2020年高三英语语法讲解及练习题：非谓语动词

重难点分析 动词分两种：一、谓语动词；二、非谓语动词。非谓语动词是高考的重点，几乎是每年的 必考点。追踪这几年高考英语可以发现，主要考查了非谓语动词的一般用法和含义，但是题目 的设计注重了情景化，结构较为复杂，考生应予以重视，并下大力气掌握非谓语动词的用法。 一、非谓语动词的分类、构成与功能一览表 构成非谓语形 式 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 特征和作用 不定时 to do, to be doing, to have done, to have been doing to be done, to have been done for sb. to do sth. 具有名词、副词和形容 词的作用，在句中作主 语、定语、表语、宾语、 状语、宾补(在 let, make, see, feel, notice 等动词 后作宾补时不带 to) 现在 分词 doing, having done being done, having been done 分 词 过去 分词 done 具有副词、形容词的作 用，在句中作定语、表 语、状语、宾补(常用在 see, find, feel, keep, get, have 等动词之后) 动名词 doing, having done being done, having 在 to、动名 词、分词前 +not/never sb.’s doing 具有名词的作用，在句 中作主语、定语、表语、 宾语been done 二、作宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 常用动词 hope, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只 接 不 定 式 作 宾 语 的 动 词 或 短语 would like, take steps/measures/actions, make up one’s mind, try one’s best, make efforts to mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, avoid, risk, resist, consider只 接 动 名 词 作 宾 语 的 动 词 或 短语 feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to, adapt to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指具体的动作，接动 名词多指一般或习惯行为)意义基本相 同 need, want, allow, require (接动名词主动形式是表示被动意义，若接不定式 则应用被动形式) 意义相反 stop to do 停止做手中的事，去做另外一件事 stop doing 停止正在做 的事 两 者 都 可 以 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do (指动 作 尚 未 发 生 ) ； remember/forget/regret doing (指动 go on to do (接着做另外一件事) go on doing (接着做同一件事)作已经发生) try to do (设法；努力去做) try doing (试着做) mean to do (打算做；企图做) mean doing (意思是；意味着) can’t help (to) do (不能帮忙做) can’t help doing 忍不住/禁不住 要做 三、非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别 类别 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间 概念 例句 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage (接带 to 的 不定式) I expect them to win the game.不 定 式 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make, observe, listen to (接不 带 to 的不定式) 主谓关系；强调动作将发生 或已经完成 I heard him call me several times. 现在 分词 主谓关系；强调动作正在进 行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 过去 分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel, observe, catch (即： 感官动词和使役动词) 动宾关系；动作已经完成， 多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed. 四、现在分词和过去分词的用法对比分 类 项目 现在分词 过去分词 例句 意义 表示主动意义 表示被动意义 I can hear him singing. I can hear the song sung in English. 动作 所表示的动作一般 在进行中 所表示的动作已 完成 China is a developing country while America is a developed one. 语义 意思为“令人……” 意 思 为 “ 感 到……” It is an exciting match, so we are excited. 五、特别提示 1. 关于不定式 (1) 不定式作介词宾语时，如前面有实义动词 do(各种形式)，则不定式不带 to；否则不能 省略 to。如： He did nothing all the morning but watch TV. 一早上他啥都没做，就看电视了。 He said nothing but to sleep. 他什么都没说就睡觉了。 (2) 不定式作定语时，如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式的动词 是不及物动词，介词不能省略。如： I want a small room to live in. 我想住小房间。 I need a nice pen to write with. 我需要一支好用的笔写字。 (3) 不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let, make)的宾补，动词不定式不带 to，但句子变 成被动语态时，要带 to。如：I saw him go into the room. → He was seen to go into the room. 我看见他进了房间。 2. 关于分词 (1) 现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。如： I saw him walking across the road. (正在穿过马路) 我看到他正在过马路。 I saw him walk across the road. (看到全过程，过了马路了) 我看到他过了马路。 (2) 及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(being done)都有被动意义，前者 表示动作完成，后者表示动作正在进行。如： The picture fixed on the wall was presented by a friend. (已经被订在墙上了) 订在墙上的 画是一个朋友送的。 The picture being fixed on the wall was presented by a friend. (正被订在墙上) 正在往墙 上订的画是一个朋友送的。 注意：不定式有表将来之意。如：The picture to be fixed on the wall was presented by a friend. (将要被订在墙上) 将要订在墙上的画是一个朋友送的。 (3) 分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立 结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个 with/without 引导的介词短语表达。如： Time permitting, we will do another two exercises. 时间允许，我们将再做两个练习。 His work finished, he prepared to go home. = With his work finished, he prepared to go home. 完成工作后他准备回家。 3. 关于动名词 (1) 动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途；而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。 (2) 动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语 不行。如：Do you mind me/Tom smoking here? 你介意我/汤姆在这儿吸烟吗？ My/Tom’s smoking here annoyed him. 我/汤姆在这儿吸烟让他很恼怒。 (3) 动名词作主语还可用于“There be no +动名词”结构和布告形式的省略结构中。如： There is no knowing what he will do next. 不知道他下一步会做什么。 There is no denying the fact that children are more active. 不可否认，小孩子更好动。 No smoking. 禁止吸烟。 考点练透 一、单句填空 用每题括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. (1) ___________ to the left, and you will see the bus stop. (2) ___________ to the left, you will see the bus stop. (turn) 2. (1) ___________ many times, he still couldn’t understand the question. (2) ___________ me the bad news, he went out of the room sadly. (tell) 3. (1) Nothing could make us ___________ up the hope. (2) Crusoe made a candle ___________ light. (give) 4. (1) I want ___________ your bag. (2) Your eyes want ___________. (3) I want my eyes ___________ this afternoon. (examine) 5. (1) What’s the way Mr. Smith thought of ___________ enough money to buy the new house? (2) I am thinking of ___________ Tom to repair my bike. (get) 6. (1) We don’t allow ___________ in the office because of the public health. (2) We don’t allow anyone ___________ in the office because of the public health. (smoke) 7. (1) My little brother enjoys nothing but ___________ to music. (2) My little brother does nothing all day but ___________ to music. (3) My little brother had no choice but ___________ to me. (listen) 8. (1) The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself ___________. (2) The teacher raised his voice in order to make his students ___________ what he said. (3) The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ___________. (hear) 9. (1) The problem is worth ___________ again. (2) The problem is worthy ___________ again. (3) The problem is worthy of ___________. (discuss) 10. (1) The sap (汁液) passes right through their bodies, only ___________ (get) a little thicker and sweeter. (2) He worked harder only ___________ (fail) again. 11. (1) No one can stop us ___________ questions. (2) We stopped ___________ a schoolboy the way to the teachers’ office. (ask) 12. (1) ___________ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (2) Nearly every great building in Beijing was built ___________ south. (face) 13. (1) The parents’ meeting ___________ next Saturday is very important. (2) The 29th Olympic Games ___________ in Beijing was a great success. (3) The parents’ meeting ___________ in our school now is important. (hold) 14. (1) ___________ this cake, you need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour. (2) ___________ the cake, she got down to cooking some milk.(3) I lost my way in complete darkness and, ___________ matters worse, it began to rain. (make) 15. (1) The room is so dirty that I can’t help ___________ it. (2) I am too busy, so I can’t help ___________ the room. (3) The room is too dirty. I can’t help but ___________ it. (clean) 16. (1) I knew I would be busy today, so I had my paper ___________ last night. (2) I can’t go with you. I have some papers ___________. (3) Do you have any papers ___________, sir? (type) 17. (1) With many problems ___________, the president will have a hard time. (2) With the problem ___________, he had a good sleep last night. (3) With the secretary ___________ the problem, he is reading the newspaper leisurely in the office. (settle) 18. (1) “I ever saw him ___________ an old man of 500 yuan,” he said to the police. (2) He was seen ___________ an old man of 500 yuan in the street yesterday. (3) Unluckily, the policeman saw him ___________ an old man around the corner. (cheat) 19. The film was ___________ and all of us were very ___________. (disappoint) 20. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ___________ (open and close) could be heard outside the classroom. 二、语篇填空 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。 ____1____ (fall) in love with a beautiful girl, a lion went to her parents and asked them ____2____ (marry) her to him.The old parents did not know what to say. Not ____3____ (like) the idea of giving their daughter to the lion, they did not want ____4____ (anger) the king of beasts. 　 　 At last the father said, “We are as glad as other parents ____5____ (marry) our daughter to you, but we fear that you might possibly hurt her. So ____6____ (remove) your claws and teeth, you can marry her.” ____7____ (love) the girl very much, the lion trimmed (修剪) his claws and took out his big teeth. ____8____ (come) to the parents again, he was simply laughed in his face. ____9____ (beat) out of the house, the lion felt ____10____ (depress) and died soon. 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 I often travel to unusual places and work alongside interesting people from all over the world. Using scientific equipment and 1 (collect) information about volcanoes is my job. 2 my job is occasionally dangerous, I don’t mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive. 3 is known, when lava from the volcano flows, many houses will be covered 4 lava or be burnt to the ground. However, my job helps scientists predict 5 lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast, which can help protect ordinary people 6 one of the most powerful forces on earth — the volcano. I once experienced the eruption of Mount Kilauea 7 was lucky to have a close look at the 8 (absolute) fantastic sight. When it broke out, red lava was fountained hundreds of meters into the air. All the lava 9 (pass) slowly down the mountain caused great damage and buried everything in 10 path under the molten rock.助读词汇 occasionally adv. 偶尔 lava n. 火山岩浆 eruption n. 爆发 fantastic adj. 不可思议的；壮观的 fountain vt. 喷 molten rock 熔岩 Mount Kilauea 基拉韦厄火山 be burnt to the ground 被烧成平地 四、佳作欣赏 下面短文中多处使用非谓语动词代替状语从句或定语从句的表达，用心体 会其用法。 Wealth and happiness Some people prefer wealth, thinking it can bring happiness to them. It is true that most of them try to acquire wealth by means of honest labor. They work hard and overcome many difficulties. Doing this, they feel very happy and pleased. In their view, spending money is a kind of happiness. But others disagree, believing wealth can’t bring them happiness. For example, Hearing that one gets a fortune, the family members will come from different parts of the country and try to share the wealth with him. And afterwards, they will quarrel with one another, trying to share more. And sometimes even appear bloody fight and killing. What a terrible result! In my opinion, I think there is no doubt that wealth brings happiness, especially in the modern society. Having money, you can lead a comfortable and colorful life. But we should take a proper attitude towards wealth. Remember：money is not everything.参考答案 考点练透 一、单句填空 1. Turn; Turning 2. Having been told / Told; Having told 3. give; to give 4. to examine; examining/to be examined; to be examined/examined 5. to get; getting 6. smoking; to smoke 7. listening; listen; to listen 8. heard; hear; to be heard 9. discussing; to be discussed; being discussed 10. getting; to fail 11. asking; to ask 12. Faced; facing 13. to be held; held; being held 14. To make; Having made; to make 15. cleaning; (to) clean; clean 16. typed; to type; to be typed 17. to settle; settled; settling 18. cheat; to cheat; cheating 19. disappointing; disappointed 20. being opened and closed 二、语篇填空 1. Falling 2. to marry 3. liking 4. to anger 5. to marry 6. removing 7. Loving 8. coming 9. Beaten 10. depressed 三、语法填空 本文简要讲述了作者从事有关火山爆发研究工作的经历。 1. collecting 与 using 并列，动名词作主语。2. Although 由两句之间的逻辑关系可知此处应用让步状语从句。 3. As 此处 as 充当关系代词，引导非限制性定语句，指代整个主句的内容。 4. with 固定搭配：be covered with 被……覆盖。 5. where 引导宾语从句，表示 lava 接下来要流向何处(where)。 6. from 固定搭配：protect...from... 保护……免受……。 7. and 用 and 连接两个并列分句，主语是 I。 8. absolutely 修饰形容词 fantastic，用副词。 9. passing 现在分词短语作 lava 的后置定语。 10. its 主语是 the lava，此处应用一个形容词性物主代词。