高考英语语法核心考点专项复习04:冠词
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高考英语语法核心考点专项复习04:冠词

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高考英语语法核心考点专项复习 04:冠词 冠词是英语十大词类中的虚词,常和名词一起连用,名词冠词不分家,冠词不能单独 使用,必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数,单数与复数等特点反过来也 会影响冠词的使用。 冠词是英语考察的重点,也是高考的必考点,更是学生头疼的难题。虽然冠词是分 类少,但是由于汉语中和英语冠词不一样,没有这个习惯,学生是经常忽略,无法掌握 冠词的正确用法。 本专题主要从冠词的分类、意思、用法、搭配以及特殊用法、考点和题型来进行讲 解。 一、冠词的分类 定冠词 the 经常翻译成“这”,“那”; 不定冠词 a/an “一”,“一个”,an+元音音素发音的词 二、冠词的用法 考点一:不定冠词的基本用法 1.泛指一个。如:There is a book on the table. 2.指人或事物的某一种类。如:His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea. 3.指某一个人或事物,但不具体说明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire. 4.用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a day. 5.表示同样的。如:They are of an age.(他们是同岁。) 6.表数量,相当于 one,但语意较弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk. 7.使抽象名词具体化。如:The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand 译为“帮手”) 8.固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word 考点二:定冠词的基本用法 1.表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bought a book. The book is very useful. 2.用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如:Close the window, please. 3.用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world 等。 4.用于表示方位的名词之前。如:the east, the right。 5.用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:the first, the tallest。 6.用于形容词之前,使其名词化。如:the sick, the wounded。 7.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如:the United States, the United Nation。 8.用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River, the East Lake。 9.用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths。 10.用于乐器的名词前。如:play the piano; play the violin。 11.发明物。如:The compass was invented in China. 12.年代名词前。如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 13.固定词组中。如:in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time 考点三:零冠词的基本用法1.表示总称的复数名词之前。如:Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。) 2.不含普通名词的专有名词前。如:We are studying English. 3.名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如:I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct. 4.官职、季节、月份、星期等名词前,一般不用冠词。如:She likes spring most. 5.呼语前不用冠词。如:What shall I do next, Mother? 6.三餐饭前不用冠词。如:What did you have for lunch? 7.节假日前不用冠词。如:People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day. 8.球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如:She is fond of playing basketball. 9.在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如:arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩并肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。 10.与 by 连用表示交通方式的名词前;以 and 连接的两个相对的名词连用时; 三、 冠词的习惯用法 很多情况下,是否要加冠词,常常是一个习惯用法问题,特别是在一些固定的词组中,有 时是说不出道理的。如: in town in the city 在城里 have a cold catch (a) cold 感冒了 at a distance 在一定距离外 in the distance 在远处  in danger of…有……的危险 in the habit of…有……的习惯 (1) There are over 58000 rocky objects in __    space,about 900 of which could fall down onto __ earth. A.the;the B./;the C.the;/ D.a;the 【解析】 B 考查冠词。第一空 in space 是固定短语,不用冠词;第二空名词 earth 属于 独一无二事物的名词,其前必须用定冠词。句意为:太空中有超过 58000 个岩状物体,其中大 约 900 个有可能掉到地球上。 专题一 (2) Many people are still in __ habit of writing silly things in __ public places. A.the;the B./;/ C.the;/ D./;the 【解析】 C 第一空是固定搭配中冠词的使用:in the habit of;第二空考查冠词的基本用 法,“在公共场所”是泛指,故不使用冠词。 四、抽象名词和物质名词具体化 1. 不可数名词的具体化,包括抽象名词的具体化和物质名词的具体化。所谓抽象名词的具体 化,是指冠词用在抽象名词之前,表示“一种”、“一类”或“一个具体情况”等概念,使本来抽象 的名词具体化,具有了“一”的含义。 The house is full of joy. The little girl is a joy to her parents. (令人高兴的人或物)Failure is the mother of success. He is a success as an actor. (一个成功的人或物) He gave me a lot of pleasure. It is a pleasure to work with you. (一件令人愉快的事情) She looked up in surprise. What a great surprise you gave me. (一件令人惊讶的事情) Knowledge is power. He has a wide knowledge of animals. (一门……的知识) He received little education. He received a good education. (一种……的教育) 某些物质名词也可以和不定冠词连用,而变成具体化的名词。 I like coffee. Would you like a coffee? (一杯咖啡) I have just had lunch. I have just had a big lunch. (一顿丰盛的午餐) 2. 有些抽象化的个体名词前一般不用冠词。 by bus/ by train/ by planeat school/ college/ university/ table/ work/ sea in class/ town/ church/ prison/ hospital/ bed go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的) 如: Gorge couldn't remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _________ Sunday because everybody was at ____________ church. A./;the B.the;/ C.a;/ D./;a 【解析】 C 第一空是指某一个星期天,Sunday 在这里已变成一个普通的名词,所以要 加 a;第二空 at church 是指“在教堂做礼拜”,属于具体名词抽象化。 五、冠词的某些需注意的用法 1. 不定冠词 a/an (1) 表示“同一”,相当于 the same。如: Birds of a feather flock together; people of a kind fall into the same group. 物以类聚,人以群分。 (2) 表示“每”,相当于 per。如: three times a day 一天三次 (3) 表示“某一个”,相当于 a certain 或 some。如: Sorry, wrong number. There isn't a Mr. Smith here. 对不起,打错了。这里没有史密斯先生。 (4)用在被修饰语限定的独一无二的东西前。如: We all hope to have a peaceful and friendly world. 我们都希望拥有一个和平友好的世界。 (5) a+most 表示“非常,很”。如: This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 (6) a+序数词,表示“又一,再一”。如: He had decided to give it up, but on second thoughts he decided to try a third time. 他已经决定放弃,但是转念一想,决定再试一次。 2. 定冠词 the (1) 用于发明物的单数名词前(phone,car…)。如: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 贝尔于 1876 年发明了电话。 (2) 用于姓氏复数词前指一家人或夫妇二人等。如: The Wangs will come to Beijing tomorrow. 王先生一家明天来北京。 (3) 用于表达弹奏西洋乐器时的乐器名称前。如:She plays the violin but gives up lessons on the piano. 她拉小提琴而放弃了钢琴课程。 (4) 用于方位名词前。如: on the right/left;in the east/south (5) 用于比较级词前,比较级句式中常附有表示范围的“of the two…”结构。如: Of the two boys, he is the cleverer. 两个男孩中,他是比较聪明的那一个。 要注意冠词的使用误区,即: 第一次说到不一定是泛指,第二次提到不一定就是特指。 1. —Have you seen __ pen? I left it here this morning. —Is it __ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a 【解析】 D 从语境看,两人之间有信息差,第二个人并不知道第一个人说的是哪只钢笔, 即虽然好像是第二次提到,却并不是特指,故第二空仍用 a 表泛指。 2. Have you heard __ news?The price of __ petrol is going up again! A.the; the B./; the C.the;/ D./; / 【解析】 C 句意为:你有没有听到这个消息:石油的价格又要上涨了。news 虽是第一 次提到,但从语境看,说话者接着说明了消息的具体内容。因此此处的消息是特指,而非泛指 某一消息。 课堂练习 1. A person who has __ final say in an international company is usually __ influential one. A.a; the B.the; an C.the; the D.a; an 【解析】 B say(发言权)后有介词短语修饰,表特指,所以要用定冠词,第二空表泛指, 且 influential 以元音音素开头,故用 an。 2. [2009·辽宁卷] This area experienced __ heaviest rainfall in __ month of May. A./; a B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a 【解析】 C 考查定冠词的基本用法。第一空指最大的降水量,形容词的最高级前用 the; 第二空指五月这个月,表特指用 the,选 C。 3. Washing machines made by China have won __ worldwide attention and Haier has become __ popular name. A.a; the B./; a C./; the D.the; a 【解析】 B attention 为不可数名词,并且表示泛指,所以不用冠词;第二空是指“海尔” 变成了一个很受欢迎的名字,表示泛指,用 a。 4.Students should be encouraged to use _______ Internet as ___________ resource. A./;a B./;the C.the; the D.the; a 【解析】 D 考查冠词的用法。句意为:学生们应该被鼓励把网络作为一种资源来利用。 Internet“因特网”,是独一无二的事物,习惯上与定冠词 the 连用;resource 作“(教学)资源,办 法”解是可数名词,其前加 a 表示泛指。 5. —I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. —It is not your fault. With _________ rush­ hour traffic and_________ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. A.a; a B.the; the C./; / D./; a 【解析】 B 考查定冠词的用法。根据语境可知,rush­hour traffic 和 heavy rain 是双方都 知道的造成迟到的原因,应用定冠词修饰。 6 . It's ______ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ________ pleasure. A./; a B.a; / C.the; a D.a; the 【解析】 B 句意为:去上海欣赏世博会带给人们快乐,这是一种非常好的感觉。 feeling“感觉”,可数名词,“一种感觉”含有“一”的概念,用不定冠词 a。pleasure“快乐,欢乐”, 不可数名词,故用零冠词。 7. “This victory alone is not ___________ change we seek—it is only ___________ chance for us to make that change.” said Obama in his speech. A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a 【解析】 C 依据句意可知,名词 change 被限制性定语从句 we seek 修饰限定,故用定冠 词 the 表特指;chance 被 only 修饰限定,表特指“唯一的一个”,用定冠词 the;选 C。 8.In order to find _____ better job, he decided to study _____ second foreign language. A.the; a B.a; a C.the; the D.a; the 【解析】 B 考查冠词的用法。句意为:为了找到一份更好的工作,他决定再学习另外一 门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空用“a+序数词+名词”表示“又一,再一”。 9. First impressions are the most lasting. After all,you never get ______ second chance to make ______ first impression. A.a;the B.the;the C.a;a D.the;a 【解析】 C 本题考查冠词。第一空表示“再一次,又一次”,序数词在此不表示顺序,其 前用不定冠词 a/an;第二空表示“一次第一印象”,表示泛指,用不定冠词 a。 10. What _______ pity that you couldn't be there to receive _________ prize! A.a; a B.the; a C.a; the D.the; the 【解析】 C 考查冠词的用法。第一空所填冠词构成固定句型 what a pity that…,用不定 冠词 a;第二空后的名词表特指,用定冠词 the,选 C。 11. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that ________ people from all walks of life are working hard for ________ new Jiangsu. A./; a B./; the C.the; a D.the; the 【解析】 A people from all walks of life 是固定短语,表示“各行各业的人们”,表泛指, 故用零冠词。Jiangsu 被 new 修饰,且表示“一”的概念,故用不定冠词 a。 12.As ____ beautiful movie about pain,struggle,hope and love,Slumdog Millionaire swept the ceremony with eight awards,including _____ prize for the best picture. A.a; the B.a; a C.the; a D.the; the 【解析】 A 考查冠词的用法。第一空处意为“Slumdog Millionaire (《贫民窟里的百万富 翁》)是一部关于痛苦、挣扎、希望和爱的电影”,所以用不定冠词表泛指。prize 后有 for the best picture,所以第二空要用定冠词 the,意思是“最佳影片奖”。 13._______ walk is expected to last all day, so bring ________ packed lunch. A.A; a B.The; / C.The; a D.A;/ 【解析】 C 本题考查冠词的基本用法。the walk 是指说话者双方都知道的一次行走,所以是特指。后面是提醒要带一份盒饭,所以用不定冠词 a。 14.My neighbor asked me to go for _______ walk, but I don't think I've got _______ energy. A.a; / B.the; the C./; the D.a; the 【解析】 D 句意为:我的邻居请我出去散步,但我认为我没有那份精力。第一空为固定 词组,go for a walk 去散步,第二空特指散步的那份精力,选 D。 15.Of all the subjects,I like _______ history best because it gives us _______ useful knowledge of things in the past. A.the;a B./;a C.a;the D.a;/ 【解析】 B 表示课程的名词前不加冠词,故第一空不填冠词;第二空表示“……有用的 知识”,knowledge 为抽象名词具体化,其前需要加冠词,useful 的发音为[′juːsful],故用 a. 题点经典类型题 1.(典型例题诊断)One day Li Ping was niding in the street when the old man came across the street without noticing her. 【答案】 the→an. 名词第一次出现,用不定冠词,表示泛指。 2.(典型例题) Bungee jumping is considered a good example of such a activity 答案:a→an.activity 以元音音素开头。 3.(典型例题拟) Last week, about 1000 parents came to school to have classes. 答案:school 前加 the.普通名词前加定冠词表特指。 4.(典型例题检测)Tom told the doctor he had got headache and bad cough0 答案:headache 前加 a. have a head ache 固定用法。 Ⅲ 新高考命题探究 1. What a good news we've heard! 答案:去掉 a. news 为不可数名词,其前不用 a 2. why is she in such such great hurry? 答案:such 后加 a.in a hurry 为固定搭配,意为“匆忙地”。 3.The policeman caught me by my arm. 答案:my 改为 the.固定句式:hit/beat/strike/take/catch...sb.+in/on/by+the+身体的 某个部位。 4.The man is the only animal that can speak. 答案:The man 改为 Man.man 用单数,前在不加冠词指人类。 5. This dictionary is a same as the one I lost. 答案:a 改为 the.the same as...为固搭配。 6. He found a job paid by an hour. 答案:an 改为 the.by the hour,按小时。 7.The sun gives us light during day. 答案:day 前加 the.在白天,during the day. 8.It is a great fun to collect coins. 答案:去掉 a,fun 用作不可数名词,其前不加 a.一些抽象名词如 surprise,pleasure,success 等可以指具体的人或事,前面可以加 a,而 fun 不能。9. They had a party after a meal that day. 答案:第二个 a 改为 the.表示特指那一顿饭用 the. 10. Finally she chose a bigger one of the two. 答案:a 改为 the.两者中较……的那个,用 the+比较级+of... 11. Move this chair away. They are in this way. 答案:in this way 改为 in the way,意为“挡道”。 12. Did you have wonderful time at the party? 答案:have 后加 a. have a...time,度过一段……时光。 13.He is a honest young man. He never tells lies. 答案:a 改为 an.honest 读音以元音开头。 14.Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876. 答案:telephone 前加 the.发明物前加定冠词。 15. Professor Wang was elected the president of the college. 答案:去掉第一个 the.表示头衔的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时,前面往往不带冠词。16. what surprised us most was that the blind girl played piano so well. 答案:piano 前加 the.乐器前加定冠词。 17. China has changed so greatly since eighties of the twentieth century. 答案:since 后加 the.某世纪的几十年代前加定冠词。 18. Many people dream of walking in the space like astronaLlts one day. 答案:去掉 the.space 表示太空时,其前不带冠词。 19.Let's do the experlment the third time.Maybe we'll succeed this time. 答案:the 改为乙再一次,又一次 a third time. 20.In spring of 1992,he paida visit to the south of china. 答案:spring 前加 the.一年四季前往往不带冠词,如果特指某一年的某个季节,需加定冠词。

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