2020年高三英语语法讲解及练习题：定语从句

定语从句是英语语法中的重点。除了在语法填空中会考到，在书面表达中正确恰当地运用 定语从句是作文得高分的关键。另外，在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。 常见考点： 1. 指物时只用 that 或 which 的情况 2. 介词+关系代词 3. whose 的用法及转换形式 4. as 与 which 的区别 5. 指人时 that 与 who 的区别 6. 如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词 7. 定语从句的主谓一致问题 一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰前面的某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，在句中起定语（也就是形容 词）的作用。被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词 （who, whom, that, which, whose）或关系副词(where, when, why)。如： The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先行词 关系代词 二、关系代词和关系副词的用法 关系代词和关系副词又称关系词，用来引导定语从句，代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成 分。其用法见下表： 词例 先行 词 充当成 分 例句 who 人 主语 This is the doctor who saved my life. 这就是那个救了我生命的医生。 whom 人 宾语 She is the new student (whom) I want to tell to you. 她就是那个我想告诉你的新学生。 that 人、物 主语、宾 语 Football is a game that is liked by many people. 足球是一项许多人都喜爱的项目。 The man (that) you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚碰到的那个人是我的朋友。 which 物 主语、宾 语 Please pass me the book which is lying on the table. 请把桌上的那本书递给我。 The novel (which) Tom bought is very interesting. 汤姆买的那本小说很有趣。 as 物 主语、宾 语 The earth, as is known to all, is round. 众所周 知，地球是圆的。 关 系 代 词 whose=of whom /of which 人、物 定语 The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams. 他是威廉姆斯教授，他 的女儿教你英语。 when=at/in/on /during which 时间 状语 We will never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 我 们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的日子。 where=at/in/to which 地点 状语 This is the house where he lived. 这是他住过的 房子。 关 系 副 词 why=for which 原因 状语 I know the reason why she works so well. 我知道她为何工作出色的原因。 三、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 从句与先行词的关 系 从句是先行词不可缺少的定语， 如果省去，主句的意思就会不 完整或不明确 从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果 省去，主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 标点符号 从句与主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 指人用 who/whom/that 指人用 who(作主语)/whom(作宾语) 指物用 which/that 指物用 which 指人和物用 whose 指人和物用 whose关系代词 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可 以省略 关系代词一般不可省略 修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 可以修饰一个词，也可修饰整个主句 翻译 定语从句通常译成被修饰语的 前置定语(先翻译从句再翻译先 行词) 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的 句子 四、关系代词的选用 1. 只能用 that 作关系代词的情况 说明 例句 1 当 先 行 词 是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one 等不定代 Pay attention to everything that I do. 注意 我所做的一切。词时(something 除外) 2 当先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时 He has little time that he can spare. 他几乎 抽不出一点时间。 3 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰 时 This is the best novel (that) I have read. 这 是我读过的最好的小说。 4 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同 时兼指人和物时 They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school. 他 们正在谈论他们记得的在中学里的人和事。 5 当 先 行 词 被 the only, the last, the very, the same 等等修饰时 This is the last time that I want to see you. 这是最后一次我想见到你。 6 当疑问词 who, which, what 开头的特殊疑 问句中，为了避免重复只用 that Which of the students that knows something about history? 了解历史的学生 是哪一位? 7 当定语从句为 there be 句型时，关系代词 只能用 that，也可以省略 This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing. 这是去北京最快的火车。 8 当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中作 表语时，关系代词只能用 that，也可以省 略 China is not the country (that) it was. 中国 不是以前的中国了。 2. 指物只能用 which 不用 that 的情况 说明 例句 1 在非限定性定语从句 中 St. Peterburg, which was once called Leningrad, is a very beautiful city. 圣彼得堡是一座非常美丽的城市，它曾被称作“列宁格勒”。 2 在介词后面 This is the room in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年住 的那个屋子。 3. 指人时只能用 who 不用 that 的情况 说明 例句 先 行 词 为 one, ones, those, anyone, he 时 Those who break the law must be punished. 那些违反法律 的人必须受到惩罚。 4. as 与 which as 与 which 均可引导非限定性定语从句，有时可以互换，但也存在区别 说明 例句 与 such 或 the same 连用时，一般 用 as Such money as he earned was spent on books. 他挣得 那些钱被花在了买书上。 as 引导的从句可以放在句首，as 表“正如……”之意 As we all know, the earth is round. 正如我们所知道的， 地球是圆的。 当 as 在从句中作主语时，后面常 接动词的被动语态 She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了， 这在预料之中。 当定语从句是否定句或表示否定 时只能用 which My parents treat me as a baby, which I can’t bear. 我 父母常常把我当小孩看，这是我难以忍受的。 5. 定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。如： Don’t choose me, who am not fit for the job. 别选我，我不适合这份工作。考点练透 一、单句填空 请用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。 1. Because of my poor memory, all __________ you told me has been forgotten. 2. Do you remember those days __________ we spent along the seashore very happily? 3. Those __________ want to go please sign their names here. 4. Who is the woman __________ is sweeping the floor over there? 5. The man __________ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour. 6. Finally, the thief handed over everything __________ he had stolen to the police. 7. This is the very letter __________ came last night. 8. This is the factory __________ we worked a year ago. 9. Jack is pleased with what you have given him and all __________ you have told him. 10. Do you work near the building __________ colour is yellow? 11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, __________ came as a surprise. 12. I live in the house __________ windows face south. 13. They stayed with me three weeks, __________ they drank all the wine I had. 14. The room __________ Mr. White lives is not very large. 15. I have finished writing the novel, __________ is to be published next month. 16. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, __________ was unexpected. 17. The old man had three sons, all of __________ died during the World War Ⅱ. 18. I have bought two pens, both of __________ write well. 19. Do you know the reason __________ she has changed her mind? 20. He failed in the exam, __________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.21. __________ was expected, he succeeded in the exam. 22. We should read such books __________ will make us better and wiser. 23. He is absent, __________ is often the case. 24. It is the first time __________ I have come to your city. 25. Who __________ has the same idea as it will do it in this way. 26. I shall never forget those days __________ I lived in the country with the farmers, __________ has a great effect on my life. 27. This is the only book __________ I can find. 28. This is the only one of the students __________ handwriting is the best. 29. You must show your wife the same respect __________ you show me. 30. This is the professor __________ taught me chemistry in 1980. 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Yesterday there was a very exciting debate at Xinhua Middle School about whether medical cloning should be allowed or not. 1 a lively discussion a vote was cast and the side arguing for medical cloning won. The arguments for medical cloning were very strongly put by the team supporting the motion (议案). They argued that serious illnesses and people 2 have lost their ability to move or think could be helped by medical cloning. They 3 (explain) that the procedures would be safe, quick and with no problems for the patients. They quoted that 67% of American citizens are for it 4 (support) their idea. Their arguments were very 5 (convince). The arguments put by 6 team opposing medical cloning were less strong. They argued in two ways. The first reason was that the procedures were not yet secure. Their second reason was that 7 took many tries and many potential animals had to 8 (kill) to produce one useable embryo for research. They explained that many European countries don’t allow medical cloning research because of this. Anyway 9 arguments were not so convincing. At the end of the debate the audience left the hall 10 a feeling of hope. They realized that diseases that seem terrible today may be able to be cured soon. 助读词汇 procedure n. 过程 oppose vt. 反对 potential adj. 潜在的 embryo n. 胚胎 quote vt. 引用 convincing adj. 有说服力的 cast a vote 投票 argue for 赞成 be for 赞成 medical cloning 医学科隆 参考答案 考点练透 一、单句填空 1. that 2. which/that 3. who 4. that 5. with whom 6. that 7. that 8. where 9. that 10. whose 11. which 12. whose 13. during which 14. where / in which 15. which 16. which 17. whom 18. which 19. why 20. which 21. As 22. as 23. as 24. that 25. that 26. when; which 27. that 28. whose 29. as 30. who/that 二、语法填空 本文主要讲述的是，新华中学举办了一场有关“医学科隆是否该允许”的辩论会。不同的学生对此生物技术有不同的看法——有反对也有赞成。 1. After 分析句子成分可知 1 a lively discussion 在本句子不作主语、宾语也不作表语， 故需要填介词。根据上下逻辑和空后的 a vote was cast and the side arguing for medical cloning won.的结果可知，此处理应是指一次活跃的讨论之后。故填 After 最佳。注意首字母要大写。 2. who 空的前后是两个分句，故填连接词。分析句子成分可知 2 have lost their ability to move or think 是个定语从句且先行词是人(people)，故填 who(在从句中作主语)。 3. explained 根据上一句 They argued that serious illnesses 可知用一般过去式。 4. to support 分析句子成分得知，动词 support 在此非谓语。再分析句意可知此处表目的， 故用动词不定式作目的状语。 5. convincing 作表语用形容词形式。convincing 在此意为“有说服力的”。 6. the 表特指必须要用定冠词。或者根据第二段首句中的 medical cloning were very strongly put by the team 也可知。 7. it 缺主语填代词。根据逻辑和句意可知，此处理应缺少前面提到过的 medical cloning。 故用 it 代替。 8. be killed 分析句子成分可知，动词 kill 在此作谓语，只考虑时态和语态。根据空前 had to(不定式)可知此处理应用原形。此外，kill 与逻辑主语 animals 显然存在被动关系，故填 be killed 正确。 9. their 显然此处缺少一个限定词，总得致命是谁的论据(arguments)。根据上一句 They explained that…可知此题理应填 their 合适。 10. with 表“带着……”常用介词 with。