高考英语阅读拓展训练1 -描述与比较类阅读解析

描述与比较类阅读解析 对象描述型阅读 这类文章以描述为主要写作手法，目的是向读者介绍一个具体的事物，如国家、城市、旅游 景点、组织机构、新产品、自然现象、有趣的动植物等等。这类文章的话题十分广泛，可以 涉及人类认知领域和现实生活中的各种主题。 篇章展示 The National Gallery Description The National Gallery is the British national art museum built on the north side of Trafalgar Square in London. It houses a diverse collection of more than 2, 300 examples of European art ranging from 13th-century religious paintings to more modern ones by Renoir and Van Gogh. The older collections of the gallery are reached through the main entrance while the more modern works in the East Wing are most easily reached from Trafalgar Square by a ground floor entrance. Layout The modern Sainsbury Wing on the western side of the building houses 13th to 15th century paintings, and artists include Duccio, Uccello, Van Eyck, Lippi, Mantegna, Botticelli and Memling. The main West Wing houses 16th-century paintings, and artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Cranach, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bruegel, Bronzino, Titan and Veronese. The North Wing houses 17th-century paintings, and artists include Caravaggio, Rubens, Poussin, Van Dyck, Velazquez, Claude and Vermeer. The East Wing houses 18th- to early 20th-century paintings, and artists include Canaletto, Goya, Turner, Constable, Renoir and Van Gogh. Opening Hours The Gallery is open every day from 10 a.m to 6 p.m (Fridays 10 am to 9 p.m) and is free, but charges apply to some special exhibitions. Getting There Nearest underground stations: Charing Cross (2-minute walk), Leicester Square (3- minute walk ) Embankment (7-minute walk), and Piccadilly Circus (8-minute walk). 68. In which century's collection can you see religious paintings? A. The 13th B. The 17th C. The 18th D. The 20th 69. Where are Leonardo da vincis works shown?A. In the East Wing B. In the main West Wing C. In the Sainsbury Wing D. In the North Wing 70. Which underground station is closest to the National Gallery? A. Piccadilly Circus B. Leicester Square C. Embankment D Charing Cross 专有名词小贴士 1. Trafalgar Square 特拉法尔加广场，英国伦敦著名广场，坐落在伦敦市中心，东面是伦敦城，北接伦敦的闹市 索荷区，南邻白厅大街，西南不远是王宫，适中的地理位置和美丽的建筑，使它成为伦敦的 名胜之一。 2. Renoir 皮埃尔·奥古斯特·雷诺阿（Pierre-Auguste Renoir，1841—1919）印象派重要画家。1841 年 生于法国的小镇里蒙，后来随家搬迁到巴黎。印象画派成员之一。以油画著称，亦作雕塑和 版画。 3. Van Gogh 文森特·威廉·梵高（Vincent Willem van Gogh，1853—1890），荷兰后印象派画家。代表作有 《星月夜》、自画像系列、向日葵系列等。 4. Sainsbury Wing 塞恩斯伯里翼楼，英国国家美术馆的扩建项目。 小题解析 【原文简析】 这是一篇介绍英国国家美术馆的语篇，属于静态描述类的说明文，分四个部分，分别介绍了 美术馆的概况：位置、展品、展品布局、开放时间以及附近的地铁站。其中，展品布局部分 采用了 division (将整体分解为几个组成部分) 的信息组织模式。文章难度不大，关键在于 信息的准确查找。尤其是第二部分涉及较多画家的名字，学生一看，会觉得很头疼，但其实 这些陌生难懂的英文名称并不影响做题，尤其是当你知道它们只是个名字之后。 【答案解析】 68.考查查找特定信息(时间)的能力，属于细节理解题。根据第一段中的 ranging from 13th century religious paintings to...可知人们可以在这里看到 13 世纪的宗教图画。B、C、D 三项 中的图画都没有涉及 religious 这个词。正确答案为 A 项。 69.考查查找特定信息(地点)的能力，属于细节理解题。由第三段中的 The main West Wing houses 16th century paintings, and artists include Leonardo da Vinci...可知，达·芬奇的作品可 以在 the main West Wing 中看到，因此选 B。其他几个地方都没有展出达·芬奇的画。正确 答案为 B 项。 70.考查查找并比较特定信息的能力，属于细节理解题。根据最后一段中的 Nearest underground stations：Charing Cross (2minute walk)... 可知，Charing Cross 离国家美术馆 只有步行 2 分钟的路程，其他几个地方离国家美术馆的距离都比 Charing Cross 远。正确答 案为 D 项。 词汇精炼 ★ house /haʊs/ ★ diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/ vt. 覆盖；给…房子住；把…储藏在房内 eg: The government is committed to housing the refugees. 政府承诺收容难民。 The gallery houses 2,000 works of modern art. 美术馆收藏了 2,000 件现代艺术作品。 adj. 不同的，相异的；多种多样的 eg: people from diverse cultures. 不同文化背景的人。 My interests are very diverse. 我的兴趣非常广泛。 ★ entrance /ˈentrəns/ ★ ground floor n. 入口；进入 eg: A lighthouse marks the entrance to the harbour. 灯塔是进入海港航道的标志。 底层，基层；第一层楼 eg: I live on the ground floor. 我住在一楼。 ★ layout /ˈleɪaʊt/ ★ exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ n. 布局；设计；陈列 eg: The magazine's attractive new page layout impressed me a lot. 杂志诱人而新颖的版面设计令我印象深刻。 n. 展览，显示；展览会 eg: She refused to allow the exhibition of her husband's work. 她拒不允许展出她丈夫的 作品。难句剖析 【难句 1】 It houses a diverse collection of more than 2, 300 examples of European art ranging from 13th century religious paintings to more modern ones by Renoir and Van Gogh. 【句子翻译】 这里收藏了 2, 300 多件欧洲艺术品，从 13 世纪的宗教画到更现代的雷诺阿(Renoir)和梵高 (Van Gogh)的作品。 【句式分析】 本句是一个简单句，句子主干是 It houses a diverse collection。后面 ranging from 是现在分 词短语作后置定语修饰前面的 2, 300 examples of European art。其中 range from A to B 是 固定搭配，意为“范围从 A 到 B”。句子中 modern ones 中的代词 ones 代指 paintings 。 异同比较型阅读 这类文章主要是比较两个人物或事物之间的异同。英语中 compare(类比)表示发现两个人物 或事物的共同点或相似点; contrast(对比)指发现两个人物或事物之间的差异。在作比较时,不 可避免地要对两个人物或事物进行描述。 篇章展示 Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food in the laboratory. Chimps don't naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random--he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish. Human children, on the other hand, are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help. There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world. The core of what children minds have and chimps don't is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer at what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a we group that intends to work toward a shared goal. 58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps? A. Chimps seldom care about others' interest. B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children. C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors' food. D. Chimps naturally share food with each other. 59. Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that they______ A. have the instinct to help others. B. know how to offer help to adults. C. know the world better than chimps. D. trust adults with their hands full. 60. The passage is mainly about______ A. the helping behaviors of young children. B. ways to train children, shared intentionality. C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature. D. the development of intelligence in children. 小题解析 【原文简析】 这是一篇科普说明文，阐明合作是人类本能，采用了类比与对比 ( comparison and contrast ) 的写作手法 ( 通过人类与黑猩猩在合作行为上的对比，发现两者的差异)。第一、 第二段分别讲述自然界里和实验室里的黑猩猩不具有分享食物的本能，目的是为了引出人类 具有合作本能的天性这一话题；第三段讲心理学家 Michael Tomasello 通过实验发现，人类 在幼年就已经具有合作的愿望。第四段讲述有三个理由可以相信人类的合作愿望是与生俱来 的。最后一段解释造成人类与黑猩猩的这种差异的原因。 【答案解析】 58. 本题属于推理判断题。需要定位到原文第二段中的 If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself ......Chimps are truly selfish，由此可知，A 项正确。 59. 本题属于推理判断题。需要定位到原文第三段最后一句 He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help 和第四段第一句 There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. 可知 A 项正确。 60. 本题属于主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮 助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D 项都 属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故 C 项正确。 词汇精炼 ★ cooperate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ ★ territory /ˈterətri/ vi. 合作，配合 eg: The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other. 这两个组同意相互协作。 n. 领土，领域；范围 eg: Our representatives cover a very large territory. 我们的代理人负责的地区很广。 ★ instinct /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/ ★ decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ n. 本能，直觉 eg: Children do not know by instinct the difference between right and wrong. 儿童并非生来就会分辨是非。 vt. 谢绝；婉拒 eg: I offered to give them a lift but they declined. 我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。 ★ participate /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ ★ possess /pəˈzes/ vi. 参与，参加 eg: She didn't participate in the discussion. 她没有参加讨论。 vt. 控制；使掌握；持有 eg: I'm afraid he doesn't possess a sense of humour. 恐怕他没有什么幽默感。 ★ cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ ★ distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/ adj. 认知的，认识的 eg: a child's cognitive development 儿童的认知开发 adj. 独特的，有特色的 eg: clothes with a distinctive style 式样独特的衣服 ★ at random ★ a series of 胡乱地；随便地；任意地 eg: She picks a house at random, and we go to the back. 她随便挑选了一座房子，我们走进了后院。 一系列的；一连串的 eg: A series of failures damped his enthusiasm. 一系列的失败降低了他的热情。难句剖析 【难句 1】 If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random-- he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. 【句子翻译】 如果把黑猩猩放在一个笼子里，在笼子里，他可以自己拿到一盘食物，或者轻而易举就能拿 到给旁边笼子里的猩猩准备的盘子，他只会随机的去拿盘子——他并不关心他旁边笼子里的 猩猩是否有吃的。 【句式分析】 本句中含有多个从句，是典型的层层叠套的英语句式。首先开头是 if 引导的条件状语从句， 在从句中又包含了 where 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 a cage，同时定语从句中含有由连词 or 连接的两个并列成分，后一个并列成分 a plate 后跟了 that 引导的定语从句。本句的后半 段还包含了一个 whether 引导的宾语从句，作 care 的宾语。 【难句 2】 Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food in the laboratory. 【句子翻译】 即使是母猩猩通常也会拒绝跟她们的孩子分享食物，这些实验室里的猩猩从小就能自己寻找 食物。 【句式分析】 本句是含有定语从句的主从复合句。主句中 decline to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事” share sth with sb 意为“与某人分享某物”。其中，定语从句中的 able 意为“有能力的；能干的”。 【难句 3】 He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help. 【句子翻译】 他发现，如果 18 个月大的小孩看到一个跟他无关的成年人想要开门，但是手上拿着东西， 几乎所有小孩都会立即伸出援手。【句式分析】 本句不长，但是要注意理解其中的一些单词和词组的使用。首先，find 后是 that 引导的宾 语从句，宾语从句中包含了 if 引导的条件状语从句，条件状语从句中含有 with 独立主格结 构作伴随状语，因为 hands 和 try 是主谓关系，故这里使用的是现在分词。要注意，句子 末尾处的代词 all 指的是 all babies。 阅读小练 题型: 阅读理解 难度: 准确率: 45.84% 题 1 Space exploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soars where human ingenuity (创造力) struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited as the first science fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a good three centuries before the first manned rockets started to fly. In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by the decade's end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated (共鸣) with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of all, delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yielded concrete results and transformed American society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up at odds with each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实用的) and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims. When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollo missions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program has just come to an end, with no successor. The argument is that funds are tight, that we have more pressing problems here on Earth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit (赤字), reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxury-as if saving one-thousandth of a single year's budget would solve our problems. But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will get the most bang from a buck. They will serve as modern Magellans, mapping out the solar system for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Virgin Galactic are plotting a bottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could lie within reach of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream. The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us-not just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the spin-off technologies they produce, but because the two types of dreams feed off each other. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea that humans can go beyond what were once considered inherent limitations. Today we face seeming challenges in energy, the environment, health care. Tomorrow we will go beyond these as well, and the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit. The more evidence we collect that our species is capable of greatness, the more we will actually achieve it. (1)How did the general public view Kennedy's space exploration plan? A.It symbolized the American spirit. B.It was as urgent as racial equality.C.It made an ancient dream come true. D.It sounded very much like a dream. (2)What does the author say about America's aim to explore space? A.It cannot be realized without technological innovation. B.It will not help the realization of racial and economic equality. C.It will not help the realization of racial and economic equality. D.It cannot be achieved without a good knowledge of the other worlds. (3)What is the author's attitude toward space programs? A.Critical. B.Indifferent. C.Reserved. D.Supportive. (4)What does the author think of the problems facing human beings? A.They pose a serious challenge to future human existence. B.Their solutions need joint efforts of the public and private sectors. C.They can be solved sooner or later with human ingenuity. D.They can only be solved by people with optimism and ambition. 隐藏答案 1.答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的句子"In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by the decade's end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality."可知 1961 年肯尼迪总统宣布美国将在 20 世纪 60 年代末以前把人类送到月球上， 那样的话语同样也像是做梦一般。故选 D。 2.答案 C 解析 推理判断题。根据第二段的句子"The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实用的) and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims."可知为种族和经济 平等的斗 争非常讲求实用，能够产生立竿见影的效果，而探索太空不可能产生立竿见影的效果，故选 C。 3.答案 D 解析 观点态度题。根据第五段第一句"The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us"可知作者是 支持梦想家们的，也是支持美国的太空探索项目的。故选 D。 4.答案 C 解析 细节理解题。题目问作者对于人类面临的问题是怎么看的。根据题文同序原则定位到最后一 段 ， 题 干 中 的 the problems facing human beings 与 最 后 一 段 倒 数 第 3 句 的 we face…challenges 相对应。最后一段是全文的总结段，前半部分指出，Martin Luther King 和 John Kennedy 都成功地呼吁人们克服了曾被视为本质局限的困难。然后提到，现在我们似 乎面对着能源、环境、医疗保健方面的挑战，将来我们也会克服。由此可知，作者认为，人 类的创造力迟早能够解决所面临的问题。故 C 项正确。其他三项信息文中均未提及。