概念与主旨类阅读解析
概念解释型阅读
概念解释型说明文以解释某个概念、术语的意义，帮助读者准确理解为主要目的。概念解释
往往与定义、举例相结合，以便读者更容易理解抽象概念和专业术语。
篇章展示
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned
as children but have never practised ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go
swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get
on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play, catch and hit a ball as well as
his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the
poem that begins "Twinkle. twinkle. little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or
Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once
we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will
remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding,
and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind
ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star " and childhood tales such as Cinderella
and Goldilocks, we not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口读表) are an exception to the general rule that we
forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things
we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming for an examination, though it may
result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a
student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon
to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really
necessary for one's future development.
67. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words
D. Stories for children are easy to remember
68. The author explains the law of overlearning by .
A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
69. According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is .
A. a result of overlearning
B. a special case of cramming
C. a skill to deal with math problems
D. a basic step towards advanced studies
70. What does the word "they" in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Commonly accepted rules
B. The multiplication tables
C. Things easily forgotten
D. School subjects
71. What is the author's opinion on cramming?
A. It leads to failure in college exams.
B. It's helpful only in a limited way.
C. It's possible to result in poor memory.
D. It increases students' learning interest.
小题解析
【原文简析】
这是一篇介绍 overlearning(超量学习)这一概念的说明文。第一段列举了日常生活中的一些
有趣现象，目的是为了引出下文要解释的概念“the law of overlearning”(超量学习定律)。
第二段是对这个定律的通俗解释。第三、四段是超量学习的例子。第五段用“超量学习定律”
解释为什么“突击学习”不能令人满意。
【答案解析】
67．考査概括段落大意的能力，属于主旨大意题。依据文第一句 "Grown-ups are often
surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never
practiced ever since..."，可以看出 A 项与之最为相近。故正确答案为 A 项。
68．考査说明文的写作手法，本文用的是举例说明的方法，依据文第三四段就是用童年时
学游泳骑车及乘法口诀，来说明超量学习的规则，可以看出 D 项是正确的。故正确答案为 D
项。
69．考査对文章中特定信息的理解，具体地说，是考查对因果关系的理解。依据 "because
they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood." 故正确答案为 A 项。
70．考査语篇衔接手段之一 “指代”( reference)，即代词与特定名词的关系。所以正确答案为 B。
71．考查对作者观点的理解能力。正确答案为 B. It's helpful only in a limited way。依据是
"though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course"
顺便提一下，作者对 cramming 的态度是部分否定的，依据是文章的最后一段中的 "By
cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he
is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned." 可知：突击学习只在有限的方面有帮
助。
词汇精炼
★ explanation
/ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/
★ satisfactory
/ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri/
n. 说明，解释
eg:
The most likely explanation is that his plane
was delayed.
最可能的解释是他的飞机晚点了。
She didn't give an adequate explanation for
being late.
她没有给出充分的理由说明迟到的原因。
adj. 满意的；符合要求的
eg:
The work is satisfactory but not outstanding.
工作做得可以，但不出色。
The existing law is not entirely/wholly
satisfactory.
现行法律并不十分完善。
★ additional
/əˈdɪʃənl/
★ cram
/kræm/
adj. 附加的，额外的
eg:
The government provides an additional ￡25
million to expand the service.
政府另拨 2, 500 万英镑用于扩展该服务项目。
v. 临时死记硬背，突击学习
eg:
Supporters crammed the streets.
街上挤满了支持者。
He's been cramming for his exams all week.
他整个星期都一直在拼命准备应考。
★ continue
/kənˈtɪnjuː/
★ overlearn
/,əuvə'lə:n/
vt. 继续说…；使…继续
eg:
The rain continued falling all afternoon.
这场雨整整一下午都下个不停。
vt. 筑巢；巢居
eg:
It's really important to "overlearn" your way in
your
Memory Palace.
对你的记忆宫殿来说，“大量练习”你的路线是非常重要的。
★ trial /ˈtraɪəl/ ★ exception /ɪkˈsepʃn/
n. 试验；努力；磨炼
eg:
She agreed to employ me for a trial period.
她同意试用我一段时间。
She was a sore trial to her family at times.
她有时让家人伤透了脑筋。
n. 例外；异议
eg:
With very few exceptions, private schools get
the best exam results.
私立学校的考试成绩是最好的，很少有例外
情况。
★ a passing grade ★ ever since
及格分
eg:
She achieved a passing grade of 60 out of
100.
她的分数达到了及格分。
从那时到现在
eg:
Ever since I joined this group,
I have realized that poverty is something one
can put behind.
但自从我加入了这个小组之后，我就开始认
识到贫困是可以摆脱的。
难句剖析
【难句 1】
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as
children but have never practised ever since.
【句子翻译】
成年人常常惊讶于他们对儿时学过但从未实践过的东西记忆得如此之好。
【句式分析】
本句不长，但是内含多个从句，句子主干是 Grown-ups are often surprised by sth. 介词 by
后跟的是 how 引导的宾语从句，同时宾语从句中又包含了定语从句修饰先行词 something。
【难句 2】
The multiplication tables are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the
things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in
childhood.
【句子翻译】
乘法表是一般法则中的一个例外，我们会很快忘记我们在学校学到的东西，因为它们是我们
在童年时期超量学习的东西。【句式分析】
本句是含有多个从句的复合句。句子主干是 The multiplication tables are an exception to the
general rule。the general rule 后面跟了 that 引导的同位语从句，解释说明 rule 的具体内容，
同时，同位语从句中又包含了一个定语从句修饰 the things。句子的最后部分是由 because
引导的原因状语从句，也包含一个定语从句 we overlearn in childhood 修饰先行词 the
things。
主旨阐述型阅读
主旨是作者对文章所讨论的主题的看法或观点，是文章的中心思想。通常，作者在文章的开
头段中就提出主旨，然后在几个主体段中展开，进行详细阐述，最后再在结尾段中重述主旨。
但结尾段也可能是对文章主题的重要性的评估，或指出主题的意义，或提出呼吁，或呼应开
头段，等等。
篇章展示
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or
they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also
show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as
extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap with conversation.
Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a
person's needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating
among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a
person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied is
that the person wants the listeners to consider what has been said before continuing. In these
cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts
among people or in relationships of people with different amount of power. For example,
Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties
about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are
given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.
In still another use, persons in Asian countries may view silence as a sign of respect particularly
to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meaning of silence
when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses
should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who
understands the healing (治愈)value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care
of patients from their own and from other cultures.
32. What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A. It implies anger.
B. It promotes friendship.
C. It is culture-specific.
D. It is content-based.
33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A. The Chinese.
B. The French.
C. The Mexicans.
D. The Russians.
34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B. Break it while treating patients.
C. Evaluate its harm to patients.
D. Make use of its healing effects.
35. What may be the best title for the text?
A. Sound and Silence
B. What It Means to Be Silent
C. Silence to Native Americans
D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
小题解析
【原文简析】
第一段提出观点：The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups…第二段讲土著美洲
人、中国人和泰国人对沉默的理解；第三段讲沉默在俄罗斯、法国、西班牙文化中的含义。
第二、三两段支持第一段中提出的观点。末尾段以护理人员为例讲述不同行业的人理解沉默
的重要意义。
【答案解析】
32. 选 C。首先根据问题中的定位词 conversation，确定答案所在段落为第一段，这段中
"…by some cultural groups…" 和 "in other cultural groups…" 符合 culture－specific (因文化
而异)，故正确答案为 C 项。本题考查抽象概括的思维能力，即用一个词或一句话代替很多
具体的细节信息。
33. 选 A。题干中的 "a call for careful thought" 是对第二段中 "wants the listeners to consider" 的改述。四个选项中只有 "The Chinese" 出现在第二段，故 A 项为正确答案。本
题既考査对文中特定内容的理解,又考査对语言形式的理解。
34. 选 D。首先根据定位词 nurses 确定答案所在位置为最后一段。其中有一条直接的建议
是”Nurses should recognize…” 但题目中没有这个选项。只有选项 “D. Make use of its
healing effects”符合最后一句的意思,可以理解为作者含蓄的建议。本题考查对文中特定信
息的理解。
35. 选 B。文章主要讲的是沉默在不同的文化中所代表的含义。有关最佳标题的题目考查的
是对全文主旨的把握和概括能力。说明文的最佳标题要与文章内容紧密相关，不能偏离主旨，
还要避免题目过于宽泛或狭隘，表达既要简洁又要有吸引力。可以把 relevant(相关)，
focused(聚焦)，concise(简要)，Interesting(趣味)这四个词作为说明文标题的要素。
词汇精炼
★ vary /ˈveəri/ ★ value /ˈvæljuː/
vt. 改变；使多样化
eg:
The menu varies with the season.
菜单随季节而变动。
Prices vary according to the type of room you
require.
价格随所要求的户型而有所变化。
vt. 评价；重视
eg:
Ireally value him as a friend.
我真的把他视为好朋友。
The property has been valued at over $2
million.
这处房地产估价为 200 多万元。
★ thoughtful /ˈθɔːtfl/ ★ stubbornness /ˈstʌbənnəs/
adj. 深思的；体贴的
eg:
It was very thoughtful of you to send the
flowers.
你送花来，想得真周到。
n. 倔强；顽强
eg:
I finally gave up my stubbornness and visited
my father unexpectedly.
最终我克服了自己的固执，出其不意去拜访
父亲。
★ uneasiness /ʌn'izɪnɪs/ ★ instruction /ɪnˈstrʌkʃn/
n. 不安；担忧
eg:
This is completely unfair and will create a
feeling of
uneasiness.
n. 指令，命令；指示
eg:
Always read the instructions before you start.
使用前务请阅读操作说明。这是完全不公平的，会让人感到不安。
★ consider /kənˈsɪdə(r)/ ★ conflict /ˈkɒnflɪkt/
vt. 考虑；认为
eg:
She considers her options.
她仔细考虑了自己的各种选择。
We're considering buying a new car.
我们在考虑买一辆新车。
vi. 冲突，矛盾；争执
n. 冲突，矛盾
eg:
These results conflict with earlier findings.
这些结果与早期的发现相矛盾。
The story tells of a classic conflict between
love and duty.
这故事讲的是典型的爱情与责任之间的矛盾。
★ reflection /rɪˈflekʃn/ ★ recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/
n. 反射；沉思
eg:
A week off would give him time for reflection.
歇上一周会使他有时间考虑考虑。
vt. 认出，识别；承认
eg:
I recognized him as soon as he came in the
room.
他一进屋我就认出了他。
难句剖析
【难句 1】
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meaning of silence when they
come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.
【句子翻译】
护士和其他护理人员需要意识到，当他们遇到病人可能正在经历的个人焦虑时，沉默可能意
味着什么。
【句式分析】
本句句子主干是 Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of sth. 从句是 when 引导的
时间状语从句，同时从句中含有定语从句修饰先行词 the personal anxiety。要注意句中的两
个词组的含义：be aware of 意为“意识到”；come across 意为“偶遇，无意中发现”。
【难句 2】
Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a
patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.
【句子翻译】护士应该认识到自己的个人和文化的沉默体系构建，这样病人的沉默就不会过早地被打断，
也不会不必要地继续下去。
【句式分析】
本句是主从复合句，由 so that 引导的结果状语从句，从句中使用了被动语态，且由连词 or
连接。
阅读小练
题型: 阅读理解
难度:
准确率: 65.02%
题 1
Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse,according
to the doctors.I feel there are a number of reasons for this.
Some people blame( 责 备 ) the fact that we are surrounded ( 包 围 ) by shops selling
unhealthy,fatty foods,such as fried chicken and ice cream,at low prices.This has turned out a
whole generation of grown-ups who seldom cook a meal for themselves.If there were fewer
of these restaurants,then probably children would buy less take-away food.
There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become
overweight.I agree with this,because good eating habits begin early in life,long before
children start to visit fast food shops.If children are given fried chicken and chocolate rather
than healthy food,or are always allowed to choose what they eat,they will go for sweet and
salty foods every time,and this will go on throughout their lives.
There is a third reason for this situation.Children these days take very little exercise.They do
not walk to school.When they get home,they sit in front of the television or their computers
and play computer games.Not only is this an unhealthy pastime(消遣),it also gives them time
to eat more unhealthy food.What they need is to go outside and play active games or sports.
The above are the main reasons for this problem,and therefore we have to encourage young
people to be more active,as well as steering them away from fast food shops and bad eating
habits.
(1)According to the text,what kind of children may eat more unhealthy food?
A.Those who often take exercise.
B.Those who often watch television.
C.Those who often have meals at home.
D.Those who often walk to school.
(2)The word"steering"underlined in the last sentence most probably means.
A.attending
B.forbidding
C.harming
D.guiding
(3)The main purpose of the text is to.
A.tell a story
B.provide factsC.give advice
D.give examples
隐藏答案
1.答案 B
解析
根据倒数第二段"When they get home,they sit in front of the television or their computers
and play computer games.Not only is this an un.healthy pastime(消遣),it also gives them time
to eat more unhealthy food."可知他们在家里看电视的时候，有时间吃更多不健康的食品。
可见看经常看电视的孩子爱吃不健康的食品，所以答案选 B。
2.答案 D
解析
根据最后一段可知，为了解决孩子太胖的问题，需要让孩子们远离快餐店和不良饮食习惯。B
和 C 两个选项在意思和语法上都是对的，但是对待孩子应该引导，而不是驱赶，所以 D 选
项更好。
3.答案 C
解析
本文分析了几个使孩子变胖的因素并提出了如何控制孩子变胖的建议，目的是建议让孩子们
远离快餐店和不良饮食习惯。所以答案选 C。
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