2020年高三英语语法讲解及练习题：名词

重难点分析 名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用， 之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来的不同。有些可数名词复数有两个 意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，这些含义很可能成为高考考查的内容。 词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。 一、名词的分类及常见用法 个 体 名 词 teacher, student, piano, schoolbag 功能可数名词 集 体 名 词 family, committee, people, class 一般词后加-s days, boys, Americans, tools s, x, sh, ch 结尾加-es buses, boxes, dishes, matches (stomachs 除外) “辅音字母+y”结尾，变 y 为 i，再加- es babies, factories, stories, cities 以 f 或 fe 结尾，变 f/fe 为 v，加-es leaves, wives, knives (roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs, chiefs, staffs, safes 除外) 以 o 结尾，有生命加-es， 无生命加-s heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, pianos, radios (hippos, bamboos 除外) 可数名词 的复数 规 则 变 化 数字的复数加-s 或“’s” in the 1990s/1990’s 名 词 在 句 中 可 作 主 语、表语、 宾语、宾语改变词中元音字母 woman-women, goose-geese, man-men, foot-feet, tooth-teeth 形式复数，意义单数 news, maths, politics, economics 等 单复数同形 means, deer, sheep, fish, species, Chinese 等 不 规 则 变化 其他 child-children, bacterium-bacteria, crisis-crises, ox-oxen, phenomenon-phenomena 物 质 名 词 wood, water, steel, paper, blood 抽 象 名 词 friendship, progress, fun, knowledge 不可数名 词 专 有 名 词 John, Smith, Beijing, Christmas Day 名词所有 格 一般在名词右上方加 “’s”；以 s 结尾的名 词只加“’” Women’s Day, an hour’s walk, students’ reading-room, today’s paper 表有生命的东西 或时间、空间、 距离、价格、重 量等名词的所有 格 补足语、定 语、同位语 或状语介词 of+名词 a map of China, the top of the mountain 无生命的东西的 名词所有格 二、名词其他需要注意的几点 1. 名词的数 (1) 复合名词的复数 有 主 体 名 词 的 复 数 形 式 （ lookers-on, passers-by 等 ） 和 无 主 体 名 词 的 复 数 形 式 （grown-ups, go-betweens）。 (2) 集体名词的数 ①有些集体名词只能用作复数，如：cattle, police, people 等。注意：people 意为“民族、 种族”时，有单、复数形式。 ②有些集体名词只能用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, jewellery, mankind 等。 ③有些集体名词作为整体看待时，用作单数；指其中各个成员时，用作复数。这样的集体 名词有 class, family, couple, audience, government, public, committee, crew 等。 The whole family are watching TV now. 现在全家人都在看电视。 His family is a big one. 他家是一个大家庭。 (3) 由两部分构成的名词只能用复数形式，如：glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors, gloves, scales, compasses 等。 (4) “the + 姓氏的复数”表全家人，如：the Blacks, the Smith, the Wangs 等。 (5) 具有双重特性的名词 ①意义不同的可数和不可数名词a room 房间——room 空间 a chicken 鸡——chicken 鸡肉 an experience 经历——experience 经验 an agreement 协议——agreement 同意 ②单、复数意思不同的名词 arm 手臂——arms 武器 brain 脑——brains 智力 custom 风俗——customs 海关 force 力量——forces 军队 regard 注意；关心——regards 问候 time 时间——times 时代 work 工作——works 作品；工厂 manner 态度——manners 礼貌 spirit 精神——spirits 心情；情绪 content 内容——contents 目录 loss 损失——losses 损失物 condition 状况——conditions 条件 expression 表达——expressions 短语 feeling 感觉——feelings 感情 wood 木头——woods 树林 2. 名词的所有格 (1) 表示两者或两者以上共同所有，在最后一个词的后面加“’s”；表示各自拥有时，每个名词后都要加“’s”。如： Li and Ma’s room 李和马共有的房间 Li’s and Ma’s rooms 李和马各自的房间 (2) 表某人的家或店铺、诊所等。如： Li’s 李家 the doctor’s 诊所 the barber’s 理发店 the butcher’s 肉铺 the stationer’s 文具店 (3) 所有格除了用于有生命的事物外，也可以用于表示国家、城市等的名词。如： China’s prosperity 中国的繁荣 the country’s plan 国家计划 (4) of 所有格也可用于有生命的物体，用于名词较长或名词的定语较长时。如： a story of a famous doctor 一个名医的故事 the son of the man you just talked to 刚刚和你说话的那个男人的儿子 (5) 双重所有格 “of+名词所有格或名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格。of 后名词所有格中的名词必须指 人，而且是特指。如： an old friend of my uncle’s 我叔叔的一位老朋友 a play of Shakespeare’s 莎士比亚的一部戏剧 some houses of my grandfather’s 我爷爷的一些房子 3. 名词作定语 (1) 一般用单数形式。如： country music 乡村音乐 shoe shops 鞋店 traffic lights 交通灯 注意：sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales, goods 作定语时，要用复数形式。如：sports meeting 运动会 customs officers 海关官员 arms production 武器生产 (2) man 和 woman 作定语时，变复数时予中心词一起变。如： men doctor 男医生 women teachers 女老师 考点练透 一、单句填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空。 1. There are fifty-six ________ (people) in China. 2. We need much ________ (room) for all the furniture. 3. This kind of dress was popular in the ________ (1980). 4. ________ (girl) students and ________ (woman) teachers in the majority in our school. 5. There used to be a lot of milu ________ (deer) in China. 6. These are art ________ (work) of the Tang Dynasty. 7. ________ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department. 8. We can see many ________ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference. 9. I had my hair cut short at the ________ (barber) nearby yesterday. 10. On the whole, he was a ________ (fail) in his life. 11. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a ________ of exercise. 12. Now more and more people prefer to have a ________ at home — a little dog, a cat or some other animals. 13. My parents always let me have my own ________ of living. 14. We volunteered to collect money to help the ________ (victim) of the earthquake.15. We all know that ________ speak louder than words. 16. My teacher pointed out the wrong choice of ________ (express) in my composition. 17. The real ________ (hero) are those who are making the most contributions to our society 18. The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of ________ (me). 19. Without a compass, it is easy to lose one’s way in the ________ (wood). 20. He begged for help from ________ (passer-by), but they all pretended not to have heard what he was saying and went by quickly. 二、语篇填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空。 Charles Pink was a young 1 (Canada) who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself. Every Saturday, he went to the theater and 2 (party). His car was one of the best in his city. He had lots of 3 and one day bought a plane. He learned to fly and flying became one of his main 4 (enjoy). One day about thirty 5 (year) ago, he set off in his small plane on a trip across 6 (Mexican). At first everything went well, but when he was over the part of the country 7 engine of the little machine failed. Fortunately, Pink was flying at a good 8 (high) when the bad thing happened, and he had time to find a place to land. Below him he could see a number of 9 (field) which looked nice enough to land on, and he managed to bring his machine down on one of 10 . 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Probably no other musical instrument is as popular around the world as the guitar. Almost every kind of music needs a guitar. Country and western music would not be the same 1 a guitar. The Spanish music called flamenco (弗拉门科民歌) could not exist without a guitar. The sound of American blues music would not be the same without the sad cry of the guitar. And rock and roll music would almost be 2 (possible) without this instrument. People don’t agree about 3 the guitar was first played, but most agree 4 is old. Some say an instrument much like a guitar was played in Egypt over 1000 years ago. Some other say that 5 old form of the modern guitar 6 (bring) to Spain from Persian (波斯人) sometime in the 12th century. The guitar continued to develop in Spain. In the 1700s it became similar 7 the instrument we know today. Many famous 8 (music) played the instrument. The famous musician Niccolo Paganini played and wrote music for the guitar in the early 1800s. Franz Schubert used the guitar to write some of his famous works. In modern times Andres Segovia helped make the instrument extremely popular. One kind of music for the guitar 9 (develop) in the southern area of Spain called Andalusia. It will always be 10 (strong) connected with the Spanish guitar. 助读词汇 exist vi. 存在 musician n. 音乐家 musical instrument 乐器 blues music 布鲁斯音乐 rock and roll music 摇滚乐 be connected with 与……有联系参考答案 考点练透 一、单句填空 1. peoples 2. room 3. 1980s/1980’s 4. Girl; women 5. deer 6. works 7. Children’s 8. editors-in-chief 9. barber’s 10. failure 11. lack 12. pet 13. way 14. victims 15. actions 16. expressions 17. heroes 18. mine 19. woods 20. passers-by 二、语篇填空 1. Canadian 2. parties 3. money 4. enjoyments 5. years 6. Mexico 7. the 8. height 9. fields 10. them 三、语法填空 本文主要介绍吉他的发展史。 1. without 根 据 空 前 的 Country and western music would not be the same 可 知 填 without。或者根据下一句 The Spanish music called flamenco could not exist without a guitar. 也可知。 2. impossible 作表语用形容词。根据空后的 without this instrument 可知理应是填 possible 的反义词 impossible。 3. where 下文主要讲吉他源于哪里，故此处理应填 where 引导宾语从句。 4. it 缺主语填代词。it 在此指代前面的 the guitar。 5. an 不定冠词的基本用法，空后 old 以元音因素开头，填 an，在此意为“一种”。 6. was brought 分析句子成分可知，动词 bring 在此作谓语，故只考虑时态和语态。根据 后面的时间状语 in the 12th century 可知用一般过去式。bring 与主语是被动关系。故填一般过去式被动语态。 7. to 习惯搭配 be/become similar to 意为“与/变得……相似”。 8. musicians 作主语要用名词；此外根据前面的 Many 可知要用复数。 9. developed 分析句子成分可知，括号中的动词 develop 在此是非谓语动词，真正的谓 语是后面的 called，且 develop 与主语 music 存在被动关系，故填过去分词形式(分词短语作后 置定语)。 10. strongly 修饰形容词要用副词形式。