2020年高三英语语法讲解及练习题：动词和动词短语

重难点分析 对于动词和动词短语，主要考查词义辨析、动词的用法和搭配、一词多义以及在具体语境 中正确使用动词短语。要特别注意一些最常用的词汇如 get, make, have, take 以及与它们构成 的动词短语等。 一、动词分类一览表 动词的分类 例句 及物动词(vt.)+宾语 He sang a song for us. 后不接宾语 He arrived late. 行为动词 (实义动 词) 不及物动词(vi.) +介词 He arrived in Wuhan at 10 a.m. 表人和事物的特征和状态：be, feel, appear, seem, look, sound, smell, taste 等 He seems angry. 表状态变化：become, get, go, turn, grow, fall 等 The fish went bad. 系动词 表状态的延续或持续：keep, stay, remain 等 He remained silent. 助动词 be, have, do, shall, will 等，不能独立作谓语，须与动 词原形或分词一起构成谓语的各种形式 I have bought a car. 情态动词 can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must, need, dare 等 He may come tomorrow. 注意：有些动词是兼类词。如：We have lunch at 12. (行为动词) / We have been to Japan. (助动词) 二、动词短语构成一览表动词短语构成 示例 例句 动词+副词 break out 爆发 The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1931. 动词+介词 agree with 同意 I agree with you on that point. 动词+副词+介 词 come up with 想出； 提出 I came up with a good idea. 动词+名词+介 词 make use of 利用 You should make full use of your time. 动词+名词 take place 发生 Great changes are taking place in our life. 三、常用动词短语归纳 常用动词 come, go, keep, look, make, put, take, turn, get 的相关搭配 1. come come about 发生；造成 come across 偶然遇到 come after 追踪；跟在……后面 come along 一道走；赶快 come at 向……扑过来 come from 来自 come on 跟随；上演；赶快；加油 come out 出来；出版；结果是 come to (oneself) 苏醒；总共；达到； 涉及 come to an agreement 达成协议 come to a close/an end 终止；结束 come to life 活过来 come to light 泄露；被发现 come to mind 想起；回忆起 come to the point (讲话、写文章等)切中 要害 come to the/one’s rescue 营救；帮助 come true 实现；变成现实 come up with 想出；提出come into being/existence 出现；开始形成；成立 come in 进来；上市；流行起来；(比赛中)得……名次(come in second 得第二名) 2. go go about 此处走动 go after 追赶；追捕；追求 go ahead 前进；说吧；走吧；做吧(口语) go all out to do sth. 全力以赴做某事 go beyond 超出；超出……的能力 go by 从……经过/通过；时间流逝 go back to 追溯到；回顾 go down 下降；下跌 go in for 参与；从事；爱好 go into 进入；从事 go off 离开某地；爆炸 go over 复习；超过期限；审阅；仔细查 看 go out 熄灭；出去；过时 go through 穿过；经受 go too far 太过分；走得太远 go with 相配(同义词 match) go well with 协调；相配 go wrong 出错；发生故障 go around/round 绕道；四处走动；(故事、消息等)传开；萦绕 3. keep keep away 不靠近；远离 keep back 向后退；保留 keep in mind 记住；把……记在心里 keep in order 保持整齐；使井井有条 keep in touch with 保持联系 keep one’s ears open 留心细听；倾听 keep one’s eyes open 留心；注意 keep out 不让入内；不要进来 keep out of 不参与；不牵涉进去；置身 事外 keep quiet 保持安静 keep up your courage 鼓起勇气；保持 勇气 keep up with 跟上keep off 不接近；保持距离；避开；回避(某话题) 4. look look about/around 四周环顾 look after 照顾 look ahead 向前看；展望未来 look at 看 look back 回顾；回过头看 look down upon 看不起 look down one’s nose at 傲慢；轻视某 人 look forward to 期待 look into 调查 look like 看起来像 look out (of) 当心；小心；向外看 look through 浏览；看穿 look up 仰视；查找(字典、电话本等) look up to sb. 尊敬 look up and down 上下打量(某人) look to 指望；寄望；依靠 look on 袖手旁观 look over 仔细检查 5. make make sense 说得通；有意义；言之有理 make up 构成 make up for 弥补；补偿 make up one’s mind 下决心；决定 make an effort to / make efforts to 努力； 尽力 make oneself heard 让自己被别人听到 make good sense / no sense 有意义/没 意义 make fun of 嘲笑；取笑 be made up of 由……组成/构成 make tea/coffee 泡茶/泡咖啡 make a living 某人 make a difference 有影响；有关系 make full use of 充分利用 make excuses 超借口；辩解 make a contribution to 为……做贡献 make a complaint 提出投诉make a deep impression on sb. 给某人留下深刻印象 6. put put away 放好；收起来 put aside 放在一边；暂时不做；留出 put back 放回原处 put down 放下；拒绝；写下来 put forward 提出(计划、建议等) put off 推迟；延期；脱掉(衣服等) put into use 投入使用 put on 穿上；上演 put out 扑灭；吹灭 put up 举起；张贴 put up with 忍受；忍耐 put one’s heart into 全心全意投入 put in prison 投入监狱 put on weight 增肥 put through 做完；完成；接通电话(=get through) 7. take take away 拿走；带走 take back 拿回来 take A for B 把 A 误认为是 B take part in 参加 take advantage of 利用 take care of 照顾 take charge of 负责；管理 take a chance 碰运气 take hold of 抓住；掌握 take notice of 留心；注意 take the opportunity of 抓住机会 take the place of 代替 take the risk of 冒……的险 take off 脱下；起飞 take up 占据(时间、地方等)；从事于 take in 吸收；欺骗 take in turn 依次 take a shower 冲凉 take pride in = be proud of 为……感到骄 傲 8. turn turn against 背叛；反对 turn around 转身；转过来 turn up 调大声；出现 turn down 调小声；拒绝 turn on 打开 turn off 关掉 turn…into… 把……变成…… turn in 上交(=hand in) turn out to be 结果是；结局是 turn over 翻动；翻过 turn to 转向；求助于 turn right/left 右转/左转 turn away 解雇；把……打发走 turn back 折回 9. get get accustomed to 习惯于 get across 度过；通过；说服；使理解 get ahead of 胜过；超过 get on/along well with 与……相处融洽 get away with 侥幸逃脱；避免受罚 get away from 拜托 get back 取回；回来；报复 get down to 认真对待；静下心来 get familiar with 熟悉 get hold of 获得；取得 get into trouble 陷入麻烦 get into bad habits 染上恶习 get off 下车 get on 上车 get out of 从……出来 get over 越过；克服 get ready for 为……作准备 get rid of 除去；去掉；免除；摆脱 get through 通过；及格；接通 get together 积聚；积累 get up 起床；起立 get used to 习惯于 考点练透 一、短语翻译 根据句意将下列句子划线部分的英文翻译成中文。1. Striking a proper balance between study and rest keeps us energetic and a healthy diet is useful as well. (翻译：_______________________) 2. They can’t teach children learning, let alone offering their psychological and moral education. (翻译：_______________________) 3. So the whole society should pay special attention to this social phenomenon. (翻译： _________________) 4. It is a custom in China to have some tea or other drinks before the meal is served. (翻 译：_____________) 5. Some people say that the key to success is the luck, so they never work hard and of course can only envy others’ success. (翻译：_______________________) 6. Just as the famous saying by Einstein goes, success is 99% of hard work and 1% of the fortune. (翻译：_______________________) 7. Therefore, I wish all of us achieve success through our hard work! ( 翻 译 ： _______________________) 8. Besides, studying abroad can not only broaden their horizons but also deepen their understanding of the culture and customs in that country. (翻译：_______________________) 9. However I think it difficult for them to adapt to the new environment. ( 翻 译 ： ______________________) 10. So it would be better to go abroad after they have finished their college at home, when they are more capable of learning and living on their own. ( 翻 译 ： _______________________) 11. As you know, we Chinese take pride in our original hair color and we are fine with it. (翻译：_________) 12. In my opinion, those with different hair colors, turning a blind eye to school rules, are not worth learning from because they just want to make themselves noticed. ( 翻 译 ： _______________________) 13. It is known to us that nowadays middle school students are diligent in their studies for the prosperous future of their motherland. (翻译：_______________________) 14. No pain, no gains. Therefore I’d like to say to those who’d like to cheat in exams, “Get down to work now and don’t cheat yourself any more.” (翻译：_______________________) 15. Thousands of trees have been cut down per year, so in return soil is becoming more and more barren ( 贫 瘠 的 ), and meanwhile, the air is getting worse and worse. ( 翻 译 ： _______________________) 16. We are supposed to live harmonious with nature. (翻译：_______________________) 17. I am writing you a letter in order to apply for a position in your company. (翻译： ___________________) 18. Li Ming is very strict with herself in her work and daily life, and is always ready to help other people. (翻译：_______________________) 19. My own experience can also well illustrate the importance of praise. ( 翻 译 ： ______________________) 20. I began to put my heart into study, listening attentively in class and finishing my homework on time. (翻译：_______________________) 21. I strongly suggest that all of us try to spot others’ strong points and not be mean with our praise. (翻译：_______________________)二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Qiao is a sixth-grader at Yuhui Primary School. He is only 12 years old 1 has been smoking for three years. Liu, 15, is 2 Junior 2 student at Chicheng No. 2 Middle School. He 3 (begin) smoking four years ago. “Smoking is part of my life,” Liu said. Qiao and Liu are not those boys’ real names. But their problem, smoking, is a very real problem. In many countries, smoking 4 (become) a bigger problem for young people. Most smokers start in their teens (years of a person’s age from 13 to 19) or 5 (early). A study of 8,000 Beijing students last May told us that smoking is a problem for many Chinese kids. More than 21% of middle school students and 6% of primary school pupils said 6 smoked. “ 7 young people start smoking early, they will probably get addicted 8 nicotine. And it will be very hard to give up later on,” said a professor. Every year, about four million people die because of smoking. And if people keep smoking, that number 9 (go) up to about ten million a year by 2030, the World Health Organization (WHO) says. 10 we have to learn and tell others about the dangers of smoking. 助读词汇 teens n. 十几岁 addicted adj. 上瘾的 nicotine n. 尼古丁 go up to 上升到 primary school 小学 World Health Organization 世界卫生组织三、佳作欣赏 下面是一篇摘自全国英语高考书面表达的范文，文中有许多精彩且灵活的 语言表达，其中也包含有动词或动词短语，用心体会其用法。 Dear editor, From the questionnaires we have received, we can find the fact that less families are satisfied with the relationship between children and their parents. Only 30% parents are satisfied with their relationship with their children, for their children are considerate to others, diligent and easy to communicate with, and above all, they are honest and respect their parents. The democratic atmosphere of the family and the time parents spent communicating with them contribute to this. However, about 70% parents are unsatisfied with their relationship with their children, saying that their children are selfish and difficult to communicate with. What’s worse, they sometimes tell lies and don’t form a good habit in life and study. The reasons are as follows: they are too busy to communicate with their children and instruct them in doing everything and the society has a great influence on them. It is clear that parents should spare more time communicating with their children however busy they are. Yours Lihua 参考答案 考点练透 一、短语翻译 1. 在学习和休息之间取得适当的平衡 2. 更别提/更别说 3. 特别注意 4. 饭前 5. 成 功的关键；妒忌别人的成功 6. 成功是 99%的努力加上 1%的运气 7. 取得成功 8. 开阔视野 9. 适应新环境 10. 更有能力自己学习和生活 11. 为……感到自豪 12. 对……视而不见 13. 为了祖国的繁荣昌盛 14. 开始认真学习吧 15. 反过来/作为回报 16. 应该 17. 申请 18. 总是乐于助人 19. 说明表扬的重要性 20. 全心投入学习 21. 我强烈建议；发现别人的优 点，不要吝啬我们的赞美 二、语法填空 本文主要讲述我国中小学生吸烟的问题和现状。 1. but 根据 He is only 12 years old 可知，此处显然存在一个转折关系，故填 but。 2. a 不定冠词的基本用法，在此意为“一个”。 3. began 根据空后的 four years ago 可知用一般过去式。 4. is becoming 此句是问题的现状，故用现在进行时。 5. earlier 根据前面的 in their teens 可知，此处存在隐形比较级。 6. they 缺少主语填代词。they 在此指代前面的 21% of middle school students and 6% of primary school pupils。7. If 空后是两个分句，故填连接词。再根据句意，此处明显存在一个表条件的关系，故 填 If 引导条件状语从句。注意首字母要大写。 8. to 固定搭配 get addicted to 意为“对……上瘾”。 9. will go 根据前面的条件状语从句 if people keep smoking 可知，此处用一般将来时。习 惯句型: If …., …will…意为“如果……，……将……”。 10. So 根据上下语境，此处显然存在一个表“所以……”的意思。So 是个表因果关系的并 列连词。