定语从句用法与练习
定语从句必备知识
1．定语从句：在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句在
句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的成分叫作先行词。定语从句的先行词主要是指人、物、
时间、地点及原因的名词或代词，有时也可以是整个主句。
Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as
competitors.
只有达到项目标准要求的运动员才可以参加比赛。(先行词为 athletes)
Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.
爱丽丝收到了老板的邀请函，这着实是个意外。(先行词为整个主句)
3．关系词：连接被修饰的先行词和从句的词叫作关系词。定语从句的关系词包括关系
代词和关系副词。
4．分类：
(1)限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，这种
从句不能省略，否则主句的意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般作前置定语来译，意为
“……的”。
Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern
and Southern Dynasty.
早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。
(2)非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明或描绘作用，如果省略不会影响主句的意思，主
句也能独立存在，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。
I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates
recommended to me.
上个星期我从图书馆里借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》，这是我的同学推荐给我的。
关系代词的用法
一、关系代词指代的对象及其作用
关系代词 指代对象 在从句中的作用
who 人 作主语、宾语、表语
whom 人 作宾语
which 事物 作主语、宾语
that 人或事物 作主语、宾语、表语whose 人或事物 作定语
as
人或事物，一般用于“such ... as” “the same ... as”
“as ... as”结构中
作主语、宾语、表语
The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.
电视制作人打算找 4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。
The tree which is in front of my house is more than ten years old.
我家房前的那棵树已经十多年了。
Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring.
成功是一次旅程，第一步是由内心的热情铺就的。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。
二、定语从句两处关注点
(一)关系代词 that 与 which 的区别
1．只用 that 不用 which 的情况
(1)当先行词是 all, much, little, few, everything 等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
This is all that I have done. 这就是我所做的一切。
(2)当先行词被 the only, the last, the very 等修饰时。
Basketball is the only thing that interests him. 篮球是让他唯一感兴趣的。
(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
(4)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
Don't trust the first sign that you see. 不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。
(5)当先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。
(6)当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时。
Which is the car that you bought last week? 哪辆车是你上周买的？
(7)当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(8)当主句以 here，there 开头且先行词是指物的名词时。
Here is the book that you have been looking for.
这就是你一直在找的那本书。
2．只用 which 不用 that 的情况(1)关系代词前有介词时。
Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways in which
they showed courage.
用 5 到 10 分钟想想各位候选人的经历，以及他们是怎样展示勇气的。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中。
In 1998 he applied to be a member of Project 921, which is now called Shenzhou.
1998 年他申请成为“921 工程”的一员，现在又叫“神舟工程”。
(3)先行词本身是 that, those 或双重定语从句中其中一个已用关系代词 that 时。
What's that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中闪烁的是什么？
(4)先行词后有插入语时。
Here is the CD which, as I have told you, is a great help to you.
这就是那张我说过对你很有帮助的光盘。
(二)关系代词 as 和 which 的区别
关系代词 as 和 which 都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句中的名词或短
语，一般情况下二者可互换使用，但有下列区别：
1．which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as 引导的从句可位于主句之前、
之中和之后。
As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can
＝A computer can do almost everything people can，
as anybody can see.
任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做人所能做的一切事。
He didn't receive her letter, which upset him. 他没有收到她的信，这使他很不安。
2．当非限制性定语从句为否定句或谓语带的是复合宾语结构时，常用 which 引导。
He criticizes Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all.
他公开批评玛丽，对此她一点儿都不愿意。(从句是否定句)
He was always late for school, which made his teacher unhappy.
他总是上学迟到，这使他的老师不高兴。(made his teacher unhappy 是复合宾语结构)
3．先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态时，通常用 as 不用 which；如果从句中行为动
词是主动语态，一般用 which 作主语。
She passed the exam, as was expected. 她通过了考试，这是预料之中的事。
Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me happy. 汤姆进步很快，这使我很高兴。
4．当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，通常用 which 不用 as。
Tom was late for work again and again, which made his boss very angry.
汤姆上班一次又一次迟到，这使得他的老板很生气。
5．as 引导的从句表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等，翻译成“正如，正像”。which 引导的从句可以用 and this 代替，译为“这一点，这件事”。
As is known to all, China is a country with the largest population in the world.
众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
He sold his bike, which surprised me.＝He sold his bike, and this surprised me.
他把自行车卖了，这使我感到惊讶。
6．在从句中作定语或介词宾语时(如 at which time/point，in which case)，只能用 which。
Recently I bought a secondhand car, the price of which was reasonable.
最近我买了一辆二手车，价格很公道。
She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you.
她有可能会来，那样的话我就告诉你一声。
关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用
先行词
关系
副词
在从句中
的作用
与“介词＋关系
代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time，
day，year 等
when 作时间状语
＝at/in/on/
during which
表示场所的名词：park，
place，country，house 等
where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示理由的名词：the
reason
why 作原因状语 ＝for which
We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。
Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again?
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？
[名师点津]
(1)先行词为有地点含义的抽象名词 point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene
等后也常用 where 引导定语从句。
He said if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already
died of terror.
他说假定我们真的到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。
(2)the reason 作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用 that 或 which
引导。The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.
老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。
[技巧点拨]
一、“缺什么，补什么”，准确填写关系词
1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用 who/that；非限制性
定语从句中用 who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用 who/that/whom；非
限制性定语从句中用 whom。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用 which/that；非
限制性定语从句中用 which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用
when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用 that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用 whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用 whom，如果
先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系代词用 which。
二、明察秋毫，判常见错误
1．误用关系词
I was born in New York, where is the biggest city of America. (×)
I was born in New York, which is the biggest city of America. (√)
2．句子残缺
There are many students join the chess club. (×)
There are many students who join the chess club. (√)
有很多学生加入象棋俱乐部。
3．有多余词
The film I saw it last week was really good.(×)
The film I saw last week was really good. (√)
4．定语从句与并列句混淆
His parents told him many times not to play football on the street, it didn't help.
(×)
His parents told him many times not to play football on the street, which/but it didn't help.
(√)
三、定语从句练习-----单句语法填空
1 ． (2019· 全 国 卷 Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in
Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with
caring for these animals.
3．(2019·6 月浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket，there is a piece of cloth ________ gives off light
in the dark.
4．(2019·北京高考)The students benefitting most from college are those ________ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资
源)．
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the
government started a soiltesting program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to
farmers — and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，________ is not good
for the health.
7．(2017·浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of
kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top
accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
8．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，________ lived
from roughly 551 to 479 B．C. influenced the development of chopsticks.
9．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the
mid1980s，______ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for
pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
10 ． ( 全 国 卷 Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone
mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many
Chinese paintings.
11．(广东高考)When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and
cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly.
The key: 1 which 2. who 3. ：that/which 4. who/that
5. that/which 6. which 7. where 8. who 9. When
10. that/which 11. where
五、单句改错
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment
what is created for them.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their
garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
3．(2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
4．(全国卷Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，
that might not be served until 8 o'clock at night.
5. (2020 全 国 卷 I)Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a
probe(),China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot______ it sends signals to
the spacecraft and to Earth.
The key: 1. what→that/which 2. that→which
3. what→that/which 或去掉 what。 4. that→which 5.where
微信/支付宝扫码支付