，at last … (2)表示空间顺序: near，next to，far from，in front of，on the left，
on one side …
(3) 表示比较、对照: like ，unlike ，such as ，but ，however ，on the other hand ，on the
contrary ，nevertheless ，otherwise … (4) 表示因果关系: because ，for ，as a result ，
therefore，thus …
(5) 表示递进关系: besides ，what's more ，what was worse ，moreover ，furthermore ，in
addition ，on top of … (6) 表示并列关系: and ，as well as ，also … (7) 表示总结性: in
general，in a word，in short，on the whole，to sum up，in brief，to conclude …
25.
【分类话题词汇、短语、例句】(1)中学生的爱好与兴趣。Spare time(业余时间)，favorite(最喜欢
的)，Interest(兴趣)，hobby(爱好)，appetite(嗜好)，taste(口味)，read novels(也小说)，play
football/basketball(打足球/篮球)，surf the internet(上网)，chat online(在线聊天)，play
games(玩游戏)，collect stamps(集邮)，make e-friends(交网友)，climb mountains(爬山)，watch
TV(看电视)，enjoy popular music(喜欢流行音乐)，be interested in(对 … 感兴趣)，develop an
interest in(在 … 方面发展兴趣)，be fond of(喜欢 … )，be keen on(喜欢 … )，have love for(喜
爱 … )，have a taste in(对 … 有兴趣) 等。(2)劳动与劳动观念。Work(工作)，be at work(在工作)，
work hard(努力工作)，produce(生产)，worker(工人)，labor force(劳动力)，labor(劳动)，voluntary
labor(义务劳动)，serve the people(为人民服务)，heart and soul(全心全意)，physical labor(体
力劳动)，mental labor(脑力劳动)，labor viewpoint(劳动观念)，labor Day(劳动节)，workday(工
作日)，means of labor(劳动方式)，honorable(光荣的)，be devoted to(奉献于..)，value(价
值)，earn money(赚钱)，personal interests(个人利益)等。(3)创建和谐社会。harmonious(和谐
的) ，friendly( 友好的) ，civilized( 文明的) ，honest( 真诚的) ，credible ( 诚信的) ，be
public-spirited(有公德心的)，balanced(平衡的)，be in order(有序的)，peaceful(和平的)，live
in harmony(生活和谐)，sustainable development(可持续发展)等，help each ether(互助)，care
for each other(互相关心)，have deep love for (热爱)，be concerned with (关心)，build(创建)，
cherish(珍惜)，take an active part in(积极参与)，pay attention to social moral(讲究社会
公德)，protect the environment(保护环境)，save energy(节省能源)等。No pains，no gains.不
劳无获。 … can be achieved by hard wok. … 可以通过劳动获得。It is difficult to find work
in the present situation.在当前形势下，很难找到工作。It is honorable to … … 是光荣的。
If everyone … for others and the society，our world will be … 如果每个人为他人和社会做
…， 我们这个世界将会 … 。Every one should … and shoul devote himself to building our
motherland into a strong one.每个人应该 …，为把我们祖国建设成为一个强壮的国家而奉献自己
的力量。(4)招聘与求职。employ(雇佣)，look for(寻找)，take in(吸纳)，full-time(全职的)，
part-time(兼职的)，well-paid(薪水高的)，be paid by the hour(按小时发工资)，requirement(要
求)，résumé(个人履历)，schooling(受教育情况)，subjects(课程)，working experience(工作经
历)，qualification(合格证明)，transcript (成绩单)，health(健康状况)，present address(现在
通讯地址)等，apply for(申请 … )，graduate from(毕业于)，major in(以 … 为专业)，degree(学
位)，scholarship(奖学金)，good grades(良好的成绩)，hobby(爱好)，favorite(最喜欢的)，be
skilled in(在 … 方面熟练)，be good at(擅长 … )，experienced(有经验的)，confident(自信的)，12
English and computer ability(英语和计算机能力)，healthy(健康的)等。(5)中学生的健康问题。
Physical and mental condition( 身体与精神状态) ，strong( 强壮的) ，un/healthy( 不健康/ 健康
的)，overweight/fat(肥胖的)，thin(瘦的)，near/short-sighted(近视的)，mentally unhealthy(精
神不健全的)，normal(正常的)，abnormal(不正常的)，energetic(精力旺盛的)，unhealthy eating
habit(不健康的饮食习惯)，eat much junk food (吃太多的垃圾食品)等，Stay/keep healthy/fit(保
持健康)，build up one's body/ improve one's' health(强身健体)，enough sleep(充足的睡眠)，
take regular exercise(进行有规律的运动)，roper diet(合理的饮食)，good living habits(良好
的生活习惯) ，lose weight( 减肥) ，remove heavy burdens( 减轻负担) ，be good for/do good
to(对 … 有益处)，nutrition(营养)，go on diet(节食)，form a … eating habit(养成一个 … 的饮
食习惯) Breathe in as much fresh air 等。(6)环境保护。Pollute（污染），Waste is scattering
here and there.（到处撒满了废弃物），protect the environment(保护环境)，send out smoke and
poisonous gases into the air（散发出烟和有毒气体），cut down trees(砍伐树木)， pour waste
water into the rivers（把废水注入河流），It is a shame to throw rubbish around.（乱扔垃圾
是可耻的），form good habits to protect the surroundings（养成良好的习惯来保护环境）， take
active measures to protect rare animals(采取积极措施保护稀有动物)， take good care of our
forests（关心我们的森林），plant more trees to improve the environment （多植来改善环境），
The terrible pollution have done great harm to us as well as to the surroundings.(可怕的
污染已经给我们自己还有我们的环境带来了很大的危害。)(7)校园文明与安全问题。School rules and
regulations(学校规章制度)，obey(遵守)，observe(遵守)，keep/observe discipline(遵守纪律)，
behave well(表现良好)，be neatly dressed(穿戴整洁)，respect one's teachers and parents(尊
敬师长)，be on time(准时)，keep the environment clean(保持环境干净)，civilized(文明的) break
the rules(违反规章制度)，discipline(纪律)，spit(吐痰)，throw rubbish everywhere(乱扔垃
圾)，cheat in the exam(考试作弊)，get in line (插队)，fight with sb.(与 … 打架)，punish
sb.for (因 … 处罚某人)等。The students are told not to break any of the rules of the school.
学校要求学生不要违反任何规章制度。The students are expected to … 学校期望学生 … 。It must
be made clear that the students should … 必须明确的一点是，学生应该 … 。 … is of no good
to a friendly and harmonious society. … 对创建友好和谐的社会是毫无益处的。It is honorable
to obey the principles and rules of our school.遵守学校的规章制度是光荣的。It is worthy of
praise to … … 是值得表扬的。It is shameful to … … 是可耻的。What we should do is
that … 我们应该做的事情是 … (8)友谊。get to know sb.(认识某人)，know sb.really well(熟
知某人)，make friends with sb.(和某人交朋友)，a strong personality (一个很强的个性)，personal
matters(隐私)，friendship(友谊)，friendly(友好的)，a close friend(一个亲密的朋友)，trust
each other (相互信任)，precious(珍贵的)，worthy(有价值的)，understanding(通情达理的) ，
share … with sb.(与…分享…)，be loyal to(对 … 忠诚)，keep in touch with sb.(与 … 保
持联系)，keep company with sb.(和 … 结交)，stay best friends with sb.(和…保持很好的友
谊)等。在描述此话题时常用的句型有：Friends give us … 朋友给予我们 … 。A good friend is
someone you can … 一位好朋友就是一个我们能够 … 的人。The first time I met …，he was …
当我第一次遇到…的时候，他…。Friendship plays an important part in …友谊在…中扮演一个
重要角色。You can … to be a good friend.你可以 … 来成为别人的好朋友。We can turn to …
when we feel down.当我们心情糟糕时，可以求助于…。…makes a good friend. …成就好朋友。A
friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真知。 … is one of the things people value most
in a friend.…是人们在朋友身上最重视的东西。… have a friend of … years with sb. …与…
有着…年的友情。
26.
【连接词】(1)举例。for example，for instance，take … for example，such as，like，and so
on，so on and so forth，and so on and on and on，etc.等。(2)说明。that's to say，in other
words，namely，等。(3)因果。so，for，therefore，as a result，thus，because，because of，
thanks to … ，owing to … ，due to … … 等。(4)递进。then，besides，in addition，
furthermore，moreover，what's more 等。(5)顺序。①时间顺序 firstly，secondly，thirdly，
finally；in the first place，in the second place，in the third place，lastly to begin
with，then，furthermore，finally；to start with，next，in addition，finally；first and
foremost，besides，last but not least；most important of all，moreover，finally；②空间顺序
in the front of，in front of … ，before，behind，at the back of，on the right/left(of)，
to the right /left of … ，on the other side of … ，in the center of … ，in the middle 13
of … ，at the beginning of，at the end of … ，by the side of … ，on the top of … ，at
the foot of … ，on the bottom of，inside，outside，upstairs，downstairs(6)转折。
nevertheless，however，although，though，but，on the country，after all，oppositely 等。
(7)总结。in short，in a word，in general，generally speaking，finally，at last，as far as
I know，in brief，briefly speaking，in the end，as a matter of fact，in reality，in
fact，on the whole，in conclusion，on account of this，therefore 等。(8)强调。really，
indeed，certainly，surely，for sure，above all 等。(9)对比。in the same way，just as，in
common with，compared with，on the one hand … on the other hand，for one thing … for
another，similarly 等。(10)平行。and，both … and … ，as well as，as well，neither …
nor … or，either … or … ，not only … but also … 等。
(1)表示罗列增加。First，second，third，First，then/next，after that/next，finally；For one
thing … for another …，；On (the) one hand … on the other hand，；Besides/what's more/in
addition/furthermore/moreover/another/also，Especially/In particular，(2)表示时间顺序。now，
at present ，recently ，after ，afterwards ，after that ，after a while ，in a few days ，at
first ，in the beginning ，to begin with ，later ，next ，finally ，immediately ，soon ，
suddenly，all of a sudden，at that moment，as soon as，the moment，form now on，from then
on ，at the same time ，meanwhile ，till ，not … until ，before ，after ，when ，while ，as
during ，(3) 表示解释说明。now ，in addition ，for example ，for instance ，in this case ，
moreover，furthermore，in fact，actually(4)表示转折关系。but，however，while，though，
or，otherwise，on the contrary，on the other hand，in contrast，despite，in spite of，even
though，except (for)，instead，of course，after all，(5)表示并列关系。or，and，also，
too，not only … but also，as well as，both … and，either … or，neither … nor(6)表示因果关
系。because，because of，since，now that，as，thanks to …，due to …，therefore，as a result
(of)，otherwise，so … that，such … that(7)表示条件关系。as (so) long as，on condition
that，if，unless(8)表示让步关系。though，although，as，even if，even though，whether …
or …，however，whoever，whatever，whichever，wherever，whenever，no matter how (who，
what，which，where，when，whom)(9)表示举例。for example，for instance，such as …，take …
for example
(10)表示比较。be similar to，similarly，the same as，in contrast，compared with (to) … just
like，just as，(11)表示目的。for this reason，，for this purpose，so that，in order to，
so as to ，(12) 表示强调。in deed ，in fact ，surely ，certainly ，no doubt ，without any
doubt，truly，obviously，above all，(13)表示概括归纳 in a word，in short，in brief，on the
whole，generally speaking，in my opinion，as far as I know，As we all know，as has been
stated，as I have shown，finally，at last，in summary，in conclusion
27.
【分类常见句型】(1)用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型。①As the graph depicts，… ②From the
cartoon /picture，we can see that … ③According to the statistics shown in the first /second
graph，④The table shows/indicates/reveals that … ⑤It can be seen /concluded from the
picture/table/figures that … (2)用于句首提出论题或现象的句型。①Recently，… has become
the focus of the society.②… has been playing an increasingly important role in our
day-to-day life.③Nowadays there is a growing concern for … ④Nowadays it is common to hear
/see … ⑤… has become a common occurrence in our daily life.⑥Nowadays more and more people
are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of … ⑦It is only during the last /past few
years that man has become generally aware that … ⑧There is an old/popular saying/proverb
which says/goes … ⑨In recent years，there is a general tendency … ⑩Nowadays … has become
a problem we have to face.(3)用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型。①Some people
like/prefer …，while others are/feel inclined to … ②There are different opinions among
people as to … Some believe … whole hold … ③Some people claim that … is superior
to … Others，however，disagree with it.④Some people believe … Others maintain … Still
others claim … ⑤Some people suggest … Others，however，hold the opposite opinion.⑥On
the one hand，people tend to … On the other hand，they feel … ⑦Some people argue
that … Others，in contrast，believe that … ⑧Although more and more people come to
believe … there are still others who insist that … ⑨On the contrary，there are people 14
in favor of … ⑩There are some people who hold different opinions about …(4)用于陈述个
人观点/想法的常用句型。①My own experience tells me that … ②In my opinion，we should attack
more importance to … ③As for my own idea about … I believe … ④As far as I am
concerned，I plan to … ⑤Personally，I prefer … ⑥In my view，both sides are partly right
in that … ⑦But for me，I would rather … ⑧My own point of view is that … ⑨In
conclusion，I support the statement that … ⑩As regards me，I tend to choose …(5)用于书信写
作的常用句型。①Thank you for your letter of … ②It is a pleasure for me invite you on behalf
of … to accept … ③Thanks so much for your letter，which arrived … ④I am writing to you
with reference to … ⑤I am writing to you in connection with … ⑥I would be grateful if
you could/would … ⑦I would like to know some information on … ⑧It will be appreciated
if you can/could … ⑨I would also like to know if you can/could … ⑩I look forward to hearing
from you.(6)用于结尾的常用句型。①From what has been discussed/mentioned above，we may
conclude that …②Therefore，it is not difficult to draw/come to the conclusion that … ③
It is high time that something was done about … ④From all the reasons/consideration
above，it is evident/clear/obvious
that … ⑤Taking into account all these factors，we may reach the conclusion that … ⑥Given
the reasons/consideration I have just outlined/discussed/presented，I strongly recommend
that … ⑦It is clear，therefore，that … ⑧All in all，what really matters is，in fact，
to … ⑨It is essential that effective measure be taken to … ⑩From what has been discussed
above，we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that … ⑾ In conclusion，the most important
is … ⑿ On the whole，it is high time that every one … ⒀ As a result，we should take some
effective steps to … ⒁ Judging by the figures/statistics，it is not difficult to see
that … ⒂ Only in this way/in so doing，can be really …
28.
【高级句型分类】(1)否定句 (2)判断句 (3)祝愿祈使句 (4)感叹句 (5)疑问句 (6)数词句型 (7)关联指
代 (8)比较句型 (9)比喻句型。(1)否定句。①主语+否定谓语，not + 同前主语；用语加强否定语气。
I'll not do such a thing，not I.He won't break his word，not he.Tom can't speak Russian，
not he.②主语+否定谓语+much less/still less +词组或从句 用语进一步否定。I could not assent
to，much less participate in such proceedings.He doesn't like music，still less/much less
dancing.I didn't even see him，still less/much less shake hands with him.③主语+否定谓语
+to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention +名词；主语+否定谓语+let alone+名词或从句
用语进一步否定。He doesn't know English，to say nothing of German or French.I don't know
algebra or geometry，not to mention calculus.I never thought of it，let alone (much less/still
less) did I do it.④半否定词+or/if+否定代词或副词；表示半否定或让步否定。Few，however，if
any，besides the King himself，believed that Hermione was quilty.I saw little or nothing
of him after you were gone.She seldom or never (if ever) made a mistake.Peter read little
or nothing (little if anything) in summer vacation.Mr.Morris seldom or never went out.⑤
主语+cannot + but/choose but/help but +动词原型 意为“不得不，别无选择”。I cannot but admire
his courage.We can't (choose) but admit that in certain aspects of science and technology
they are ahead of us.We can't but read books to increase our knowledge.⑥（There be）No+
主语+but+谓语+其它 双重否定表示强烈之肯定。（其中 but 相当于 who … not，that … not，which …
not）There is no man but has his faults.(There is no man who doesn't have his faults.There
is no man without faults.All men have faults.)(There is) Nobody but has his faults.There
is no rule but has exceptions.There is nobody but knows this matter.⑦A 分句（否定）+ but
+ B 分句（肯定） 借否定来强调肯定。It never rains but pours.She never comes but she brings
us something to eat.They never met but they fought.⑧主语+be + the last + 名词+从句/to do
He is the last person to say that.You are the last woman that I want to marry.That is the
last place where I expected to have met you.Lying is the last thing that he is likely to
do.
(2)判断句。①主语+can't+谓语+too+形容词/副词 表示强烈之肯定。You can't read too much/ many
books.We can't be too careful.Nobody can have too many friends.She can never have too many
dresses.②主语+谓语+no other than/none other than/ none but+宾语/表语 强调判断句。The man
was no other than John.We depend on none but ourselves.③主语+be nothing +else but/else
than/less than+表语 (只是) 强调判断句。He is nothing but a paper tiger.The situation is 15
nothing else but/than fine.That is nothing less than a miracle.Genius is nothing but labor
and diligence.④主语+be not A，but B./ 主语+be +B+ and (but) not A. 选择判断句。I am very
ill，not bodily，but mentally.The tragedy is not in not knowing，but in not knowing that
you don't know.It is yours，and not mine.It is not mine，but yours.⑤(It is) Not that A +
but that B.（不是，而是） 选择判断句。It is not that I dislike the work，but that I have
no time.Not that we are afraid of Americans，but that they are afraid of us.It is not heroes
that make history，but history that makes heroes，and that，consequently，it is not heroes
who create a people，but the people who create heroes and more history onward.⑥So far from
being … ，主语+谓语 选择判断句。So far from being a help，he is a hindrance.So far from
being ashamed of it，he takes pride in it.So far from being true，the news is false.⑦主
语+be + less A than B./ 主语+be+ more B than A.比较判断句。Experience shows that success
is due less to ability than to zeal.It is even more a picture that a poem.He is more shy
than (he is) unsocial.He is more angry (not angrier) than frightened.⑧主语+be+B rather than
A.与其说，不如说。比较判断句。He is an ordinary worker rather than a leader.He is rather
diligent than clever.The patient was worse rather than better.He is an artist rather than
a philosopher.⑨主语+ be not so much A as B.与其说，不如说。比较判断句。He is not so much
a scholar as a writer.It is not so much a help as advice.A man's worth lies not so much in
what he has as in what he is.⑩主语+ be being +doing.故意，有意。She is being kind.They are
being friendly.Tom is being naughty.He is being good/helpful/a fool. ⑾ 时间 + see/witness
+宾语 拟人表达。The twenties century saw the rapid development of IT.The happy May witnessed
their grand wedding.1976 saw the loss of two great men in China.
(3)祝愿祈使句。①Be so kind/good as to do sth.委婉的请求。Be good/kind enough to do sth.Be
so kind/kind enough to shut the door.Be so good as to come and join us.Be good enough (so
good as) to help me with my English.②Supposing/Suppose 主语+动词原形 类似 let，但更委
婉 。 Suppose we try to do it my way.Suppose we start tomorrow.Supposing we go for a
swim.Supposing we buy a car.③Long live +第三人称主语 … 万岁。Long live the people！Long
live our motherland！④May +主语 +动词原形 祝愿。May you return soon.May he be happy.May
she never repent this act.(May) God bless you.⑤名词 to 名词 祝愿。Glory to the people！
Success to you！Best wishes to you！A happy journey to you！⑥If only +主语 + 虚拟谓语 若
… 就好了。If only Mao Zedong were still by our side to see this with his own eyes！If only
I had known then what I knew long afterwards！If only I could see her again！⑦O/Oh/Ah，
+ that 从句（虚拟）；O/Oh/Ah，+ to be +表语 ； O/Oh/Ah，+ 虚拟谓语 +主语 虚拟的愿望。
Oh，that she could come back to life again！O that he were a live and could see this！
Ah，to be in England now that April is there！O to be a boy again！O were he only here！
O had I wings！⑧Be+主语 +表语 表语 + be +主语 书面语的愿望。Be ours a happy meeting！
Light be her heart and gay her merry eyes！So be it！ (So may it be.Be it so.)Blessed be
he that spares these stones and curst be he that moves my bones.⑨Would (that) +主语 +虚
拟谓语 祝愿。虚拟的愿望。Would (that) it were otherwise！Would that they were safe home
again！Would I were a woman！Would that I were young again！
(4)感叹句。①To think that + 从句（虚拟谓语）意外而感叹。To think that you should fail！
To think that I should be s insulted！To think that I knew nothing about it！To think that
you are/were so careless！②Fancy + 动名词 表示“真想不到”。Fancy meeting so many friends
here！Fancy his doing a thing like that！Fancy his making such a wonderful speech！Fancy
(that)！ Just fancy！
(5)疑问句。①疑问词+in the world/on earth/the devil/ever … ？强调疑问句。What in the world
do you mean ？Who on earth told you that ？Who the devil is he ？Where ever did you lose
it？Who ever wants it？②疑问句+do you think/did you say/can you guess/do you suppose + 其它？
疑问句中插入成分。What do you think I should do first ？How old were you then ，did you
say？How many books，can you guess，did he buy the other day？③肯定陈述，+ 肯定反问 修辞性
反问以加强语气，非反意问句，故无需作答。肯定反问中的动词须重读。We are old friends，not 16
strangers，right？So you have seen the film，have you？She is a sweet girl，is she？④疑
问词位置不在句首 特殊疑问句的灵活运用。Five times what number makes 20？You are twenty-what
this year？He is your who？You bought a what yesterday？He went all the way where？
(6)数词句型。①用 exactly/clear/sharp 精确整数。The cloth measures ten yards exactly.It's
now exactly ten o'clock.It's ten sharp.It takes me three clear days.②about /or so/ more
or less/ some 约指整数。About ten thousand cars were produced.He wrote some 800 books.During
the past ten years or so，the production has increased by 90 %.It's an hour's journey，more
or less.③年龄表达 I am 20.I am 20 years old.I am 20 years of age.I am aged 20 (years).My
age is 20 (years).He entered school at the age of 5.He became plump at 50.He graduated at
20 years of age.He is a girl of 18 (years old).He is a man aged 20 years.They are under/below
7 years of age.She is in her teens. ④计量表达 The tree is about 60 feet high (in height).
long—in length 、wide—in width 、 thick—in thickness 、heavy—in weight 、high(物)—in
height 、tall( 人)—in height 、deep—in depth 、across—in breadth( 宽度) 、across—in
diameter(直径) 、across—in radius(半径)、This room measures 60 feet (in length) by 15 feet
(in breadth).
(7)关联指代。①On (the) one hand，… and on the other (hand) … 同一事物之两面。On the one
hand，I am your teacher，and on the other，I am your comrade and friend.They have been blamed
on the one hand and lauded on the other.On the one hand，you shouldn't be shy; on the other
hand，you mustn't forget your manners.②two (both) … the one (and) the other … ；two
(both) … the former ，the latter … ；two (both) … the first ，the second … ；two
(both) … that，this … ；two (both) … those，these … 先后两事物。I have two brothers;
the one (former) is fifteen，and the other (latter) is eleven.Work and play are both necessary
to health; this (the latter) gives us rest，and that (the former) gives energy.They keep
horses and cattle，those for riding，and these for food.③first … second … third …
lastly … ；firstly … secondly … thirdly … lastly … ；one … two … three … four …
序列。First，I wish both of you good health.Second，I wish both of you success in your work;
and third，I wish both of you good luck in everything.What do we need in order to really
win？ We need three things: first，arms，second，arms，third，arms and arms again.
(8)比较句型。①某些形容词-or + to + 被比对象 特殊比较级句型。His strength is superior
to/greater than mine.Socialism is superior to capitalism.My knowledge is inferior to/less
than his.Is your father senior to mine？Colored people are by no means inferior to white
people.His arrival is posterior to that of my friend.②Better … than … “宁可，最好”，
It is 被省略。Better late than never.Better to do well than to say well.Better to light one
candle than to curse the darkness.Better die standing than live kneeling.③choose A before
B 优先选择。A hero should choose death before dishonor.I am willing to work myself to death
before I give up.I would do anything before that.
(9)比喻句型。①like，as 比喻。He stood there like a tree.Use a book as a bee does a flower.A
year has gone as a tortoise goes heavy and slow.②A is to B as C is to D. A to B is what
C is to D. 比喻 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.Intellect is to the mind
what sight is to the body.Air is to us what/as water is to fish.③(Just) As/What +喻体，
so/that +本体 比喻 Just as we sweep our rooms，so we should sweep backward ideas from our
minds.What salt is to food ，that wit and humor are to conversation and literature.What blood
vessel is to a man's body，that railway is to transportation.As food is to man，so manure
is to crops.④A to B is as … as C to D.同等重要性比喻。Cultivation to the mind is as necessary
as food to the body.He walks as if he were as blind as a beetle.A pen to a writer is as important
as arms to a soldier.⑤may as well … as … 类似比喻。You may as well call a cat a little
tiger as call a tiger a big cat.She might as well love a dream as fall in love with me.One
might as well expect the leopard to change his spots as expect the wolf to change its nature.⑥as
… as 形容词活用。It is as hot as hot can be.He works as hard as hard can be.She's as beautiful 17
as beautiful can be.
29.
【分类句型】(1)表示 … 受到关注。With the increasingly rapid economic growth，more problems
are brought to our attention. 随着日益迅速的经济发展，更多的问题受到我们的关注。The
preservation of forests has aroused people's wide concern 保 护 森 林 引 发 人 们 的 广 泛 关
注./How we can maintain the ecological balance has been widely discussed in our university.
如何保护生态平衡在我们学校被广泛讨论。/Recently the phenomenon has aroused people's wide
concern 最近这个现象引起了广泛关注。(2)重要影响。Nowadays more and more people begin to
realize the importance of the problem of education.现在越来越多的人开始认识到教育问题的重要
性。/Nowadays more and more people notice the significance of the problem of pollution.现在越
来越多的人开始注意到污染问题的严重性。It may create/cause /lead to a series of problems.
这有可能造成一系列的问题。Advertising play a significant role in American business ，
furthermore，it exerts enormous effects on the nation's economy.广告在美国商业中起着重要
的作用，而且它对国家的经济有着极大的影响。According to a recent survey，about 78.9％ of the
college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.根据最近的一项统计
调查显示，大约 78.9％的大学毕业生在毕业后都想继续进修。Our city becoming increasingly
crowded due to the expanding population and the sharp rise in the number of private cars.由于不
断增长的人口和私家车数量的剧增，我们的城市变得愈来愈拥挤。With the rapid development of
modern technology，the Internet has become a necessary part of our daily life and work.随着现
代科技的迅速发展，互联网已经成为生活和工作中必不可少的一部分。(3)表示观点。表示支持或反
对 Personally，I stand on the side of … 就个人而言，我支持 … /As far as I'm concerned，
I am in favor of the opinion that … 就我而言，我赞同 … 的观点 From my part，I completely
agree with the former/latter.至于我，我完全同意前/后者的观点。/Personally，I side with the
former/latter opinion.就个人而言，我赞同前/后者的观点。For the reasons presented above，
I strongly commit to the notion that … 根据上述的理由，我坚持的观点是 … (4)表示陈述原因。If
asked to make a choice，I would not hesitate to side with the latter view for several strong
reasons.如果要我选择的话，我将基于以下几点理由毫不犹豫地选择后者的观点。I fully agree with
the statement that … The reasons are chiefly as follows：我完全同意 …，主要理由如下：I
can hardly side with the latter opinion for the following several sound reasons：我很难认
同后一种观点，理由有以下几个方面：The reasons why … are as follows.The main reason is …
What is more，… Thirdly … As a result，… (5)表示发生巨大变化。Our eating habits have
changed drastically since western fast food was introduced into China ten years ago.自从
十年前西式快餐进入中国以来，我们的饮食习惯发生了巨变。With the rapid development of economy，
great changes have taken place in … /remarkable/amazing/fantastic/progress/growth
/improvement/society/industry/livingstandard随着经济的快速的发展,… 发生了巨大的变化。At
present/currently/lately/recently
/nowadays/these years/in the past several decades/over the last several years …目前/当前/最
近/近来/现今/这些年来/在过去几十年里/过去几年来 … (6)正反两面看。Though scientific
advancement has brought us many benefits，it also produces some negative effects on human
life to some extent.虽然科学技术的进步给我们带来很多好处，同时也在某种程度上对人类生活带
来负面影响。Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.对该问题的看法因人
而异。Attitudes towards this hot topic differ widely. 人们对此热点话题的态度不一。The
discussion about … has never stopped in the past few years.Let's have a look at its advantages
and disadvantages before drawing the final conclusion.关于 … 的讨论在过去几年里从来都没
停止过。在得出最终的结论之前，让我们来分析一下它的利弊.(7)结论。From what has been discussed
above，we may safely arrive at the conclusion that … 从以上所讨论的来看，我们可以得出以
下结论 … Obviously，we can draw the conclusion that … Obviously，it is high time that
we took some measures to solve the problem.4. To conclude my essay，I would like to quote
an old saying “ … ”我想引用一句古语来结束我的文章：“ … ”5.Up until now，we can see
it clearly that____ is not beneficial or harmful in itself.The key lies in the user——so
long as we can make proper use of it，it can be most helpful to us in many respects.(8)呼吁/解决
办法。Both governments and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this world a better
place to live in，not only for ourselves，but also for future generations.不仅仅是为了我
们，更是为了我们的后代，政府和普通公民应该联合起来，使这个世界变成更美好的家园。I suggest 18
the department concerned taking some effective measures to improve the present situation.我建
议有关部门采取一些有效措施改善现状。When everyone realize the significance of environmental
protection and adopts some feasible measures，I am fully confident that we can enjoy a cleaner
environment.当每个人都充分意识到环保的重要性，并采取可行的措施，我坚信我们能享有更干净的
环 境 。 Obviously ， it is high time that we took some effective measures to solve the
problem./Consequently，it is high time that we made great efforts to put an end to...What
we should make sure is to absorb the essence and discard the dregs.我们要做到的是取其精华，弃
其糟粕。We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.我们被赋予新
的机会和面临着新的挑战。I firmly believe that if we try our best to...，can we...It is high
time that we called on the efforts from all sides to deal with this problem properly.10.In
my mind ，the government and the citizens should join hands to put an end to these_____.11.It
is more than necessary that all of us joined in the efforts to fight against this notorious
phenomenon.12.If everyone makes a contribution to environmental protection，the world will
become much more beautiful. 如果每个人都为保护环境做出贡献，世界会变得更加美好。13.Let's
work together to make our world a better place.让我们一起努力把世界变得更加美好。
30.
【分类句型】(1)开头句型。1.As far as … is concerned 2.It goes without saying that …
3.It can be said with certainty that … 4.As the proverb says 5.It has to be noticed that
…
6.It's generally recongnized that … 7.It's likely that 8.It's hardly that …
It's hardly too much to say that … What calls for special attention is that … 需要特
别注意的是 There's no denying the fact that … 毫无疑问，无可否认 Nothing is more important
than the fact that … What's far more important is that …
(2)衔接句型。A case in point is … As is often the case … As stated in the previous paragraph
如前段所述 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以 … But
it's a pity that … For all that … In spite of the fact that … Futher，we hold opinion
that … However，the difflcult lies in … Similarly，we should pay attention to …
not(that) … but(that) … 不是，而是 In view of the present sitation.鉴于目前形势 As has
been mentioned above … In this respect，we many as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说
However，we have to look at the other side of the coin，that is … 然而我们还得看到事物的
另一方面，即 …
(3)结尾句型。I will conclude by saying … Therefore，we have the reason to belive that …
All things considered，总而言之 It may be safely said that … Therefore，in my opinion，
it's more advisable … It can be concluded from the discussion that … 从中我们可以得出这样的
结论 From my point of view，it would be better if … 在我看来 … 也许更好
(4)万能句型。Let's take … to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明 eg: let's take the above chart
as an example to illustrate this.It's remains to be further studied … There's question is
how … so that，so … that …
31.
【连接词、连接语】①表明事件发生的时间顺序：then，first，at once，next，after that，
previously，while，when，the following day，etc.②表明文章的组织结构: 1)Listing:
firstly，in the first place，secondly，thirdly，my next point is，last/finally，
etc.2)Illustrating: for example/ for instance，to illustrate，an example/ instance of this
is，let's take … ..，take … .for example，etc.3)Re-stating: in other words，that is to
say，to put it another way，let me put it this way，or rather，namely，etc.4)Referring: in
this respect，in that connection，as we said，apart from this，etc.5)Resuming: to
resume，to return to the previous point，getting back to the argument，etc.6)Summarizing:
to sum up，in short，it amounts to this，what I have been saying is this，etc.7)Emphasizing:
it is worth noting，I would like to direct your attention to，let us consider，we must now
turn to，I shall begin by，etc. ③表明作者的观点、态度 1)Introducing( or emphasizing) further
evidence: moreover，furthermore，in addition，what's more，as well，etc.2)Cause: because
(of)，since，owing to，on account of，due to，as a result of，etc.3)Effect: as a result，
hence，therefore，consequently，thus，so，etc.4)Contrasting: in/by contrast，on the
contrary，on the other hand，nevertheless，whereas，while，yet，however，but，etc.5)Comparison:
in like manner，likewise，in the same way，similarly，in comparison with，etc.6)Purpose: 19
to this end，for this purpose，with this in mind，in order to，so that，etc. 7)Intensification:
indeed，in fact，in any event/case，at no time，to tell the truth，etc.
32.
【写作模版】
(1)辩论式议论文 ①模版 1
Some people believe (argue，recognize，think) that 观点 1.But other people take an opposite
side.They firmly believe that 观点 2.As for me，I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all，论据 1.
More importantly，论据 2.
Most important of all，论据 3.
In summary，总结观点.As a college student，I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above，we can predict that 预测.
②模版 2
People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 观点 1，while
others point out that 观点 2.As far as I am concerned，the former/latter opinion holds more
weight.
For one thing，论据 1.
For another，论据 2.
Last but not the least，论据 3.
To conclude，总结观点.As a college student，I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above，we can predict that 预测.
③模版 3
There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are
of the view that 观点 1，while others take an opposite side，firmly believing that 观点
2。As far as I am concerned，the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons
are obvious.
First of all，论据 1。
Furthermore，论据 2。
Among all of the supporting evidences，one is the strongest.That is，论据 3。
A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that 总结观点。
As a college student，I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above，we can predict that 预测.
(2)图表式作文
It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone
dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X
varies).At the point of X1，Y reaches its peak value of … (多少).
What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少) reasons behind the situation
reflected in the graphic/table.First of all，… (第一个原因).More importantly，… (第二个原
因).Most important of all，… (第三个原因).
From the above discussions，we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the
near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time
(if necessary measures are not taken 括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).
33.
【写信结尾常用套语】Kindly favor us with an early reply.请早日赐复。Your prompt reply will
be highly appreciated.如能及时回复，将不胜感谢。We look forward to hearing from you soon.
早日回复。We are expecting your prompt reply.急盼回复。Please have the kindness to answer this
letter quickly. 请早日回信。Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience.请在您
方便时尽早赐函。We would appreciate it if you could respond right away.如能即刻回复，将不胜
感谢。
34.
【英语写作中的修辞】修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要
运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握
一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以
下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转
义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。【①对比】正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为
补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，20
就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。1）如“很多人
很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：Many people will soon find
themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中 rich in 与 ragged in，goods 与 spirit
具有正反对比的关系和效果。）2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：The advantages far outweigh
the disadvantages. （注：句中 the advantages 与 the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效
果。）3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样
表达：They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important
fact.（注：句中 have noticed 与 have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements 与 a more
important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。）4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以
这样表达：It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中 negative
与 positive 具有正反对比的关系和效果）5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为
不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.
（注：句中 similar to 与 different from 具有正反对比的关系和效果）【②排比】英文中有时也使
用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我
们强健”，可以这样表达：Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
【③重复】英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文
的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。1）如“现
在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样
表达：Now is the time to forget everything in the past.Now is the time to get down to the
business.Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的 now
it the time to）2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：We long for
success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的 for
success.）3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：I am convinced
that we can succeed，and Iam convinced that we must succeed.（注：and 所连接的两个语句的
句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的 I am convinced that 与句尾的 succeed）4）如“我
们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：We are now living in
a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and 之前
的句尾与 and 之后的句首重复，重复部分为 a new era.）
【④倒装】这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语
法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说
的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。
例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：Now on coming to us
is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.【⑤转义】转义是一种对词语灵活运用
的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。1）
如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：What had been experienced in
the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了 like
一词）2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：Our English teacher
is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行
比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用 like 一词）3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事
物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）4）如要表达“这
里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个
事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用 hand 一词代表整个人）5）
如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：A great misfortune crept over the whole city.
（注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化）6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英
文可为：This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，
具有讽刺意味）7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：I was mad
for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点
是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）
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