高考英语语法核心考点专项复习10：定语从句

高考英语语法核心考点专项复习 10：定语从句 什么是定语？ 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词，此外还有名 词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语 或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用 '……的' 表示。 例 a beautiful girl the noisy music 什么是定语从句？ 一、定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫作定语从句。 例 I like the book which is about tale story. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 二、先行词：定语从句在句中作定语, 用来修饰某个名词或代词, 这个名词或代词叫先行词, 而定语从句位于先行词的后面。 三、关系词：用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。 关系词分关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)。关系词常有 3 个作用：1.连接作用。连接主句和从句。 2.指代作用。指代先行词 3.在从句中充当一定成分。 指人 指物 所作成分 that √ √ 主语、宾语、表语 which √ 主语、宾语、表语 who √ 主语、宾语、表语 whom √ 宾语 whose √ √ 定语 关 系 代 词 as √ √ 主语、宾语、表语 when 时间状语 why 原因状语 关系 副词 where 地点状语 注意：that 和 which 的用法区别 1． 只用 which 不用 that 的情况 (1) 在非限制性定语从句中，which 既可代表先行词又可代表前面的一整句话，译成“这一点， 这一件事”。(2) 在介词后面。 (3) 先行词是代词 that 或 those 时。 2． 只用 that 不用 which 的情况 (1) 当先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, none 等不定代词时，只用 that。 (2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用 that。 (3) 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用 that。 (4) 先行词被 the only, the last, the way 等修饰时用 that。 (5) 在疑问词 who, which, what 开头的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复只用 that。 四、“介词 ＋ 关系代词” 引导的定语从句 作介词宾语的关系代词一般是 which 和 whom，“介词＋which/whom”既可以引导限制性定 语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构： 1． 介词 ＋ 关系代词 Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. ＝ Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我寻求建议的一位黑人律师。 2． 名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. ＝ Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels. 上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。 3． 形容词最高级 ＋ 介词 ＋ 关系代词 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中 最大的是台湾。 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限 制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句 起补充说明作用，去掉了不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。 如： People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得更长些。(限制性定语从 句，若把从句去掉句子的意思就不完整。) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，(她)下 星期回来。(非限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整。) 五、必须注意的几个问题 1． 定语从句与状语从句、同位语从句及强调句的辨析 比较 例句 区别与 where 引 导 的 地 点 状 语 从 句 的区别 ①Years later, he went to New York, where/in which he made great success. ②The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain. ①where引导的是定语从句， 修饰先行词，在从句中作状 语，where 可以转化为“介词＋ which”。 ②句中 where 引 导的从句前无先行词，因此 引导的是地点状语从句， where本身在从句中作状语， 不能转化为“介词＋关系代 词”。 比较 例句 区别 与 同 位 语 从 句 的 区 别 ①This is the suggestion(that) he put forward. ②He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o'clock. ①that 引导的是定语从句， that 代替先行词在从句中充 当宾语。②同位语从句中连 接词 that 在从句中无意义， 不作成分但不可省略。 与 强 调 句 的区别 ①It was last night that I saw the accident. ②It was a time when there were still slaves. 判断强调句的方法是把 it is/ was 和 that (who) 去掉，如 果句子仍然完整，则是强调 句。(①句去掉 it was…that 成 为 I saw the accident last night.) 2. “使用 where 而非真实‘地点’”型定语从句定语从句的先行词是 situation, case, point, scene 等名词而且从句缺少状语时，要使用 where 表示“一种特定的……情况”或“一个特定的……场合”。如： I have come to the point where I can't stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。 He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。 1． 关系代词的误用及漏用 (1) 【误】 I've read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 I've read all the books that you lent me. 【解析】 定语从句的先行词被 all，some，any，no，few 等修饰时，关系代词用 that。 (2) 【误】 The student is standing there is our monitor. 【正】 The student (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. 【解析】 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可把定语从句改为现在分词作 定语。 (3) 【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 【解析】 用 which 引导非限制性定语从句，而不用 that 引导。 (4)【误】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south. 【解析】 “介词＋关系代词”中的关系代词用 which 不用 that。 (5) 【误】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 【解析】 “介词＋whom”引导定语从句。 2. 定语从句主谓不一致 【误】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. 【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. 【解析】 在 one of…结构中，先行词为 of 后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数。先行 词是 the only/very one of＋复数名词时，从句谓语用单数。 3． 关系词与被替换词重复 【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 【解析】 which 在从句中作宾语，it 多余。4． 介词的误用 【误】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【解析】 介词的选用既要考虑先行词，又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配 习惯。此处 pay…for sth.为固定短语，意为“花钱买……”。 5． from where 与 from which 混用 【误】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city. 【正】 They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city. 【解析】 from where＝from the top of the building，from which＝from the building，显然前 者比较合适。 6． 忽视倒装结构 【误】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well. 【解析】 in front of…放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词 lie, stand 等，主语为名词， 这时要采用倒装结构，把 lie, stand 等放在作主语的名词前。 7． 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用 (1) 【误】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. 【正】 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用 who, whom。 (2) 【误】 This novel, I have read three times, is very touching. 【正】 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。 (3) 【误】 I had told them the reason, why I didn't attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. 【解析】 that, why 通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。 专题十 │ 反面解读 (4) 正如所通知的那样，我们下个月要举行期末考试。 【误】 It has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month. 【误】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【解析】 as has been announced 引导一个定语从句，放在句首，不能使用 which；有时可 与 It is/has been… that…转换。 (5) 我看过《金婚》这部电影，它的男主角是张国立。 【误】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary, its leading actor Zhang Guoli. 【解析】 在定语从句中，whose 既可指人，也可指物，往往放在从句中的某一名词前作定语；该句也可改为独立主格形式。 8．定语从句的分隔 Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. A．where B．when C．Who D．which 【误】 由于不能正确判断哪个是先行词而误选 C。 【正】 cases 是先行词，正确答案是 A。 【解析】 cases 在定语从句中作状语，构成 in the cases，主句是 cases will be introduced to readers，所以用 where 引导定语从句。在定语从句中有时会出现先行词与定语从句分隔的 现象。要注意准确辨认。 课堂练习 1．Patience，without________you can’t do the work well，is a kind of quality. A．that B．it C．which D．what 解析：　句意为：耐心是一种品质。没有了耐心，你不能做好工作。此处考查了定语从句 中“介词＋which”的情况，which 指代的是先行词 patience。答案：　C 2．The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car，________I managed to lower to $3,500. A．since B．What C．which D．that 解析：　关系代词 which 引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当 lower 的宾语，而 that 不能引导非限性定语从句。 答案：　C 3. still can’t believe my eyes when I remember the scene________the best player should miss the pass. A．that B．which C．where D．how 解析：　where 引导定语从句修饰先行词 scene，where 在从句中作状语。句意为：当我记 起当时那个最好的选手没有过关时，我简直不敢相信我的眼睛。 答案：　C 4. ________was reported in the paper，people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island. A．It B．That C．As D．What 解析：　选择定语从句的引导词的关键是：在主句中找出先行词。该句中定语从句的先行 词是后面的整个句子 people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island. 答案：　C5. China’s new food law provides for a food recall system________producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards. A．where B．that C．when D．which 解析：　考查定语从句。句意为：中国新的食品法规定了食品召回制度，即如果食品达不 到标准，生产者就必须停止生产。先行词为 a food recall system，定语从句为 producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards(in the food recall system)，故选 A。 答案：　A 6. Our teacher urges us to form a good habit of learning，________we think will benefit us in the long term. A．what B．that C．which D．who 解析：　本题考查定语从句。本题属于非限制性定语从句，从句意可知关系代词指代 a good habit of learning，在从句中作主语，因此选择 which。 答案：　C 7. Remember that there is still one point________we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. A．where B．why C．when D．that 解析：　考查定语从句。解定语从句题的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是 one point，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，这里先行词 在从句中作 make clear 的宾语，所以用关系代词 that/which 引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，据此选 D 项。 答案：　D 8．She’s in a hopeless situation，________we will keep a very close eye on. A．where B．when C．which D．that 解析：　考查定语从句。定语从句的解题关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是 a hopeless situation，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，此 处关系词在从句中作 on 的宾语，同时这里又是非限制性定语从句，所以应该用关系代词 which，选 C 项。 答案：　C 9 ． I admire my English teacher.I can remember very few occasions________she stopped working because of ill health. A．that B．when C．where D．which 解析：　考查定语从句。根据语意“我记得她很少因生病而停止工作”可知，定语从句引导 词在从句中作状语，故用 when。 答案：　B 10．The moment________John will never forget is________Mr Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. A．that；that B．that；when C．when；that D．when；when 解析：　考查从句引导词。第一空用 that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 The moment；第二 空用 when 引导表语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，故答案为 B。答案：　B 11．I don’t like the way________he often uses to speak to me. A．in which B．how C．which D．what 解析：　考查定语从句。which 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 way，而且 which 在从句中作 uses 的宾语。 答案：　C 12．John，________money is no problem，still leads a simple life. A．for whose B．of whose C．of whom D．for whom 解析：　考查定语从句。可以把定语从句部分变化成“Money is no problem for John”，这样 便不难看出用介词 for＋关系代词 whom(指代 John)来引导定语从句。 答案：　D 13．He didn’t put the things________they belonged，for________he got his punishment. A．which；that B．what；this C．that；whose D．where；which 解析：　考查复合句。从句子结构看前半句中的从句是状语从句表示放东西的地方，因此 使用 where 引导；后半句是非限制性定语从句，使用 which 指代前面整个句子的意思，这 是 which 的典型用法。答案：　D 14．All the neighbors admire this family，________the children and parents build up a friendly relationship. A．why B．where C．which D．that 解析：　考查定语从句。句意为：所有的邻居都羡慕这个家庭，在这个家庭里父母和子女 建立了和谐的关系。where 在此处相当于 in which，引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为 this family。 答案：　B 15．As to the unemployment，the government has taken a series of measures in many areas， ________，I am sure，will benefit the people out of work. A．which B．that C．what D．where 解析：　考查非限制性定语从句。which 引导的从句修饰前面整个句子，I am sure 为插入 语。 答案：　A1. Maria has written two novels, both of ___ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. what 1.C 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Maria 写了两部小说，两部都被拍成了电视剧。此处先行 词为 two novels,后面是一个非限制性定语从句且介词在前面，因此用使用 both of which 来引导， 故正确答案为 C。 2. The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. A. that B. it C. as D. what 2. C 本题考查定语从句引导词。句意：正如报道的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去的两个 月里已经得到了改善。应为 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，故正确答案为 C。 3. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. Which B. who C. where D. whom 3.B 考查定语从句。通过分析可以看出，本句先行词为 Ellen,指人，空格处应做主语。 Which 修行先行词是物的定语从句；whom 修饰先行词为人，且在从句中做宾语；where 修饰 先行词是地点名词，且在从句中地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除。who 引导非限定性定语从 句，在从句中做主语，故正确答案为 B。 4.We live in an age _____more information is available with greater ease than ever before. A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which 4. B 考查定语从句。when 引导定义从句，在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词 an age（时代）. 此处的 when=at which。故正确答案为 B。 5.After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A. which B. who C. where D. what 5. B 考查定语从句中关系代词的使用。指人的先行词 people 在非限制性定语从句中充当主语， 所以用关系代词 who 引导。故选 B 项。 6. Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales A. which B. that C. when D. where 6.D 考查定语从句。“position”为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语， 因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。因此，正确答案为 D 选项。 7. In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses. A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them 7.C 本题考查定语从句。前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用人称代词 them 而应用关系代词 whom 引导定语从句；在 46 个学生当中，表所属，应用 of。故答案选 C。 8. It is the third time that she has won the race, ______ has surprised us all. A. that B. where C. which D. what 8.C 考查定语从句。所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从 句中做主语，选 C。 9. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was ， he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. where D. when 9. B 本题考查非限制性定语从句。句意：当沉下心工作后，他经常这样，他会忘了吃饭和睡觉。 这里也是一个定语从句，不过这里的定语从句修饰的是前面整个句子，故使用 which 表示前面 整个句子，所以答案为 B。 10 That evening, _____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. A. that B. which C. what D. when10.B 考查定语从句。句意：以后我将和你谈起的那个晚上，我工作到了很晚。这里 that evening 是先行词，其在定语从句中作介词 about 的宾语，所以用 which。 11.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without_______help I would never have got this far. who B. whose C. whom D. which 11.B 本题考查定语从句。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我从来不会发展到这个 地步。本句为非限制性定语从句，且句子缺少定语，故正确答案为 B。