2020年高三英语语法讲解及练习题：倒装句和省略句

重难点分析 一、倒装句 倒装句主要考查以下几个方面： ◆含有否定意味的词置于句首，用部分倒装； ◆“only+状语/状语从句”置于句首，用部分倒装； ◆so/such…that 句型中，“so+形容词/副词”提前，用部分倒装； ◆表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首，要用完全倒装。 1. 倒装句用法一览表： 分 类 倒装条件及相关句型结构 例句 There be…句型 There are many students in our school. 我们学校有很 多学生。 表地点的介词短语置于句首：地 点状语+谓语(be, lie, sit 等)+主 语 Near the river is/stands a pine tree. 河的附近有一棵 松树。 here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out 等副词位于句 首 Out rushed the boy. 这个男孩冲了出去。 Then came the teacher. 接着老师进来了。 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句 首，主句倒装：“…,”said/asked sb. “You had better stay at home,” said my mother. “你最好待在家。”我妈说。 完 全 倒 装 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持 Fastened to the pole is the national flag. 系在杆子上句子平衡 的是国旗。 We saw a house, in front of which stood a tall tree. 我 们看到了一所房子，房子前面有一棵高高的树。 主谓宾结构的一般疑问句和特殊 疑问句 Have you finished your homework? 你完成家庭作业 了吗？ Why did you buy it? 你为什么买它？ seldom, never, little, hardly, nowhere, by no means, in no time 等表否定意义的副词或短 语置于句首 Seldom does he watch TV. 他很少看电视。 By no means will I give up trying. 无论如何我都不会 放弃常尝试的。 “only+状语/状语从句”置于句 首 Only when you have grown up can you understand your parents. 只有等你长大了，你才能理解你父母。 not only…but also…连接并列的 句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he do well in study, but also he is ready to help others. 他不仅成绩优秀，还乐于助人。 not until 位于句首时 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到 19 世纪初，人们才知道热是 何物。 no sooner…than…连接并列的句 子，前倒后不倒 No sooner had they started than it began to rain. 他 们刚一出发，天就下起雨来了。 neither…nor…连接并列的句子， 前后都倒 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 我不知道， 也不关心。 部 分 倒 装 so/such…that 中 such/so 的修饰 So fast did he speak that I didn’t follow him. 他说得成分置于句首时，前倒后不倒 如此快，我都跟不上。 Such good players are they that they often win. 他们 是如此好的运动员，以致他们经常赢得比赛。 as/though 引导的让步状语从句， 构成“形容词/副词/名词/动词/分 词+as/though+主语+谓语的其 他部分”的倒装形式 Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他是小孩，他懂得 很多。 Young though he was, he understood the meaning. 虽然他很年轻，却懂那意思。 so, neither 或 nor 表示前句所说 的情况也适用于另外的人或事 He can play the piano. So can I. 他会弹钢琴，我也会。 We didn’t win. Neither did they. 我们没有赢，他们 也没有。 表示祝愿的祈使句 May you have a good trip. 祝你旅途愉快。 省 略 if 的 虚 拟 条 件 句 ： were/had/should +主语+谓语动 词 Were I you, I would not do it this way. 如果我是你， 我不会这样做。 2. 特别提示 (1) there be 结构的倒装句型中，除了 be 动词之外，there 后还可接 lie, live, seem to be 等。 如： There lived an old man in the village long long ago. 很久很久以前，村子里住着一位老人。 (2) here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out 等副词位于句首，主语为代词时不到装。如： Away it flew. 它飞走了。 (3) 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首，主句倒装，主句倒装，但是主语为代词时不倒装。如： “You have to finish it tonight,” she said. “今晚你必须完成它，”她说。 (4) so 位于句首不倒装的情况： ① 主语与前句相同，表赞同，译为“确实如此”。如： — Mike studies hard. 迈克学习很刻苦。 — So he does. 确实是。 ② 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事，前句如果列举了两种事实以上，用“so it is/was with sb./sth.”回答。如： — Tom is kind and often helps those in trouble. 汤姆很友好，经常帮助处于困境中的人。 — So it is with his father. 他父亲也是。 (5) 使用 as/though 进行倒装时注意： ① 句首有名词，名词不能带任何冠词。如：Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他是个孩子，却能够明辨是非。 ② 句首是实义动词时，其他助动词则放在主语之后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，则宾 语和状语随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如： Try hard as he will, he never seems to be able to do the work satisfactorily. 虽然他尽力了， 但他的工作总做得不尽如人意。 (6) not until 位于句首的倒装结构中，如果是复合句，只有主句用倒装，从句不用。如： Not until he loses his health will he give up smoking. 他直到失去健康才会戒烟。 二、省略句 高考命题导向：省略是一种避免重复，保持简洁的语法手段。缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在，意义明确，并且能发挥交际功能的句子叫作省略句。 高考主要是考查省略在固定结构中的运用。 省略句用法一览表： 分类 说明 例句 省略主语 (It) Doesn’t matter. 没关系。 省略谓语 I won the first race and Tom (won) the second. 我赢了第 一场比赛，汤姆赢了第二场。 省略宾语 I don’t know (it). 我不知道这件事。 省略表语 — Is he a student? 他是一名学生吗？ — Yes, he is (a student). 是的，他是。 省略定语 Part of the money belongs to my mother and the rest (of the money) belongs to my father. 一部分钱属于我妈妈， 其余的钱属于我爸爸。 省略状语 He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他没有受伤。真奇怪！ 省略从句 I would accept the invitation (if I were you). (如果我是你) 我会接受邀请的。 句子成分 的省略 省略整句 — Will you teach English to the students? 你要教学生英 语吗？ — Yes. (I will teach English to the students.) 是的。(我会 教学生英语。) 省略介词 He is busy (in) doing his homework. 他正在忙着写作业。 小品词的 省略连词 that I am sure (that) we will succeed. 我相信我们会成功的。省略 省略关系代词 This is the dress (which) I bought in Shanghai. 这是我在 上海买的裙子。 强调句型强调疑问词时， 常 省 略 强 调 句 型 中 的 that When was it (that) you received his e-mail? 你收到他的 电子邮件是什么时候？ 在 以 if, when, while, though, as if 等 连 词 引 导的从句中，如从句中 的主要动词是 be，常将 主语和动词 be 省略 If (it is) necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必 要，我们就往家里打电报。 While (you are) cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑 车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。 Henry looked around as if (he were) in search of something. 亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。 在口语中，为了避免重 复，不定式可以省去和 前面句子相同的动词， 只保留不定式符号 to You may go home if you wish to (go home). 如果你愿意，你可以回家了。 由固定词组引导的疑问 句 How about playing football? 去踢球怎么样？ Why not go there with us? 为什么不和我们一起去？ 用 so, not 等 来 代 替 上 文或问句中的一部分或 整个句意 — Can he finish the work on time? — I think so. (I think he can finish the work on time.) 他能按时完成工作吗？ 我认为他能。 固定结构 中的省略 并列复合句中一些相同 的成分可以省略 We tried to help her but (we tried) in vain. 我们试着帮助 她，但是没有用。This clock works well but that one doesn’t (work well). 这个钟表运行得很好，但是那个不行。 考点练透 一、完成句子 根据句意或括号中所给的提示完成句子。 1. Not until ___________ (I; shout) at the top of my voice ___________ (he; turn) his head. 2. I won the prize at last. Never in my life ___________ (I; feel) so happy. 3. Hardly ___________ (the thief; see) the police ___________ he ran away. 4. — Hurry up! There ___________ (the bell; go). — My goodness! Has Mrs. Li come yet? — Look! Here ___________ (she; come). 5. Not only ___________ (he; like) singing, but ___________ (he; have) a good voice. 6. — David has passed the final exam smoothly. — So ___________ (he; have), and ___________ (I; have). 7. So ___________ (he; be frightened) in the darkness that he did not dare to move an inch. 8. Up ___________ (the balloon; go) into the air. 9. At the foot of the mountain ___________ (a village; lie). 10. I have tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means ___________ (the teacher; be satisfied) with my progress. 11. If Joe’s wife doesn’t go to the party, neither ___________ (他也不去). 12. Should ___________ (如果明天下雨), we would have to put off the sports meeting. 13. Child ___________ (尽管只是孩子), he shows great consideration towards the others. 14. — Mike hadn’t passed the exam and was afraid of being scolded. — ___________ (我也一样). 15. ________________________ (我们一听到铃声) than we rushed into the classroom. 16. — He hasn’t finished the work yet. — Well, he _____________________ (本该完成). 17. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ___________ (see) whether he was going in the right direction. 18. — Is your mother a teacher? — No, but she ___________ (过去是). 19. — Do you know Anna’s telephone number? — ___________ (恐怕不知). As a matter of fact, I don’t know anything about Anna. 20. — Who should be responsible fro the accident? — The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order ___________ (按被告诉的). 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Dear friends, I am happy to give a talk, sharing what I learnt about first aid. First aid is the timely treatment 1 (give) to the injured before doctors come. Students 2 we are, we should prepare for an emergency by learning something about first aid, 3 is urgently needed in some accidents. For example, if someone suffers from 4 sprained ankle while doing sports, the best way to treat 5 is to put an ice pack or cold water on his ankle.When 6 (treat) a cut, we should take immediate action to clean the wound and stop the bleeding. Call 120 if the injury is too severe to deal with. Besides, keeping a first-aid kit 7 (hand) is a wise choice. Of course, the kit is supposed to contain necessary items that can deal with a variety of emergencies. In conclusion, knowing how to perform first aid is of great importance in our daily life, which sometimes means a total difference 8 life and death. Only 9 a cool mind and adequate knowledge of first aid can we offer a helping hand 10 necessary. 助读词汇 timely adj. 及时的 emergency n. 紧急情况 urgently adv. 迫切地 severe adj. 严重的 perform vt. 执行 adequate adj. 足够的；充足的 sprained ankle 裸关节扭伤 ice pack 冰袋 first-aid kit 急救箱 be supposed to 理应 necessary items 必须物品 a variety of 各种各样的 三、佳作欣赏 下面是一篇摘自全国英语高考书面表达的范文，文中有许多精彩且灵活的 语言表达，其中也包含有倒装结构和省略结构，用心体会其用法。 A special relay race was held for Senior Three on the school playground on Wednesday, October 22. Compared with traditional relay race, this activity adopted a new rule, which allowed 20 runners in each team and required that each runner covered 200 meters. Twelve classes in our grade were divided into two groups to compete with each other, with Class Two winning the championship in the end. When asked how they felt about the competition, students all considered this new activity to be interesting and meaningful. More importantly, not only did the activity increase students’ interest in doing exercise, but it also strengthened their love for their class. 参考答案 考点练透 一、完成句子 1. I shouted; did he turn 2. have I felt 3. had the thief seen; when 4. goes the bell; she comes 5. does he; he has 6. he has; so have I 7. frightened was he 8. went the balloon 9. lies a village 10. is the teacher satisfied 11. will he 12. it rain tomorrow 13. as/though he is 14. So it was with me. 15. No sooner had we heard the ring 16. should/ought to have 17. to see 18. used to be 19. I’m afraid not 20. as told 二、语法填空 这是一篇发言稿。作者主要介绍对于各种紧急情况，我们（学生）该如何正确是进行适当 的急救，同时也告诉我们急救的重要性和意义。 1. given 分析句子成分可知，此空是个非谓语。treatment 与 give 存在被动关系，故填过 去分词构成过去分词短语作后置定语。 2. as 此空后是两个分句，一定是填连接词。根据整句句意可知，此处存在一个让步关系， 此外 Students 2 we are 是个倒装句型，故只能填 as(意为“虽然/尽管”)。语法：as 引导 的让步状语从句必须用倒装结构。 3. which 引导非限定性定语从句，补充说明前面的 first aid。 4. a 不定冠词的基本用法，此处 a 意为“一个/次(裸关节扭伤)”。 5. it 缺少宾语填代词，it 指代前面的 sprained ankle.6. treating 分析句子成分可知，动词 treat 并无主语，故在此处肯定是作非谓语。而 treat 的逻辑主语是 we，故填现在分词形式。 7. handy 作宾补用形容词，handy 意为“便利的，容易取得的”。 8. between 习惯搭配 between…and…意为“在……和……之间”。 9. with 常用句型，only with…意为“只有具备……”。Only 位于句首要用倒装结构。 10. when 根据句意可知，此处理应填一个表时间的连接词。when necessary 是个省略结 构，完整应该是 when it is necessary，when 引导时间状语从句。