- 1 -
第三部分 高考题型突破
题型一 阅读理解
题组 1 细节理解题
Passage 1[2020 河南开封一模]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
应用文 冬日出行的四个去处 285 ★ 4 分钟
The weather might be freezing at home, but that doesn’t mean you have to spend the winter
trembling. Instead, grab your bathing suit and sunscreen and head to these sunny spots that offer
the best warm-weather getaways.
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Head to the hot city nightlife of San Juan, where the streets of smart Condado back right onto
the palm trees. Top chefs, stylish hotels, bars, clubs, and shops are all just steps away from the
tropical beaches. Since Puerto Rico became a US commonwealth, it has been one of the easiest islands
in the Caribbean to visit since you won’t need any passes, have to change money, etc.
Riviera Maya, Mexico
What’s better than diving into the salty sea? Going into the clear and salt-free waters of
the natural limestone cenotes of the Riviera Maya and Yucatán Peninsula. Spend a sunny day exploring
these natural cave pools filled with cool water that springs from the ground below and the thick
palm forests that surround them. Then head back to Fairmont Mayakoba for comfortable rooms and modern
Mexican cuisine.
New Orleans
New Orleans’s lively nightlife and live music scenes make the "Big Easy" a great girls’ winter
getaway. And even if your crew isn’t one to seek out the boozy Bourbon Street crawl, there’s plenty
of amazing food to be discovered in the French Quarter, plenty of shopping and walking in the Garden
District.
Clearwater, Florida
If you want to meet a real movie star while also taking in the sun, head to the Gulf shores
of Clearwater, Florida. Here you can meet the stars of Dolphin Tale and Dolphin Tale 2, Winter and
Hope, who are in residence at the Clearwater Marine Aquarium.
1.What makes Puerto Rico an easy tourist destination to visit?
A. No pass is needed.
B. It lies in the Caribbean.
C. It’s near the tropical beaches.
D. Many travel services are offered.
2.What can you do in Riviera Maya?
A. Dive into the salty sea.
B. Enjoy live music scenes.
C. Meet some real famous actors.
D. Explore natural cave pools.
3.Which place will you go to if you are a film fan?
A. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
B. Riviera Maya, Mexico.
C. New Orleans.
D. Clearwater, Florida.
Passage 2[2020 山西大同学情调研]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间- 2 -
应用文
小场地足球培训课程的招生
信息
306 ★ 4 分钟
What is the small sided soccer?
The small sided soccer starts with games of 3-on-3 from the youngest participants to 4-on-4,
7-on-7, 11-on-11, in a graduated manner for the older groups. OUT school’s training course will
give kids a better chance to take part in the game and get excited about the game of soccer. The
small sided approach gives each child more individualized attention so they can each improve their
skills. And, it’s FUN!
Some general practical information
• The cafeteria is open.
• We supply participants with soccer clothes and boots.
• Please bring a water bottle for your child.
Soccer season training times
Team Saturday Sunday
Tykes 10:00—11:00
PeeWees 11:00—11:50
BoysE&F 12:30—14:00 13:00—14:00
Girls 12:30—14:30
Costs
The cost is $70 per month for Tykes and PeeWees and $115 for all the other teams.
Those who enter online will get a 10% discount.
Volunteering
Can I be the coach?
Of course! Our training course is always looking for volunteer coaches. We will provide coaches
with plans for activities and training, and help set up the small sided fields. It’s a great
opportunity to get involved with kids and help develop their love for sports.
How can I volunteer in other ways?
It’s your club and you are welcome to volunteer! There are volunteer opportunities with programs,
fields, publicity, facilities, uniforms, website development and the board, to name but a few. Let
us know how you’d like to help — and we’ll put you to work!
Do parents stay?
Yes. Parents are strongly encouraged to stay and support their children and the club. The club
is a volunteer-run organization. Parents and athletes are encouraged to help with the clean-up and
set-up activities.
If you have any questions about program specifics, please contact the recreational soccer
coordinator(协调人),Pablo Vercelli, at recreationalsoccer@abfsport.nl. Tel:043-239-4409.
1.What do you know about the training course?
A. Coaches will make plans for activities and training.
B. Parents can volunteer for the training course.
C. It offers three meals a day for free.
D. It teaches students according to their interest.
2.George entered for the PeeWees training online. How much does he have to pay?
A. $70. B. $63. C. $115. D. $103.5.
3.What can we learn from the passage?
A. Pablo Vercelli was the founder of the small sided soccer.
B. Parents who help with the clean-up don’t need to pay for the course.
C. Both Tykes and BoysE&F have classes on Sunday.
D. Tykes and PeeWees have the same charging standard.
4.Where do you probably read the article?- 3 -
A. In science fiction. B. In a medical magazine.
C. In a newspaper. D. In a guidebook.
Passage 3[2020 广东七校第二次联考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 《长安十二时辰》 304 ★★ 5 分钟
Starring Yi Yangqianxi and Lei Jiayin, the new series The Longest Day in Chang’an has been
one of the biggest pleasant surprises for fans of TV dramas this summer. Its intense story and
well-designed costumes and scenery have captured the attention of viewers, earning it high marks
on review platforms.
The story takes place during the Lantern Festival in Chang’an, the capital of the Tang dynasty.
The leading character Zhang Xiaojing has been sentenced to death. Before the execution(处决),he is
appointed by Li Bi, the young chief of the intelligence department, to stop a group of suspected
terrorists called the Wolf Squad and protect Chang’an.
One of the main attractions of the drama has been its recreation and presentation of the ancient
city of Chang’an.To give viewers the feeling that they are traveling in the city, the show’s
director Cao Dun has been making use of single shot scenes that show what the crowded market would
have been like during the Lantern Festival in Chang’an. The cast has also been a major draw. They
have been an irreplaceable part of the drama. These experienced actors provide the foundation for
the drama.
The drama includes some impressive and important plot elements, such as watchtowers in the city
that are manned by sharpshooters who can hit any target in their range. The production team even
came up with a detailed secret communication system that these watchtowers use to communicate with
each other. Another innovation is the use of screen notes to explain terms that the audience would
be unfamiliar with, such as the term "bu liang ren",which the audience may mistakenly think refers
to a villain(坏人)in the drama. An explanation appears on the screen to tell the audience that "bu
liang ren" are specialists trained to catch evil guys. It’s really helpful.
1.According to paragraph 2,what do we know about Zhang Xiaojing?
A. He ends up being killed by suspected terrorists.
B. He is appointed as chief of the intelligence department by Li Bi.
C. He is still sentenced to life imprisonment though he is innocent.
D. He is chosen to defeat the suspected terrorists though he faces a death sentence.
2.The drama’s director employs the skill of single shot scenes in order to .
A. make viewers experience the feeling of traveling in the city
B. let the audience have a good trip in Chang’an
C. have the audience understand the history well
D. show what Chang’an is like
3.What does the term "bu liang ren" refer to?
A. The people who are thought to have committed a crime.
B. The people who are expert at arresting bad men.
C. The people who have no family or possessions.
D. The people who are referred to as villains.
4.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The explanation for screen notes.
B. The introduction of the communication system.
C. The innovation elements of the drama.
D. The audience’s assessments of the drama.
Passage 4[2020 湖北黄冈质量检测]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 防反射手机屏 258 ★★ 5 分钟- 4 -
One of the things that makes your smart phone so smart is that if you pull it out in the sun,
it senses that and adjusts the screen brightness to compensate. But it’s not a perfect solution.
"First of all, it’s still not bright enough — you have to remember how respectable sunlight
is," said Shin-Tson Wu, a physicist at the University of Central Florida. Speaking of the brightened
screen, the other problem is that it kills the battery. So Wu and his colleagues have produced a
battery-sparing alternative: an anti-reflective screen coating, based on the eyes of moths. "Nature
is so rich! We can learn a lot from nature. "The thing Wu and others have learned about moths’
eyes, is that they’re uneven, dotted with tiny projections. That uneven surface reduces the
reflection of light off their eyes, thought to help the bugs escape predators(食肉动物),and see better
in low light. So Wu and his team built a similar surface with tiny dimples(小凹),to cut down on
glare. He says the coating could improve the readability of a screen by five to ten times, compared
to a normal smart phone screen. The details are in the journal Optica.
The technology hasn’t been commercialized yet, and that could take a few years, which gives
researchers time to take advantage of another property of these surfaces — they’re flexible,
meaning the possibility of bendable displays. Combining that with the bendy batteries we reported
on in a recent podcast( 播 客 ), the smart phones of the future could be set for a real
transformation.
1.Why do the researchers develop the anti-reflective screen coating?
A. To brighten the screen.
B. To make profits.
C. To use smart phones in the sunlight.
D. To save the use of battery.
2.What inspired the invention of the screen coating?
A. The predators.
B. The reflection of light.
C. The eyes of moths.
D. The smooth surface.
3.How does the screen coating work?
A. It helps bugs escape.
B. It slows down reading.
C. The smooth surface protects our eyes.
D. The rough surface decreases the reflection of light.
4.What do the researchers expect of the screen?
A. It’ll transform itself.
B. It’ll be environmentally friendly.
C. It’ll reach consumers soon.
D. It’ll be powered by recyclable batteries.
Passage 5[2020 广东惠州第二次调研]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 合适的睡眠时间 341 ★★★ 6 分钟
People who sleep for less than six hours a night are more likely to die early, which researchers
in the University of Warwick have found in a recent study. They discovered that people who slept
for less than six hours each night were 12% more likely to die before the age of 65 than those who
slept for the recommended six to eight hours a night.
The researchers pointed out that previous studies had shown that the lack of sleep was associated
with problems like heart disease and high blood pressure. However, the researchers also found that
sleeping too much was linked to an early death. Those who slept for more than nine hours a night
were 30% more likely to die early, as an article in the latest Sleep suggested. That directly
contradicts another passage in the same journal last month suggesting that people who slept for - 5 -
ten hours or longer a night were more likely to live to 100. It was thought that people who lived
to an extremely old age were healthier and therefore they slept better.
However, the authors of the latest research contradicted this and suggested that long sleep
was a sign of underlying illnesses such as depression and low levels of physical activity. Professor
Francesco Cappuccio at the University of Warwick said, "While short sleep may represent a cause of
ill health, long sleep is believed to represent an indicator of ill health."
He also mentioned, "Modern society has seen a gradual reduction in the average amount of sleep
people take, and this pattern is more common among full-time workers, suggesting that it may be due
to pressures from longer working hours. On the other hand, the worsening of our health is often
accompanied by an extension of our sleeping time."
"Consistently sleeping for six to eight hours per night may be good for health. However, whether
to achieve the goal depends on various factors such as the environment as well as measures of public
health aimed at favourable changes of the working environments," Professor Francesco Cappuccio
added.
1.What have researchers in the University of Warwick found?
A. People who sleep for less than 6 hours each night die before 65.
B. Sleeping for more than 9 hours a night does good to one’s health.
C. Six to eight hours of sleep can be appropriate for people.
D. People at an old age are healthier because they sleep longer.
2.What is Professor Francesco Cappuccio most likely to agree with?
A. Long sleep is what causes our health problems.
B. Modern people sleep less because they work longer.
C. Our health becomes better because we sleep less.
D. How long we sleep depends on our education.
3.What did Professor Francesco Cappuccio think may help people have proper sleep?
A. Social pressure.
B. Longer working hours.
C. An extension of sleeping time.
D. Favourable changes of the working environments.
4.What can be the best title for this passage?
A. How Long Should We Sleep
B. Longer Sleep Makes Better Health
C. Time to Sleep Early
D. The Importance of Sleep
Passage 6[2020 吉林长春质量监测]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 救助流浪儿童 326 ★★★ 6 分钟
Although small business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the
world, little attention has been paid to the need of young people, and even less to the children living
on the street or in difficult conditions.
Over the past nine years, Street Kids International(SKI)has been working with partner
organizations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children
and develop opportunities for street children to earn money.
The SKI Bicycle Courier Service first started in Sudan. Street children who took part in it
were given bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages. A similar program was taken
up in Bangalore, India. The Shoeshine Collective was a program with the YWCA in the Dominican Republic.
The children in this project were lent money to buy shoeshine boxes. They were also given a safe
place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills
Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a program with the Red Cross Society and the YWCA. Street youths - 6 -
are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and
access to credit.
During the program, SKI and partner organizations have drawn lessons from the past: First of all,
being a businessman is not for everyone, nor for every street child. And it is important for all
loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life
skills. Secondly, small loans are provided firstly for buying fixed assets such as bicycles, shoeshine
kits and basic building materials for a market stall(摊位). As the children gain experience, they
can be given more loan amounts. And all SKI programs have charged interest on the loans. Generally
the rates have been lower than bank rates. Most importantly, it is believed that credit must be given
with other types of support that help the young develop key life skills as well as productive
businesses.
1.How does SKI help street children?
A. By giving street children chances to go to school.
B. By encouraging the public to give money to street children.
C. By creating chances for street children to make money.
D. By drawing the attention of governments to help street children.
2.Street youths can be lent money to buy shoeshine boxes in .
A. the Dominican Republic B. Zambia C. India D. Sudan
3.The underlined word "assets" in the last paragraph probably can be replaced by .
A. clothing B. vehicles C. equipment D. houses
4.From the last paragraph we know that .
A. each child can only enjoy one kind of loan
B. not all loans should be linked to training programs
C. any child can apply for the business training and loan
D. the children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrow
题组 2 主旨大意题
Passage 7[2020 四省八校质量检测]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文
亚马孙雨林的火
灾
337 ★★★ 6 分钟
Fires sweeping across the Amazon rainforest this year have been a hot topic as scientists and
environmental groups are worried that they will worsen the climate change crisis and threaten
biodiversity(生物多样性).
As the largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest is often called "the lungs of
the world". It is also home to about 3 million species of plants and animals, and 1 million native
people. The vast areas of the rainforest play an important role in the world’s ecosystem because
they absorb heat instead of it being reflected back into the atmosphere. They also store carbon
dioxide and produce oxygen, ensuring that less carbon dioxide is released, mitigating the effects
of climate change.
"Any destroyed forest is a threat to biodiversity and people, "Thomas Lovejoy, an ecologist at
George Mason University told National Geographic. "The overwhelming threat is that a lot of carbon
dioxide goes into the atmosphere," he stressed. "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot
afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity. The Amazon rainforest must be
protected," U.N. Secretary General António Guterres said.
Data from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) show that the number of forest fires
in Brazil quickly increased by 82 percent from January to August this year compared to the same
period last year. A total of 71,497 forest fires were registered in the country in the first eight
months of 2019, up from 39,194 in the same period in 2018, INPE said. "We estimate that the forest
areas in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest have decreased by between 20 and 30 percent compared to - 7 -
the last 12 months," Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, told German broadcaster
Deutsche Welle.
Brazil owns about 60 percent of the Amazon rainforest, whose degradation(恶化) could have severe
consequences for global climate and rainfall. The extent of the area ruined by fires has yet to
be determined, but the emergency has transcended(超出)Brazil’s borders, reaching Peruvian, Paraguayan
and Bolivian regions.
1.What does the underlined word "mitigating" in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Increasing. B. Relieving.
C. Ignoring. D. Improving.
2.What can we learn from Thomas’s and António’s words?
A. The biodiversity makes the rainforest unique.
B. The rainforest fires result in serious consequences.
C. The global climate crisis brings more rainforest fires.
D. The dry weather leads to the rainforest fires.
3.Why does the author list the numbers in paragraph 4?
A. To prove the importance of the rainforest.
B. To show reasons for forest fires.
C. To explain the process of the research.
D. To present the reduction in rainforest areas.
4.What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. The climate change crisis is worsening.
B. The forest areas are on the decline.
C. "The lungs of the earth" is burning.
D. The world’s ecosystem is under attack.
Passage 8[2020 四川绵阳一诊]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文
绿色环境有益健
康
269 ★★ 5 分钟
A study has found that middle-aged and older adults who live in greener neighborhoods have a
decreased risk of developing metabolic syndrome(新陈代谢综合征)such as obesity, hypertension(高血
压)and high blood sugar.
The study, published in Environmental Pollution, was conducted by the Barcelona Institute for
Global Health(ISGlobal). It differed from previous studies on the health benefits of green spaces
in that it examined all of the symptoms of metabolic syndrome together collectively rather than
as individual components. Having metabolic syndrome increases a person’s risk of heart disease,
strokes and type 2 diabetes, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
The study from ISGlobal examined data from clinical examinations of over 6,000 British adults
who were between 45 and 69 years old when the study began. The data was derived from four examinations
participants went through between 1997 and 2013 that included blood analyses, blood pressure and
measurement of weight. "These findings suggest that long-term exposure to green spaces can play
an important role in preventing metabolic syndrome as a whole, "according to a press release published
by ISGlobal.
The correlation between nearness to green spaces and better health could be associated with
the expanded opportunities for physical recreation and lower exposure to air pollution, according
to Carmen De Keijzer, ISGlobal researcher and principal author of the study.
Female subjects were more likely than males to exhibit the study’s association between living
in greener neighborhoods and having fewer metabolic symptoms. "Women tend to spend more time in
their residential neighborhood, which could explain this gender difference, "Carmen said. "We need
greener cities if we want healthier cities, "she added.
1.What do we know about the study from the first two paragraphs?- 8 -
A. Young people were not included in the study.
B. Symptoms were examined one by one.
C. It was a joint effort of several institutes.
D. It was the first of its kind in decades.
2.What does the underlined word "derived" in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Departed. B. Arrived.
C. Gained. D. Demanded.
3.Why do women have fewer metabolic symptoms?
A. Because they have a different gender.
B. Because they live in greener cities.
C. Because they live in healthier cities.
D. Because they stay more where they live.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Greener Neighborhoods, Fewer Metabolic Symptoms
B. Women Having Fewer Metabolic Symptoms
C. Metabolic Syndrome Increasing Heart Disease
D. Living in Greener and Healthier Cities
Passage 9[2020 河南开封一模]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 公民科学家 327 ★★★ 7 分钟
Andrew Grey doesn’t fit most people’s idea of an astronomer. He works in a car repair shop,
not in a lab or university, and yet the Australian repairman discovered a star system hiding in
data from NASA’s Kepler space telescope.
Mr. Grey is one of millions of citizen scientists helping researchers to expand collective
understanding. For centuries, only a few ordinary people had been contributing to science, but
advances in technology have brought a higher level of democratization(民主化) to science.
"This is a collaborative( 合 作 的 ) effort that anyone could get involved in," says Chris
Lintott, an Oxford University astrophysicist(天体物理学家) and co-founder of Zooniverse, a platform
that hosts dozens of citizen science projects. Citizen scientists can contribute to breakthroughs
in almost any field, from ecology to astrophysics.
"As long as pattern recognition is involved, there are no limits to what can become a citizen
science project," Lintott says. "Anyone can identify patterns in images, graphs, or even seemingly
boring data after a short tutorial. Machine learning allows computers to do some pattern recognition.
But humans, particularly amateur scientists, don’t stay focused on what they’re supposed to. And
that’s good, because people who do that notice the unusual things in a data set."
"And citizen science doesn’t have to be directed by a scientist," says Sheila Jasanoff, director
of the Program on Science, Technology and Society at Harvard University. "Citizens producing
knowledge in places where official organs have failed them can also be citizen scientists," she
says. That’s what happened in Flint, Michigan, when a local mother started drinking water tests
that caused a broader investigation of lead levels.
Citizen-powered research is as old as scientific inquiry. For centuries before science became
professionalized, ordinary people looked for patterns in the world around them. Despite a lot of
advanced equipment and computer models, scientists still welcome help from ordinary people.
As a professional scientist himself, Lintott says, "People think that we’re intelligent, but
science is easy and we need your help."
1.What made citizen scientists appear?
A. The high level of science projects.
B. The development of technology.
C. The support of the government.- 9 -
D. The foundation of Zooniverse.
2.What is the advantage of humans in pattern recognition compared with machines?
A. Humans can identify patterns more swiftly.
B. Humans focus their attention on data.
C. Humans can observe uncommon things.
D. Humans have stronger emotions.
3.What is Lintott’s attitude towards citizen science?
A. Favorable. B. Cautious.
C. Indifferent. D. Doubtful.
4.What would be the best title of the text?
A. Citizen scientists can be intelligent
B. Science is important to everyone
C. Anyone can be a scientist
D. Science is everywhere
Passage 10[2020 江西南昌摸底考试]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 VR 游乐场 303 ★★ 5 分钟
What if a roller-coaster ride looked like this: no rails, no trains, just a chair on a mechanical
arm (机械手臂)and a pair of glasses — VR glasses meaning virtual reality? That’s how it is in
Nanchang, China, where a new amusement park relies entirely on digital entertainment.
Compared with a traditional theme park, this VR theme park takes up smaller space and much less
time to build, but it brings visitors the similar playing experience. The park uses VR for a variety
of attractions, including the roller-coaster ride, a musical video game where you have to hit the
right notes, and a shooting game in a completely unreal environment. It really gives you the feeling
of reality.
The park wants to invest in a future technology and hopes to keep people’s fascination with
virtual reality of life. For the technology, it is still highly experimental. What we want to do
with virtual reality is to experience things in and beyond reality, but in fact the VR we can
experience right now has a lot of limits. For example, although on the visual front, we can say we’ve
broken past reality in our visual experience, there’s still a lack of physical feedback, meaning
we can see the virtual world around us but we can’t feel them. That limits the technology’s appeal
from many applications.
For now, one of its main uses is in professional training. For example, for pilots in a Boeing
VR simulator(模拟器), a real touchable interface is combined with a virtual world outside. Some
significant development is still needed before we can virtually wander around our houses, go for
a walk without leaving the house or actually hold a product in our hands before buying it online.
Nanchang hopes to become a significant VR player in the future not just with digital roller coasters.
1.What can be an advantage of the VR theme park over a traditional theme park?
A. Its lower cost. B. Its shorter building time.
C. Its larger area. D. Its more exciting attractions.
2.What is the third paragraph about?
A. The limits of the present VR technology.
B. The uses of VR technology in the future.
C. The vivid experience of playing a VR roller coaster.
D. The experiments done to improve VR technology.
3.What can be done now with the aid of VR technology?
A. Playing a musical instrument.
B. Walking out without leaving the house.
C. Training pilots in a simulator.- 10 -
D. Touching a product when shopping online.
4.What’s the best title for the text?
A. A Roller Coaster without Rails
B. Nanchang:the Next King of VR Technology
C. Virtual Reality: Advantages and Disadvantages
D. VR Technology Brings Theme Park Visitors New Experiences
Passage 11[2020 辽宁五校协作体联考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文
数字化技术应用于教
学
292 ★★ 5 分钟
While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some
elementary school students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the world’s first kids to be
"taught" by a digital teacher. Before you start imagining a human-like robot walking around the
classroom, Will is just an avatar (化身)that appears on the students’ desktops, or smartphone
screens, when ordered to come.
The autonomous animation (动画制作) platform has been modeled after the human brain and nervous
system, allowing it to show human-like behavior. The digital teacher is assigned to teach "Be
sustainable with energy" — a free program for Auckland elementary schools.
Just like the humans it replaced, Will is able to instantly react to the students’ responses
to the topic. Thanks to a webcam and microphone, the avatar not only responds to questions the kids
may have, but also picks up non-verbal cues(暗示). For instance, if a student smiles at Will, he responds
by smiling back. This two-way interaction not only helps attract the students’ attention, but also
allows the program’s developers to monitor their involvement, and make changes if needed.
Nikhil Ravishankar believes that Will-like avatars could be a novel way to catch the attention
of the next generation. He says, "I have a lot of hope for this technology as a means to deliver
cost-effective, rich, educational experience in the future."
The program, in place since August 2018, has been a great success thus far. Ravishankar says,
"What was fascinating to me was the reaction of the children to Will. The way they look at the world
is so creative and different, and Will really captured their attention." However, regardless of how
popular it becomes, Will is unlikely to replace human educators any time soon.
1.What was special for some elementary school students in Auckland?
A. A digital teacher taught them.
B. They first saw something digital.
C. This was the start of a new school year.
D. They could get close to smartphone screens.
2.What is the benefit of this two-way interaction?
A. It can smile back.
B. It can use a microphone.
C. It can talk any topic for free.
D. It can change if necessary.
3.What’s the author’s attitude to Will’s replacing human educators soon?
A. Optimistic. B. Doubtful.
C. Unclear. D. Disapproving.
4.What might be the best title for the passage?
A. New High Technology Contributes to Education
B. The World’s First Digital Teacher Appears in the Classroom
C. The World’s First Digital Teacher, a Help to Students
D. New Zealand Will Replace Teachers in the Classroom- 11 -
Passage 12[2020 辽宁五校协作体联考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文
戛纳电影节最年轻的评审
团成员
307 ★★ 6 分钟
As the old saying goes, "Don’t judge a book by its cover." And neither should we judge movie
stars by their ages.
At just 21,Elle Fanning made history by becoming the youngest jury(评审团)member at the Cannes
Film Festival. This year it lasted from May 14th to May 25th. "I was in complete shock when I got
that phone call and that question if I wanted to be a member of the Cannes Jury," Fanning said during
a press conference.
As it turned out, it not only shocked the US actress, but also brought criticism from those who
believed Fanning was too young compared to other veterans in the industry. But Fanning’s acting
experience was in fact a good argument for her jury membership. In fact, Fanning has been a Hollywood
fixture for longer than you realize.
The 21-year-old has been in many big productions. She began acting in I AM Sam at age 3.With
lead roles in movies like Super 8,We Bought a Zoo and Maleficent under her belt, she’s appeared
in 60 projects and is one of Hollywood’s hottest young stars. Fanning’s devotion to work numbers
her among the few former child stars who continue to act as adults.
In her latest movie Teen Spirit, which hit US cinemas last month, Fanning plays a pop singer.
Since she had no singing experience, Fanning had to work with Grammy-winning music producer Marius
de Vries for three months before the filming started. "I would go to his apartment and sing through
all the songs every day," she said. "He videoed me and recorded me singing everything and made me
watch it back again and again to improve my skills."
With such rich acting experience and devotion to her art, Fanning certainly was able to "represent
a new class in film" at the Cannes Film Festival.
1.What does the underlined word "veterans" probably mean?
A. Shocked actresses. B. Green hands.
C. Experienced people. D. Music producers.
2.In which film does Fanning play a pop singer?
A. I AM Sam. B. Super 8.
C. We Bought a Zoo. D. Teen Spirit.
3.What does the writer think of Elle Fanning?
A. Wealthy. B. Devoted.
C. Considerate. D. Friendly.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A. Elle Fanning’s earning her honor.
B. Judging by appearances.
C. Introducing some famous films.
D. Elle Fanning’s presenting in a new film.
题组 3 推理判断题
Passage 13[2020 广东六校第一次联考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文
老师帮助学生诵
读
319 ★★ 6 分钟
My family and I never talked about school as the ticket to a future. I was in the classroom,
but I wasn’t there to learn to write, read or even speak. When it was my turn to read, I wanted
to hide. I was 13 years old, but I already hated being who I was.- 12 -
I had an English teacher, Mr. Creech, who knew I couldn’t read. In one of my first lessons the
teacher said that anyone who had a reading age below six had to stand up. I felt so embarrassed.
But at the same time, it made me realize that I needed to change the situation. I was determined
it wouldn’t happen again. Later that day, Mr. Creech encouraged me and promised he would try his
best to help me learn to read. From then on, I never gave up practicing reading.
Then when I was 41 years old, one day, I planned to fly back to Texas to visit my friends and
family. On my way from the airport, I saw Mr. Creech buying himself a drink. I rushed over and reached
into my pocket to pay for him. "Do I know you?" he asked. "Yes, sir, you do know me," I answered excitedly.
"My name is Anthony Hamilton. You taught me English." The look on his face told me that he remembered
the boy he’d once encouraged.
"I’m so glad I had a chance to see you," I said. "And Mr. Creech, I have great news to share."
I told him I had learned to read. But that wasn’t all. I had become a published author and an active
speaker. "The next time you get another Anthony Hamilton in your classroom, please encourage him
to read as well," I added.
The experts say what once worried me has a name: dyslexia (诵读困难). But I can tell you it was
a lack of desire for education.
1.Why did the author want to hide?
A. Because he felt sorry for himself.
B. Because he hated being laughed at.
C. Because he couldn’t read at all.
D. Because he didn’t have a ticket.
2.Which of the following could best describe Mr. Creech?
A. Considerate and dutiful.
B. Demanding and enthusiastic.
C. Emotional and dedicated.
D. Friendly and ambitious.
3.Why couldn’t the author read before meeting Mr. Creech?
A. Because his reading age was not long enough.
B. Because his parents didn’t teach him how to read.
C. Because he was afraid of reading before the class.
D. Because he didn’t have inner driving force to learn to read.
4.What can we infer from the passage?
A. Mr. Creech taught two students called Anthony Hamilton.
B. The author had become a published author and an active speaker.
C. Dyslexia was the underlying reason that made the author unable to read.
D. The author was grateful to Mr. Creech.
Passage 14[2020 河北石家庄摸底考试]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
议论文 过度追求完美 265 ★★ 5 分钟
It’s not easy feeling like you’re always under the spotlight being judged for each little
mistake you make. Your mind is in an endless circle playing what you said and did over and over
again. You wish you had a time capsule(时间囊) to go back and make things change if you find
mistakes. You fear what others will think about you and that they will reject and dislike you. You
seek to be socially perfect.
Academically, you work long endless hours just to make those excellent marks. Although most would
say "it’s good to have high standards", they have no idea about the internal hell you put yourself
through to achieve perfection. If you don’t achieve the desired goal you feel as though you have
failed, but you’re far from failing, you just don’t see it that way. So instead you are telling - 13 -
yourself that you’re stupid and not smart. The pressure you place on yourself weighs you down and
you wear the "not good enough" label each and every day.
You not only have high standards for yourself but also have them for others. If people don’t
perform up to your expectations, then you think them incompetent. This causes a lot of frustration
because you can’t trust anyone to get things right. So instead or being a team player you fly solo(单飞)
and try to do two or three jobs at once. Your unrealistic expectations cause you to criticize and
judge others and that leads to problems in other areas of your life.
The attempt to be perfect is called perfectionism and it’s damaging our emotional and mental
health. We strive for perfection with our body, in our performance, and in our relationships. In
a society that overstates mistakes, is it any wonder that so many young people attempt the impossible
task of being perfect?
We all have flaws, fears and make mistakes, and that’s perfectly OK. It’s our imperfections
that make life interesting and they help us grow into a stronger and more adaptable person. We don’t
have to be a stronger and more adaptable person. We don’t have to strive to achieve the impossible
goal. We are designed to be perfectly imperfect.
1.Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A novel. C. A magazine. D. A guidebook.
2.Which of the following is a perfectionist most likely to agree?
A. Be generous with praise.
B. Nobody is perfect.
C. There is no best, only better.
D. A contented mind is an everlasting feast.
3.What can we infer from paragraph 4?
A. The society is partly to blame for perfectionism.
B. More and more people are tolerating mistakes.
C. Many young people find it impossible to be perfect.
D. It’s unusual for a society to seek perfectionism nowadays.
4.What does the author think of imperfection?
A. It’s unbearable.
B. It’s part of our life.
C. It deserves to be overcome.
D. It does harm to our mental health.
Passage 15[2020 湖北武汉部分学校质量监测]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文
养育孩子对工作的影
响
303 ★★ 6 分钟
Just ask any new parent: Adding a baby to a household can also add stress to a career. Now, a
new study backs that up with some astonishing numbers: After science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics(STEM)professionals become parents,43% of women and 23% of men switch fields, transition(转
向) to part-time work, or leave the workforce entirely.
Many researchers and parents already knew that STEM can be unwelcoming to parents, particularly
mothers. "But the considerable departure was astonishing, "says Erin Cech, an assistant professor
of sociology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and lead author of the study, published in
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. For both genders, the proportions were higher than
we expected.
"The surprisingly high reduction rate for men also highlights that parenthood in STEM is not
just a mother’s issue; it’s a worker’s issue,"Cech says. She hopes that the findings might promote
changes, such as more paid parental leave from both the government and employers and policies that - 14 -
better support flexible working time without a tight routine. "We are not suggesting that people
who want families should avoid STEM; that’s not the solution, "she emphasizes.
By 2018,78% of new fathers were still working in STEM, and the vast majority worked full-time.
For new mothers,68% were still in STEM, but only 57% worked full-time. For professionals without
children, on the other hand,84% of men and 76% of women were predicted to still be working in STEM
full-time in 2018. For the new parents across all fields, 16% of women were working part-time and
15% had left the workforce, as compared with just 2% and 3%,respectively,for men. These sharp
differences make it clear that even though the reduction rate for fathers is higher than expected,
mothers still face particular career challenges.
1.What makes many STEM employees change their jobs?
A. Worrying about their family.
B. The attraction of part-time jobs.
C. Being tired of the former jobs.
D. The heavy burden at home and work.
2.Which statement may Erin Cech agree with?
A. Working at home may be a popular choice.
B. Increasing welfare may keep STEM parents.
C. People with families should leave STEM.
D. STEM professionals should obey the rules.
3.How many new mothers among the labor force worked full-time in 2018?
A. 69%. B. 76%. C. 57%. D. 31%.
4.What does the author want to stress by listing the sharp differences?
A. Too many fathers leave STEM.
B. It’s hard for mothers to make a balance.
C. STEM jobs are no longer popular.
D. It’s impossible to have a successful career.
Passage 16[2020 安徽合肥调研]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 3D 打印有血管的心脏 268 ★★ 5 分钟
In a major medical breakthrough, Tel Aviv University researchers have "printed" the world’s
first 3D vascularized(血管化的)engineered heart using a patient’s own cells and biological materials.
Their findings were published on April 15 in a study in Advanced Science.
"This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,
"says Prof. Tal Dvir of Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research for
the study. "This heart is made from human cells and patient-specific biological materials. In our
process, these materials serve as the bioink(生物墨水),something made of sugars and proteins that
can be used for 3D printing of complex tissue models," Prof. Dvir says. "People managed to 3D-print
the structure of a heart in the past, but not with cells or with blood vessels. Our results demonstrate
the potential of our approach for engineering personalized tissue and organ replacement in the
future."
According to Prof. Dvir, the use of "native" patient-specific materials is important to
successfully engineering tissues and organs.
"The researchers are now planning on culturing the printed hearts in the lab and ‘teaching
them to behave’ like hearts", Prof. Dvir says. They then plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart
into animal models.
"We need to develop the printed heart further, "he concludes. "The cells need to form a pumping
ability; they can currently contract(收缩),but we need them to work together. Our hope is that we
will succeed and prove our method’s efficacy(功效)and usefulness. Maybe, in ten years, there will - 15 -
be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world, and these procedures will be conducted
routinely."
1.What does Prof. Dvir think of an early 3D-printed heart?
A. It was highly practical. B. It was too expensive.
C. It was personalized. D. It was too simple.
2.What do we know about the latest 3D-printed heart?
A. It can be cultured in the lab.
B. It can match a patient perfectly.
C. It has been transplanted into animals.
D. It has been widely used in hospitals.
3.What is Prof. Dvir’s attitude to the development of the printed heart?
A. Ambiguous. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Cautious.
4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To explain the basic principle of 3D technology.
B. To introduce a breakthrough of medical research.
C. To doubt the medical value of a new invention.
D. To prove the effectiveness of the new technology.
Passage 17[2020 山西太原阶段性测评]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 5G 321 ★★★ 7 分钟
You’re probably used to the regular upgrades in our cellphone networks. There was 2G,which
came along in 1991,replaced by 3G in 2001,followed by 4G in 2009.Now we’re hearing about the coming
of 5G.
But 5G is a much bigger leap than before.5G,of course, is much faster than 4G in the real world
and a 5G phone in a 5G city will enjoy Internet speeds between 9 and 20 times as fast. The arrival
of 5G also means enormous leaps forward in capacity — so much that every cellphone plan will offer
cheap, truly unlimited Internet access. "The consequences of that are huge," says Sherif Hanna,
Qualcomm’s director of 5G marketing. For example, apps will no longer degrade(降低)your video quality
or postpone downloading when you’re out of the Wi-Fi range. In fact, you’ll probably prefer to
do your downloads when you’re using a cellular network because 5G will be much faster than whatever
service you’ve got at home or work.
"However, not everyone is excited by the 5G development. The new standard gets its speed partly
by using existing transmission(传输)frequencies more efficiently and partly by using the millimeter
wave range. That’s a big, juicy line of radio frequencies that are currently underused because the
millimeter wave is really hard to use, "Hanna says.
These frequencies are much higher than anything we’ve used for the cellular network, which means
they can offer unbelievable speed — but at the cost of the range. Millimeter wave cellular towers
have to be about 500 feet apart. Cell carriers not only will have to upgrade all their cell
transceivers, but will install(安装)a lot more of them as well.
That’s why the kind of millimeter wave of 5G,the superfast coverage, will be available only
in densely populated cities such as New York and San Francisco. In suburban and rural areas, 5G
will bring a speed-up of "only" nine times faster.
1.What advantage does 5G have over previous networks?
A. 5G is much faster and more convenient.
B. 5G allows users to download more videos.
C. 5G can provide better service and news at home.
D. 5G cellphones are expensive but more accessible.- 16 -
2.Hanna’s words in paragraph 3 reflect .
A. popularity of the coming of 5G
B. easy access to the 5G development
C. concern about the 5G development
D. excitement about the 5G development
3.What can we learn about 5G according to the text?
A. It requires more cell transceivers.
B. It won’t be available in rural areas.
C. It won’t show speed improvements in suburbs.
D. It makes densely populated cities even more crowded.
4.Where is the text most likely from?
A. A tour brochure. B. A technology newspaper.
C. A medical magazine. D. An experimental textbook.
Passage 18[2020 河南洛阳尖子生联考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 无手机恐惧症 356 ★★ 6 分钟
On a comfortable sunny Sunday, I was going to meet an old university friend I hadn’t seen for
years, and was really excited to hear all his news. My train was running a little late, but that
was no big problem — I could text him to say I would be delayed. He would understand. But… where
was my mobile phone? I had that familiar sinking feeling. Yes, I’d left it at home.
No mobile phone. I’m sure I’m not alone in feeling anxious, on edge and worried when I don’t
have my phone with me. In fact, I know I’m not alone: two-thirds of us experience this "nomophobia".
That’s according to a study which surveyed 1,000 people in the UK about their relationship
with mobile phones, which says they check their mobile phones 34 times a day, that women are more
"nomophobic" than men, and that 18- to 24-year-olds are the most likely to suffer fear of being
without their mobiles: 77% of them say they are unable to be apart from their phones for more than
a few minutes.
Do you have "nomophobia"?
·You never turn your phone off.
·You obsessively (着迷地) check texts, missed calls and emails.
·You always take your phone to the bathroom with you.
·You never let the battery run out.
It’s funny to think that around 20 years ago the only people with mobile phones would be
businesspersons carrying their large, plastic "bricks". Of course, these days, mobile phones are
everywhere. They have outnumbered people across the world.
And when there are more phones than people in the world, maybe it’s time to ask who really
is in charge. Are you in control of your phone, or does your phone control you? So, what happened
with my university friend? When I arrived a few minutes late he just laughed and said, "You haven’t
changed at all — still always be late!" And we had a great afternoon catch-up, full of jokes and
stories, with no interruptions and no nagging(难以摆脱的) desire to check my phone.
Not having it with me felt strangely liberating. Maybe I’ll leave it at home on purpose next
time.
1.What does the underlined word "nomophobia" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The fear of being out of mobile phone contact.
B. The addiction to keeping mobile phones at hand.
C. The feeling of being alone and left behind.
D. The suffering of being anxious and worried.
2.We can infer that around 20 years ago the mobile phone according to the author. - 17 -
A. was only afforded by businessmen
B. was as heavy as a brick
C. was seldom seen and accepted
D. was inconvenient to use
3.What’s the author’s attitude towards his experience without mobile phones?
A. Worried. B. Favorable. C. Neutral. D. Critical.
4.What’s the best title for the passage?
A. The Development of Mobile Phones
B. Meeting an Old University Friend
C. Being Without My Mobile Phone
D. Using Mobile Phones or Not
题组 4 词义猜测题
Passage 19[2020 江西南昌段考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文
勇敢面对阿尔茨海默
病
353 ★★★ 7 分钟
Laura Sides was a psychology major at the University of Nottingham in 2004. She first noticed
signs of her dad’s developing dementia(痴呆) when she moved to Nottingham. She said, "Dad was a
doctor, so he knew exactly what had happened to him, but people try to hide it when they are ill.
Then, I came home for my 21st birthday and arranged to meet him, but he never showed up as he’d
forgotten. That’s when I knew something serious had happened."
So, aged 21, she decided to leave university and look after him herself. She lived close by,
popping in every day to make sure he was eating, and that the house was tidy, before heading off
to her work.
Besides challenging moments, there was a time when looking after her dad was a pure joy. "We’d
wake up, I’d ask what he wanted to do that day, and however ridiculous the adventure is, off we’d
go."
Sadly, in 2009, 5 years later, Laura lost her father. Before he died, Laura went to a hospital
appointment with him, where doctors mentioned that his form of Alzheimer’s disease was genetic
meaning there was a fifty-fifty chance that she had inherited it. For several years Laura agonised
over whether to be tested, finally finding out in August 2017 that she has the APP gene, meaning
that, like him, she will develop the condition within a decade.
At first, she struggled, feeling as if her life lacked purpose. Then, during a sleepless night
in the summer of 2018, she decided at around 2 a.m. to enter the 2019 London Marathon sponsored
by the charities Alzheimer’s Society and Alzheimer’s Research UK.
She hoped to start the conversation around early-onset Alzheimer’s disease and to encourage
people to talk about it more openly. "I remember when Dad was ill, people wouldn’t know how to
react, but I want to be honest and open," she added. "The more information we can get, the less of
a taboo(忌讳) we will feel. That said, the support I’ve received so far after going public has been
amazing — that’s what is carrying me through."
1.Laura noticed her father’s dementia when .
A. her father told her his condition in person
B. people nearby informed her of his father’s condition
C. her father forgot his own birthday party
D. her father forgot to attend her 21-year-old birthday party
2.The underlined word "agonised" in paragraph 4 probably means .
A. excited B. struggled
C. shocked D. delighted- 18 -
3.Laura started the open talk in the hope of .
A. getting people to talk about Alzheimer’s disease openly
B. earning some money to help treat her Alzheimer’s disease
C. making herself stronger to fight against Alzheimer’s disease
D. raising funds for charities Alzheimer’s Society and Alzheimer’s disease Research UK
4.Which words can best describe Laura?
A. Caring and positive. B. Careful and honest.
C. Patient and cautious. D. Devoted and modest.
Passage 20[2020 安徽合肥调研]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文 爱心故事 296 ★★ 6 分钟
Life on the street is a constant struggle for homeless people. In extreme weather conditions,
that struggle becomes even more difficult. Recently, homeless people across Chicago faced freezing
to death if they couldn’t find shelter for the night.
Thankfully, one local woman refused to let that happen. On January 30,2018,34-year-old Candice
Payne, a local managing broker, was lucky enough to have shelter from the dangerous conditions.
"It was -20℃,and I knew they were going to be sleeping on ice and I had to do something, "said
Payne. Payne started brainstorming different ways she could possibly help. Finally, she decided to
see if there were any rooms available at local inns and hotels that she could get to help those
stuck on the street.
For Payne, her mission was personal. According to Payne, her husband, Carlos Callahan, had lived
on the street at one point in his life. Based on his experience, Payne knew that the homeless people
still living on the street desperately needed help and that if she didn’t step up to help, no one
likely would.
However, when Payne explained what she was trying to do, many of the local hotels refused to allow
her to pay for the rooms as they didn’t want homeless people to stay in their rooms. "No one wanted
them, but one hotel, the Amber Inn, was nice enough to allow me to buy the rooms," said Payne.
Payne’s selfless act made news across the country. However, she insisted she had never done
it for attention. "I am a regular person," said Payne, who spent thousands of dollars of her own
money to help complete strangers. "It all sounded like a rich person did this, but I’m just a little
black girl from the South Side."
1.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Locals living on the street.
B. The homeless freezing to death.
C. The extreme weather.
D. The shelter for the homeless.
2.How did Candice Payne help the homeless people?
A. By drawing public attention.
B. By giving them money directly.
C. By taking them to her own house.
D. By buying hotel rooms for them.
3.What may contribute to Payne’s nice act?
A. Her husband’s past experience.
B. The requests from the homeless.
C. Her desire to become famous.
D. The coldness of local hotels.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. A Black Fighter Changes the World- 19 -
B. A Woman’s Curiosity Brings a Reward
C. A Regular Woman Makes a Difference
D. A Couple’s Brave Act Moves the Country
Passage 21[2020 广东惠州第一次调研]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 Z 一代 323 ★★ 6 分钟
Being "young" is associated with all the good things in life — beauty, hope, and energy. But
youth also has negative associations — impulsiveness, troublemaking, and irresponsibility. This
negative side seems to be what society focuses on more, which is why young people have mostly been
considered as idle and difficult.
But when it comes to Generation Z — those born between 1995 and 2010 — this stereotype doesn’t
seem to apply anymore.
In Japan, for example, Gen Zers are less likely to buy on impulse, but take into consideration
more a product’s true value. "They’re looking at the companies, not just the products, "Masahiko
Uotani, CEO of Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, told Bloomberg. "They’re asking, ‘Are they
really delivering value to the society? Are they promoting diversity and inclusiveness?’"
Gen Zers are also more grounded than we’ve expected them to be. According to a recent survey
by Bank of America, more than half of young adults aged between 18 and 23 said they were planning
to buy a house within five years. And they’re not just saying it — they are willing to make
sacrifices for it, including getting a second job and saving money for a down payment instead of
spending it on a vacation.
"Despite their young age, this group is pragmatic and is actively planning for their future,"
D. Steve Boland, head of Consumer Lending at Bank of America, told USA Today. "They have a clear vision
of how they are willing to help themselves in order to make it happen."
Social issues are also at the center of concern of Gen Zers, who take themselves as a changing
force of the world. In India, for example, young people who have just reached the voting age are eager
to vote for a new leader who is capable of solving problems that matter the most to them, including
pollution, unemployment and women’s safety.
As a Gen Zer yourself, what is your plan for the future?
1.What do the underlined words "this stereotype" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Being young is good.
B. Gen Zers are born after 1995.
C. The traditional poor impressions on the youth.
D. The associations with young people.
2.We can infer from the third paragraph that .
A. Gen Zers in Japan are picky
B. Gen Zers are self-centered
C. Gen Zers care little about products
D. Gen Zers are wise when shopping
3.What’s D. Steve Boland’s attitude to the Gen Zers?
A. Approving. B. Negative.
C. Indifferent. D. Critical.
4.Which of the following words may best describe the Gen Zers?
A. Confident and independent.
B. Visionary and responsible.
C. Persistent and down-to-earth.
D. Active and creative.
Passage 22[2020 四川成都摸底考试]- 20 -
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文
评估自动驾驶汽
车
349 ★★★ 7 分钟
Self-driving cars have been backed in the hope that they will save lives by getting involved
in fewer crashes with fewer injuries and deaths than human-driven cars. But so far, most comparisons
between human drivers and automated vehicles have been unfair.
Crash statistics for human-driven cars are gathered from all sorts of driving situations, and
on all types of roads. However, most of the data on self-driving cars’ safety have been recorded
often in good weather and on highways, where the most important tasks are staying in the car’s own
lane and not getting too close to the vehicle ahead. Automated cars are good at those tasks, but
so are humans.
It is true that self-driving cars don’t get tired, angry, frustrated or drunk. But neither can
they yet react to uncertain situations with the same skill or anticipation of an attentive human
driver. Nor do they possess the foresight to avoid potential perils. They largely drive from moment
to moment, rather than thinking ahead to possible events literally down the road.
To a self-driving car, a bus full of people might appear quite similar to an uninhabited cornfield.
Indeed, deciding what action to take in an emergency is difficult for humans, but drivers have
sacrificed themselves for the greater good of others. An automated system’s limited understanding
of the world means it will almost never evaluate(评估)a situation the same way a human would. And
machines can’t be programmed in advance to handle every imaginable set of events.
Some people may argue that the promise of simply reducing the number of injuries and deaths
is enough to support driverless cars. But experience from aviation(航空)shows that as new automated
systems are introduced, there is often an increase in the rate of disasters.
Therefore comparisons between humans and automated vehicles have to be performed carefully.
To fairly evaluate driverless cars on how well they fulfill their promise of improved safety, it’s
important to ensure the data being presented actually provide a true comparison. After all, choosing
to replace humans with automation has more effects than simply a one-for-one exchange.
1.What makes the comparison between self-driving cars and human-driven cars unfair?
A. Self-driving cars never get tired.
B. Statistics are collected differently.
C. Machines can make decisions faster.
D. Self-driving cars know the world better.
2.What does the underlined word "perils" in paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Dangers. B. Self-driving cars.
C. Pedestrians. D. Human-driven cars.
3.In which aspect can self-driving cars beat human-driven cars?
A. Driving steadily.
B. Climbing steep slopes.
C. Evaluating the cost of loss.
D. Making complex decisions.
4.Why does the author write this text?
A. To support human-driven cars.
B. To show his doubt about self-driving cars.
C. To call for exact evaluation of self-driving cars.
D. To stress the importance of reducing car accidents.
Passage 23[2020 湖北黄冈质量检测]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 同理心 341 ★★★ 7 分钟- 21 -
Empathy (同感)is one of those strange qualities — something almost everyone wants, but few know
how to truly give or receive it. In a world where self-satisfaction is emphasized, it is in short
supply but high demand. This gives people all the more reason to teach the next generation what
it means to have empathy for those around them.
What is empathy? Many people confuse sympathy and empathy, but they are different. Empathy is
not just the ability to understand someone’s feelings; criminals often take advantage of people
by appearing to understand their feelings and subsequently gaining their trust. Empathy is more
than that. Not only is it the ability to recognize how someone feels, but it also values and respects
the feelings of another person. It means treating others with kindness, respect, and understanding.
Kids need to see adults show empathy. While some children are gifted with naturally kind hearts,
in most cases kids need to see empathy displayed by the adults around them. It begins with the way
parents relate to their children. Parents who show an interest in the things that matter to their
kids and respond to emotions in a positive and caring way are teaching the skill of empathy.
Meet emotional needs. When children have their emotional needs met, two things happen. They
learn how to meet the emotional needs of others and they are anchored in what they are receiving,
meaning that they are secure enough to give something to others when the need arises but first they
need to receive something. An empty jug cannot fill a cup.
It’s a good idea to talk to kids about emotions and how other people experience them. Give
their emotions names (for example, jealousy, anger, and love) and teach them that these are normal.
Talk to them about how to handle emotions in a positive way and point out situations where other
people are experiencing emotions. Teach them about respecting the emotions of others and show them
how to act in a situation where a response is required.
1.Why are the next generation taught to have empathy?
A. Because people tend to be self-centered.
B. Because everyone needs empathy.
C. Because empathy is a strange quality.
D. Because it’s better to give than to receive.
2.Which situation can empathy be used in?
A. When a mathematician is calculating the area of farmland.
B. When a teacher is comforting a student about his failure in exams.
C. When a criminal is cheating a victim.
D. When a dancer is dancing to music.
3.What does the underlined sentence "An empty jug cannot fill a cup" mean?
A. An empty jug is too small to hold a cup.
B. It’s a must to talk to kids about emotions.
C. Adults should set an example to kids.
D. Kids give empathy with their emotional needs met first.
4.What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to train kids to have empathy.
B. How to distinguish sympathy and empathy.
C. How to help kids finish empathy-related tasks.
D. Whether kids can be trained to be more empathetic.
Passage 24[2020 辽宁五校协作体联考]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 意志力的保持和增强 376 ★★★ 7 分钟
A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain many aspects of willpower.
Most of the researchers exploring self-control do so with an obvious goal in mind: How can willpower
be strengthened? If willpower is truly a limited resource, as the research suggests, what can be
done to make it stay strong?- 22 -
Avoiding temptation (诱惑)is an effective method for maintaining self-control, which is called
the "out of sight, out of mind" principle. One recent study, for instance, found office workers are
less attracted to candy in the desk drawer than that on top of their desks in plain sight.
The research suggesting that we possess a limited reservoir(储备) of self-control raises a
troubling question. When we face too many temptations, are we to fail? Not necessarily. Researchers
don’t believe that one’s willpower is ever completely exhausted. Rather, people appear to hold
some willpower in reserve, saved for future demands. The right motivation allows us to tap into
those reserves, allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has been run down. High
motivation might help overcome weakened willpower — at least up to a point.
Willpower may also be made less vulnerable (脆弱的) to being exhausted in the first place.
Researchers who study self-control often describe it as being like a muscle that gets tired with
heavy use. But there is another aspect to the muscle comparison, they say. While muscles become
exhausted by exercise in the short term, they are strengthened by regular exercise in the long term.
Similarly, regular practices of self-control may improve willpower strength.
The evidence from willpower exhaustion studies also suggests that making a list of resolutions
on New Year’s Eve is the worst possible approach. Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower
in other areas, so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time. In other words, don’t
try to quit smoking, adopt a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time. Taking
goals one by one is a better approach. Once a good habit is in place, Baumeister says, you’ll no
longer need to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior. Eventually healthy habits will become
routine, and won’t require making decisions at all.
1.From the studies in the passage we learn that .
A. people have unlimited self-control
B. high motivation ensures one’s success
C. willpower is hardly completely exhausted
D. too many temptations often lead to failure
2.The underlined phrase "tap into" in paragraph 3 most probably means .
A. make use of B. run out of C. build D. increase
3.The author compares self-control to muscles .
A. to prove the long-term effects of willpower
B. to show the significance of regular exercise
C. to argue that self-control can be easily used up
D. to explain the benefits of practicing self-control
4.To develop a good habit, which of the following does the author prefer?
A. "I will give up dessert and do exercise."
B. "I will set three goals this new semester."
C. "I will read an English novel every month."
D. "I will keep myself from any temptation."
题组 1 文学、艺术与文化
Passage 1[2019 全国Ⅱ,A]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
应用文 书籍介绍 236 ★ 4 分钟
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle
books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl- 23 -
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me
a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents
and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they’re also
aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It’s about two sisters — Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a
young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a
world of diverse "night people" who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Flynn
There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but
the horror story is brilliant. There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle
for your trust. It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is
horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious
flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among
those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
21.Who does "I" refer to in the text?
A. Stephen King. B. Gillian Flynn.
C. Jo Usmar. D. Roald Dahl.
22.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?
A. Cosmopolitan. B. Matilda.
C. After Dark. D. The Stand.
23.What kind of book is Gone Girl?
A. A folk tale. B. A biography.
C. A love story. D. A horror story.
Passage 2[2018 全国Ⅲ,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
应用文 中国建筑师王澍 361 ★★★ 7 分钟
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China
such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese
architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012
Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture —
on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art(CAA).His office
is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many
buildings on the campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors
were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the
buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers
to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation
attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元
素).
Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.
Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner
of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence
that traditions once existed," he said.- 24 -
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old
things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and
that are still being created," he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on
Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are,"
said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions
would be artificial and empty, he said.
28.Wang’s winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are .
A. following the latest world trend
B. getting international recognition
C. working harder than ever before
D. relying on foreign architects
29.What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?
A. Its hilly environment.
B. Its large size.
C. Its unique style.
D. Its diverse functions.
30.What made Wang’s architectural design a success?
A. The mixture of different shapes.
B. The balance of East and West.
C. The use of popular techniques.
D. The harmony of old and new.
31.What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?
A. Spread them to the world.
B. Preserve them at museums.
C. Teach them in universities.
D. Recreate them in practice.
Passage 3[2019 全国Ⅲ,B]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 中国引领国际时尚潮
流
285 ★★ 6 分钟
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western
creative.
"It’s no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers," says
Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the
biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces
of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring
the influence of Chinese aesthetics (美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable
imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest
in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion
campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just
consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement." Of course, not only are today’s top
Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion
are themselves Chinese. "Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs
— and beating them hands down in design and sales, " adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.
"The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China
is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion
today, you are talking about China — its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and
how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?- 25 -
A. It promoted the sales of artworks.
B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes.
D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion.
B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models.
D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from
B. looking down on
C. working with
D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
Passage 4[2018 浙江,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 美国的汽车文化 292 ★★★ 6 分钟
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette
Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线) on September
27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen
million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting
aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For
most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American — going forward at high
speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas,
born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public
works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with "a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage."
Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from
a farm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In
America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive(过度的) energy consumption, climate change and population growth have
been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes
for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy(经济) is a chance to keep American strength. "The
ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and
healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century."
28.Why is the hamburger mentioned in Paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
29.What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy.
B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply.
D. A farm-based society.- 26 -
30.What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful.
C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.
Passage 5[2017 乙卷(全国Ⅰ),C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 爵士乐 333 ★★★ 7 分钟
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to
celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its
significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow
older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for
jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its
history and culture.
"Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite," Moran tells National Public
Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. "What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger
start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. It’s actually color,
and it’s actually digital."
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music
has been lost. "The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue
to move, because the way the world works is not the same," says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, "just
to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music," says
Moran. "For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion (情感) lie? Are
we, as humans, gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract
as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes
we lose sight that the music has a wider context," says Moran, "so I want to continue those dialogues.
Those are the things I want to foster."
28.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30.What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz
B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
Passage 6[2017 丙卷(全国Ⅲ),B]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文 广场剧院即将关
闭
275 ★★ 5 分钟- 27 -
Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping
up popcorn and gathering coke cups. It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater’s
75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers
carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in
preparation for the building’s end.
The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the
movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say
good-bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed
appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close
down.
Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.
He added that the theater’s location(位置) was also a reason. "This used to be the center of
town," he said. "Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses."
Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater
into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of financial
problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build
a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75
years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie. The theater will be missed.
24.In what way was yesterday’s cleanup at the Plaza special?
A. It made room for new equipment.
B. It signaled the closedown of the theater.
C. It was done with the help of the audience.
D. It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.
25.Why was The Last Picture Show put on?
A. It was an all-time classic.
B. It was about the history of the town.
C. The audience requested it.
D. The theater owner found it suitable.
26.What will probably happen to the building?
A. It will be repaired.
B. It will be turned into a museum.
C. It will be knocked down.
D. It will be sold to the city government.
27.What can we infer about the audience?
A. They are disappointed with Bradford.
B. They are sad to part with the old theater.
C. They are supportive of the city officials.
D. They are eager to have a shopping center.
题组 2 社会生活与教育
Passage 7[2019 全国Ⅱ,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 用餐趋势 317 ★★★ 7 分钟
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book
as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s "me"
time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent)have
breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we
eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
"I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?" Bechtel said, looking up from
her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but
like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep
a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. "Today, I just wanted
some time to myself, "she said. - 28 -
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar.
He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on
a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). "I reflect on how my day’s gone
and think about the rest of the week," he said. "It’s a chance for self-reflection. You return to
work recharged and with a plan."
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people
may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our
smartphones to keep us company at the table. "It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all
the advances in technology," said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the
report.
28.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A. Food variety.
B. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.
D. Restaurant service.
29.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A. To meet with her coworkers.
B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own.
D. To collect data for her report.
30.What do we know about Mazoleny?
A. He makes videos for the bar.
B. He’s fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar.
D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
31.What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
Passage 8[2018 江苏,B]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 影响餐饮业效益的因
素
322 ★★ 5 分钟
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted (享有) a special meat soup
called consommé. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze’s chain shops also set a new
standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take
visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta (意
大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate
rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn’t tell
how much they’d had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the
wiser — they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.
Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to
encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart ( 莫 扎 特 ). When
classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer
and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending — "bad" tables, crowding, high
prices — don’t necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly
as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly
concerned about ‘bad’ tables", given that they’re profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study - 29 -
found that they increased a restaurant’s reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And
doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58.The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers
were .
A. not aware of eating more than usual
B. not willing to share food with others
C. not conscious of the food quality
D. not fond of the food provided
59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Introducing lemon scent.
C. Making the light brighter.
D. Using plates of larger size.
60.What does the last paragraph talk about?
A. Tips to attract more customers.
B. Problems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways to improve restaurants’ reputation.
D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
Passage 9[2019 天津, B]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
夹叙夹议
文 读书伴"我"成长 296 ★★ 6 分钟
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child
deal with books. There was not one night that I don’t remember mom reading me a storybook by my
bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say, "I can’t believe what’s printed
in the newspaper this morning, " made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted
to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night,
just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and
then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing
how to read could open many doors. When mom said, "The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf, " I
knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything.
I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs
we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for
knowledge, and to make A’s on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but
I didn’t enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything
abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I’m growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex,
I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter
into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become
anyone. I don’t have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he
or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We’re taught to read because it’s necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a
vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I’ve found that the
possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
41.Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom’s hands?
A. She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B. She was anxious to know what had happened.
C. She couldn’t wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D. She couldn’t help but stop mom from reading.
42.According to Paragraph 3, the author’s reading of road signs indicates .
A. her unique way to locate herself- 30 -
B. her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C. her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D. her growing desire to know the world around her
43.What was the author’s view on factual reading?
A. It would help her update test-taking skills.
B. It would allow much room for free thinking.
C. It would provide true and objective information.
D. It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
44.The author takes novel reading as a way to .
A. explore a fantasy land
B. develop a passion for learning
C. learn about the adult community
D. get away from a confusing world
45.What could be the best title for the passage?
A. The Magic of Reading
B. The Pleasure of Reading
C. Growing Up with Reading
D. Reading Makes a Full Man
Passage 10[2018 全国Ⅱ,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 儿童阅读 290 ★★ 6 分钟
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media
report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows
that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help
encourage more reading.
According to the report’s key findings, "the proportion(比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read
for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent
and 27 percent respectively today."
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, aged 2-8, remain largely
the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour
or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking
for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents
still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples
and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who
do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased
for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might
take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the
library or bookstore.
28.What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
29.Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30.Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality.
B. It could be a waste of time.
C. It may harm children’s health.- 31 -
D. E-readers are expensive.
31.How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them.
B. Ask them to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them.
D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
Passage 11[2019 全国Ⅱ, D]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 开发创新思维 266 ★★★ 7 分钟
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow
uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning
them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of
high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like
the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport,
New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years,
Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re
close to a solution(解决方案). "We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like
NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades,
other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product
and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA. ‘ Engineers come and really do an in-person
review, and... it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product."
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life
skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach." And
that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the
problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32.What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of.
B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear in different forms.
D. They damage the instruments.
33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D. To link space technology with school education.
34.What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product.
B. Guide project designs.
C. Adjust work schedules.
D. Grade their homework.
35.What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom
D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
Passage 12[2016 甲卷(全国Ⅱ),B]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文 培养学生的想象
力
278 ★★★ 6 分钟
Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the
beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in - 32 -
front of each student, and said: "Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today
— and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week."
A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several
others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.
Another group built something out of their own imaginations.
Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions
filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the
presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant
that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other
students.
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who
had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, "But I’m just not creative."
"Do you dream at night when you’re asleep?"
"Oh, sure."
"So tell me one of your most interesting dreams." The student would tell something wildly
imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. "That’s pretty creative.
Who does that for you?"
"Nobody. I do it."
"Really — at night, when you’re asleep?"
"Sure."
"Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?"
25.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to .
A. know more about the students
B. make the lessons more exciting
C. raise the students’ interest in art
D. teach the students about toy design
26.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A. He liked to help his teacher.
B. He preferred to study alone.
C. He was active in class.
D. He was imaginative.
27.What does the underlined word "downside" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Mistake. B. Drawback.
C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
28.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?
A. To help them to see their creativity.
B. To find out about their sleeping habits.
C. To help them to improve their memory.
D. To find out about their ways of thinking.
题组 3 科普研究与科技发展
Passage 13[2019 全国Ⅰ,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 智能键盘身份识别技
术
236 ★★★ 7 分钟
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生
物测量) technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces. At
present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets
around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with
which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer
of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.
These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities,
and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to — regardless
of whether someone gets the password right.- 33 -
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with.
Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch"
four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize
different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that
the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,
plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys.
B. To improve accuracy in typing.
C. To replace the password system.
D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed
30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A. It’ll be environment-friendly.
B. It’ll reach consumers soon.
C. It’ll be made of plastics.
D. It’ll help speed up typing.
31.Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook.
C. A novel. D. A magazine.
Passage 14[2019 北京,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时
间
应用文 信息安全 420 ★★★ 8 分钟
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from
numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are
finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools,
apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too
little, too late. By the time these "solutions"(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have
moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on
your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing
is actually real.
That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation( 处 理 )and automation
technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year’s I/O
Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding
voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason
that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(数据
侵 入 )of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your
mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually
targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what
looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank
teller’s, tricking you into "confirming" your address, mother’s name, and card number. Scammers
follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone,
and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may
weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers
need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean
either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, - 34 -
or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications — using apps
like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from
here on out.
38.How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused.
C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can .
A. aim at victims precisely
B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly
D. spread information widely
40.What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edged.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
Passage 15[2019 全国Ⅲ,D]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 猴子会算术 315 ★★★ 8 分钟
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols
consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The
researchers then tested how the monkeys combined — or added — the symbols to get the reward.
Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described
the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen,
a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example,
the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the
monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or
juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17 in this
example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher
values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just
memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys
tended to underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value
— sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic:
When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added
only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains," Dr.
Livingstone says. "But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big
number than the little one."
32.What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?- 35 -
A. They could perform basic addition.
B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily.
D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health.
C. Education. D. Science.
Passage 16[2018 天津,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时
间
说明文 3D 打印机打印食物 360 ★★★ 7 分钟
There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent
development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the
industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for
decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer
makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to "re-create forms and pieces" of food that
are "exactly the same", freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the
dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability (可持续性)
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate
that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability
is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts
believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae (藻类) and
grass to replace the familiar ingredients ( 烹 饪 原 料 ).3D printing can reduce fuel use and
emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf
space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia
University, said, "Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional
content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket,
you’d eat something baked just for you on demand."
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.
Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物)before a printer can use them, and the
printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very
complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients,
because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers,
believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food .
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets- 36 -
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50.What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
Passage 17[2017 甲卷(全国Ⅱ),C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 飞行汽车 319 ★★★ 6 分钟
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing
the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named
the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.
The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles
per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons
per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on
sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public
later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways.
It’s expected to cost $279,000. And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a
runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an
airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying
car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make
it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it
meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years
ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for
pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours
of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy
to meet.
28.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
D. The designers of the Transition.
29.Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causes traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive. D. It burns too much fuel.
30.What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious. B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
31.What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show
B. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True
D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
Passage 18[2017 丙卷(全国Ⅲ),D]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 老年人安全驾驶研究 314 ★★★ 6 分钟- 37 -
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile
laboratory named "DriveLAB" in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to
discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being
among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for
older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed
adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: "For many older people, particularly those living alone or in
the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get
out and about without having to rely on others."
"But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results
in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their
driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to."
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: "The DriveLAB is helping
us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might
use technology to address these problems."
"For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but
surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were
more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits
of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.
"We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older
drivers stay safer behind the wheel."
32.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
A. To explore new means of transport.
B. To design new types of cars.
C. To find out older drivers’ problems.
D. To teach people traffic rules.
33.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A. It keeps them independent.
B. It helps them save time.
C. It builds up their strength.
D. It cures their mental illnesses.
34.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
A. Improve their driving skills.
B. Develop driver-assist technologies.
C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.
D. Organize regular physical checkups.
35.What is the best title for the text?
A. A New Model Electric Car
B. A Solution to Traffic Problems
C. Driving Services for Elders
D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
题组 4 自然生态和环境保护
Passage 19[2019 北京,D]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 微生物对海洋颜色的
影响
386 ★★★ 8 分钟
By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks
to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms( 海 洋 微 生 物 ) called
phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create
colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the - 38 -
type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in
some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean
while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important
process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s
warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth,
since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate
model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃,
it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that
currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such
as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will
turn greener. "Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing," she said, "but
the type of phytoplankton is changing."
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin
to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, "it will change the type of fish that will be able
to survive." Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual
and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. "It’ll be a while before we can
statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change," Dutkiewicz said, "but
the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have
changed our planet."
42.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
43.What does the underlined word "vulnerable" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial.
C. Significant. D. Unnoticeable.
44.What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz’s model aims to project phytoplankton changes.
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
45.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.
Passage 20[2019 浙江,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 加利福尼亚州的森林中大树减少的
原因
298 ★★★ 7 分钟
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published
Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor (因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000
square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the
foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the
Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern
California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead
author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. - 39 -
Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with
big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one
between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that
was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.
The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees
were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall,
air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt (融雪).
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have
been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which
reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
27.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
28.Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
29.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
30.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
Passage 21[2019 天津,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 生态系统与食物
网
356 ★★★ 8 分钟
How does an ecosystem(生态系统)work? What makes the populations of different species the way
they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built
mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most
food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动
物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator
lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links
because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species,
it can survive the extinction (灭绝) of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species
that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to
recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of
top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed
that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations
of other species — including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to
be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land,
we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological
balance. - 40 -
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system
would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or
would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists
say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point (临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them
to return.
46.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
47.A strong link is found between two species when a predator .
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
48.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
49.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
50.How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?
A. By getting illegal practices under control.
B. By stopping us from killing large predators.
C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
Passage 22[2018 浙江,B]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
议论文 塑料袋和可重复使用纸
袋
277 ★★★ 6 分钟
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider
that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall
off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s
jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree
branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台).
The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds,
plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not
as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers’ arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper
bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic
bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable
shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it
cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found
that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday
too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
24.What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
A. Help increase grocery sales.- 41 -
B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks.
D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.
25.What does the word "headwinds" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Bans on plastic bags.
B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.
D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.
B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags.
D. Producing them requires more energy.
27.What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither
B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away
D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
Passage 23[2018 北京,C]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 大蜡螟幼虫分解塑料垃
圾
342 ★★★ 7 分钟
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that
winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far
there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in
the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth
can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms
on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke
down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not
responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste (糊状物)and
applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13%of their mass — apparently broken
down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology
in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their
everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. "Wax is a complex mixture, but
the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well," she explains. "The wax
worm evolved a method or system to break this bond."
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the
study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with
previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn
says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself
or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break
down plastics in landfills. But she expects the use of the chemical in some kind of industrial process
— not simply "millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic."
43.What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44.According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . - 42 -
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
45.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future
46.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
Passage 24[2017 甲卷(全国Ⅱ),D]
体裁 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 植物如何进行自我保
护
289 ★★★ 7 分钟
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack
Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a
particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of
the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals
known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s
way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They
pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.
Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage
is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because
they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant
just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking
to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to "overhear" the cry. So information was exchanged,
but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲
密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32.What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises.
B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly.
D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33.What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally
D. help their neighbors when necessary- 43 -
35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before.
C. The world is more complex than it seems.
D. People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative.
【夯基础·考点练透答案速查】
Passage 1 ADD Passage 2 BBDC Passage 3 DABC
Passage 4 DCDA Passage 5 CBDA Passage 6 CACD
Passage 7 BBDC Passage 8 ACDA Passage 9 BCAC
Passage 10 BACD Passage 11 ADDB Passage 12 CDBA
Passage 13 CADD Passage 14 CCAB Passage 15 DBAB
Passage 16 DABB Passage 17 ACAB Passage 18 ADBC
Passage 19 DBAA Passage 20 BDAC Passage 21 CDAB
Passage 22 BAAC Passage 23 ABDA Passage 24 CADC
【提能力·素养提升答案速查】
Passage 1 CCD Passage 2 BCDD Passage 3 BADD
Passage 4 BBC Passage 5 DCCA Passage 6 BDCB
Passage 7 BCDA Passage 8 AAD Passage 9 BDCDC
Passage 10 ABCA Passage 11 ADAB Passage 12 ADBA
Passage 13 DCBD Passage 14 DABC Passage 15 CBAD
Passage 16 BDBCA Passage 17 ACBD Passage 18 CABD
Passage 19 BADC Passage 20 ADCA Passage 21 BCDAD
Passage 22 DADA Passage 23 CBDC Passage 24 DABC
题组 1 细节理解题
Passage 1
本文介绍了冬日出行可以去的四个地方——波多黎各圣胡安、墨西哥里维埃拉玛雅、美国新奥尔良和佛
罗里达清水湾。
1.A 考查细节理解。根据题干中的关键词 Puerto Rico 定位至文章第二段,结合该段中的"it has been one of
the easiest islands…since you won’t need any passes"可知,波多黎各之所以是一个游览起来不费力的旅行
目的地是因为那里不需要通行证,故 A 项正确。
2.D 考查细节理解。根据题干中的关键词 Riviera Maya 定位至文章第三段,结合该段中的"exploring these
natural cave pools filled with cool water"可知 D 项正确。- 44 -
3.D 考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"If you want to meet a real movie star"和"Here you can meet the
stars of Dolphin Tale and Dolphin Tale 2, Winter and Hope"可知,如果你是一个影迷,可以去佛罗里达清水湾,
故 D 项正确。
Passage 2
本文介绍了小场地足球培训课程的招生信息,包括招生对象、课程安排、培训费用、志愿服务等。
1.B 考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的"Parents are strongly encouraged to stay and support their
children and the club"和"The club is a volunteer-run organization"可知,该课程鼓励父母作为志愿者留下
来,帮助孩子和俱乐部,故 B 项正确。
2.B 考查数字计算。根据题干中的关键词"pay"定位至 Costs 部分,根据该部分内容可知,PeeWees 训练的费用
为每月 70 美元,通过网上报名参加可优惠 10%,故价格为 63 美元,故 B 项正确。
3.D 考查细节理解。根据 Costs 部分中的"The cost is $70 per month for Tykes and PeeWees"可知,Tykes
和 PeeWees 的收费标准是一样的,故 D 项正确。
4.C 考查文章出处。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了小场地足球培训课程的招生信息;据此可推知,本文最有可
能刊登在报纸的广告信息处,故 C 项正确。
Passage 3
文章主要介绍了电视剧《长安十二时辰》的主要情节、吸引点以及创新之处。
【词语积累】 star v.由……担任主角 sentence n.& v.判决
man 常用义:n. 男人 文章义:v.操纵
1.D 考查细节理解。根据第二段的后两句"The leading character Zhang Xiaojing…and protect Chang’an"
可知,在张小敬被处决之前,他被任命去阻止一个叫作"狼卫"的、被怀疑是恐怖分子的组织,并保护长安。故选
D。
2.A 考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句"To give viewers the feeling that they are traveling in the
city,the show’s director Cao Dun has been making use of single shot scenes…in Chang’an"可知,为了给观
众一种身临其境的感觉,该剧导演曹盾用单镜头展示了长安元宵节期间拥挤的集市是什么样子的。故选 A。
3.B 考查细节理解。根据最后一段倒数第二句中的"‘bu liang ren’are specialists trained to catch evil
guys"可知,"不良人"是抓坏人的专家。故选 B。
4.C 考查段落大意。根据最后一段中的"even came up with""Another innovation"并结合最后一段的内容可
知,本段主要讲的是该部电视剧所做的一些创新之处。 故选 C。
Passage 4
研究人员从飞蛾的眼睛构造中得到启示,研制了防反射手机屏。
【词语积累】 compensate v. 补偿,抵消 alternative n. 可供选择的事物
uneven adj. 不平坦的 readability n. 可读性,易于识读性
commercialize v. 商业化 bendy adj. 易弯曲的
1.D 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Speaking of the brightened screen, the other problem is that it
kills the battery. So Wu and his colleagues have produced a battery-sparing alternative: an
anti-reflective screen coating"可知,研究人员研制防反射手机屏是为了减少手机电池的使用。
2.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"an anti-reflective screen coating, based on the eyes of moths"
并结合该段其他内容可知,飞蛾的眼睛启发研究人员研制了防反射屏。
3.D 考查细节理解。根据第二段倒数第四句中的"That uneven surface reduces the reflection of light
off their eyes"以及倒数第三句中的"So Wu and his team built a similar surface with tiny dimples(小
凹)"可知,这种屏幕通过其凹凸不平的表面来减少光的反射。
4.A 考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"which gives researchers time to... they’re flexible, meaning
the possibility of bendable displays"可知,研究人员期望这款屏幕能够变形。
Passage 5
研究发现,每晚睡眠少于六小时很有可能会导致早逝,且睡眠时间太长也可能导致早逝;每晚睡六到八个小
时对健康有益。
【词语积累】 contradict v. 反驳,驳斥;相矛盾
underlying adj. 潜在的;根本的
represent v.意味着;代表 consistently adv.持续地;始终如一地
measure n.措施;方法 favourable adj. 有利的;有助于……的
point out 指出 be associated with 与……有关
1.C 考查细节理解。根据文章内容可知,沃里克大学的研究人员发现,6 到 8 小时的睡眠对人来说可能是合适的,
故选 C。
2.B 考查推理判断。根据第四段的内容,尤其是"Modern society has seen a gradual reduction ...from
longer working hours"可知,现代社会人们的平均睡眠时间逐渐减少,这种情况在全职工作者中更为普遍,这表明
这可能是较长工作时间带来的压力所致。由此可推知,Francesco Cappuccio 最有可能赞同"现代人睡眠少是因
为他们工作时间长"这一说法,故选 B。- 45 -
3.D 考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"However, whether to achieve the goal ... favourable changes of
the working environments"可知,工作环境的有利变化可以帮助人们拥有适当的睡眠,故选 D。
4.A 考查标题判断。根据全文内容可知,沃里克大学的研究人员发现,每天睡眠不足六小时有可能会导致早逝,
且睡眠时间过长也有可能导致早逝,每天持续六到八个小时的睡眠对健康有益,故 A 项最适合作本文标题。
Passage 6
文章介绍了 Street Kids International 与它在非洲、拉丁美洲和印度的合作组织一同为帮助流浪儿童所
做的事情。
1.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段的内容,尤其是"develop opportunities for street children to earn money"
可知,SKI 通过为流浪儿童创造赚钱的机会来帮助他们, 故选 C 项。
2.A 考查细节理解。根据题干中的关键词 shoeshine boxes 定位至文章第三段,根据该段第四、五句可知,在多
米尼加共和国,流浪儿童可以借钱买擦鞋箱。 故选 A 项。
3.C 考查词义猜测。根据画线词后的"such as bicycles, shoeshine kits and basic building materials"
可知,此处表示小额贷款首先用于购买流浪儿童赚钱所用的固定资产。equipment"设备,器材"与其含义接近,故
选 C。
【解题技巧】 根据画线词所在句举的例子来猜测词义是解答词义猜测题的一种方法,恰当的举例能够为猜测
生词词义提供重要的线索。文中常用 such as, for example, for instance, like 等引出例子,考生可以根据例子
来猜测画线词的词义。本题就利用了 such as 后所举的例子推断出 assets 表示的含义。
4.D 考查推理判断。根据尾段中的"And all SKI programs have charged interest on the loans. Generally
the rates have been lower than bank rates"可知,所有的 SKI 项目都对贷款收取利息,通常利率比银行利率
低,据此可推知,孩子们要还的钱稍多于借到的钱,故选 D。
题组 2 主旨大意题
Passage 7
科学家和环保组织担心席卷亚马孙雨林的火灾将加剧气候变化危机,威胁生物多样性。2019 年,位于巴
西的部分亚马孙雨林火灾数量显著增加。
【词语积累】 sweep v. 席卷,横扫 threaten v.危及
overwhelming adj.压倒性的,无法抗拒的
in the midst of sth./of doing sth. 当某事发生时,在某人做某事时
1.B 考查词义猜测。根据第二段第三、四句可知,大片的热带雨林在世界生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,因为
它们吸收热量,而没让热量被反射回大气中;热带雨林还储存二氧化碳并制造氧气,以确保更少的二氧化碳被释
放。由此可知,热带雨林能够减轻气候变化带来的影响。故可推知画线词的含义与"relieving"的含义接近,故
选 B。
2.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段中 Thomas 所说的话"Any destroyed forest is a threat to biodiversity
and people"以及 António 所说的话"In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more
damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity"可知,Thomas 认为任何森林的破坏对生物多样性和
人们都是一种威胁,António 认为在全球气候危机的情况下,我们承担不起氧气和生物多样性的主要来源(即亚
马孙雨林)被更多破坏的后果。由此可推知,两人意在表明,雨林的火灾导致了严重的后果。故选 B。
【干扰项分析】 根据上述分析可知,两人并没有强调生物多样性成就了雨林的独特性,故 A 项表述错误。
3.D 考查推理判断。根据第四段第一句中的"the number of forest fires in Brazil quickly increased"
和第三句中的"the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest have decreased by between 20 and
30 percent"可推知,第四段列举数字是为了说明,由于森林火灾的影响,亚马孙雨林的面积减少了一些。故选 D。
4.C 考查主旨大意。文章第一段为文章的总述部分,表明今年席卷亚马孙雨林的火灾将加剧气候变化危机,威
胁生物多样性;第二至第五段介绍了亚马孙雨林的火灾对生物多样性以及森林面积等的影响,其中第四段又突
出强调亚马孙雨林的火灾数量显著增加。由此可知 C 项符合题意。
Passage 8
巴塞罗那全球健康研究所的一项研究发现,居住在更环保的社区的中老年人患新陈代谢综合征的风险降
低,本文介绍了该项研究的相关内容。
【词语积累】 symptom n.症状 collectively adv.集体地
principal adj.主要的 subject n.接受试验者
differ from 不同于……;区别于……
1.A 考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句中的"A study has found that middle-aged and older adults"可知,这
是一项关于中老年人的研究, 并不包括年轻人,故选 A。
2.C 考查词义猜测。前一句表明,这项研究调查了 6 000 多名 45 到 69 岁的英国成年人的临床检查数据,画线词
所在句表明从 1997 年到 2013 年的四次检查中,参与者接受了血液分析、血压和体重测量等检查。由此可推知,
这是数据的来源,故画线词与 C 项含义相近,故选 C。
3.D 考查细节理解。根据尾段的第一句以及第二句中的"Women tend to spend more time…this gender
difference"可知,接受试验的女性比男性更有可能表现出生活在更环保的社区和有较少新陈代谢症状之间的
联系,因为她们往往花费更多时间在她们的住宅区,故选 D。 - 46 -
4.A 考查标题判断。根据第一段中的"A study…who live in greener neighborhoods have a decreased risk
of developing metabolic syndrome(新陈代谢综合征)"以及下文对该研究的相关介绍可知,A 项最适合作本文标
题。
【干扰项分析】 此题易误选 B 项。受文中尾段内容的影响,部分考生错误地认为选项 B 正确。注意 B 项表述
的内容仅仅是文中的一部分,而不是整篇文章的主旨,故排除。
Passage 9
数个世纪以来,只有少数普通人为科学作出了贡献,但科技的进步已经为科学带来了更高水平的民主化,科
学是任何人都能参与的,每个人都有可能成为科学家。
【词语积累】 fit v. 符合 astronomer n. 天文学家
collective adj. 集体的,共有的,共同的 graph n. 图表
investigation n. 科学研究 inquiry n. 探究
1.B 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"only a few ordinary people…to science"可知,科技的进步为科学带
来了更高水平的民主化,从而使普通人也能参与科学研究,促成了公民科学家的出现,故选 B。
2.C 考查细节理解。根据第四段最后一句"And that’s good, because people who do that notice the unusual
things in a data set"可知,在模式识别方面,人类与机器相比,人类的优势在于其能够注意到一些不寻常的东西,
故 C 项正确。
3.A 考查观点态度。第三段中 Lintott 说任何人都能参与科学,第四段中他说公民科学家有自身的优势,再结
合尾段中他说的话"People think that we’re intelligent, but science is easy and we need your help"
可推知,Lintott 支持公民科学,故选 A。
4.C 考查标题判断。第一段以澳大利亚汽车修理工 Andrew Grey 成为公民科学家引入话题,接着又讲到天体物
理学家 Chris Lintott 和 Sheila Jasanoff 对公民科学的看法,并结合倒数第二段中的"scientists still
welcome help from ordinary people"可知,本文主要肯定了公民科学家,表达了任何人都可能成为科学家的观
点,故 C 项最适合作本文的标题。
Passage 10
南昌建成了一个 VR 游乐场,与传统的游乐场相比,该游乐场占地面积更小,建造所需时间更短,游客利用虚
拟现实技术能体验各种精彩的项目。
【词语积累】 take up 占用,占据 a variety of 各种各样的
front 常用义:n.前面,正面 文章义:n.活动领域
1.B 考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中的"Compared with a traditional theme park, this VR theme park
takes up smaller space and much less time to build"可知,与传统的主题公园相比,这个 VR 主题公园占地
面积更小,建造时间更短,故 B 项正确。
2.A 考查段落大意。第三段的第三句"What we want to do with virtual reality is to experience things
in and beyond reality, but in fact the VR we can experience right now has a lot of limits"为该段
的主题句,再结合全段内容可知,该段主要介绍了当前 VR 技术的局限性,故 A 项正确。
3.C 考查细节理解。根据尾段第一、二句"For now, one of its main uses is in professional training. For
example, for pilots in a Boeing VR simulator(模拟器), a real touchable interface is combined with
a virtual world outside"可知,目前能借助 VR 技术在模拟器中培训飞行员,故 C 项正确。
4.D 考查标题判断。本文的主题句为第二段第一句"Compared with a traditional theme park, this VR theme
park takes up smaller space and much less time to build, but it brings visitors the similar playing
experience",再结合全文内容可知,本文主要介绍了南昌 VR 主题游乐场给人们带来的新的体验,故 D 项最适合
作本文的标题。
Passage 11
新西兰奥克兰的一些小学生成为世界上第一批由数字化老师"教"的孩子。数字化老师 Will 能和学生互动,
吸引学生的注意力。
【词语积累】 capture v.引起,夺得,捕获 model sth.on/after sth.模仿;仿照
assign sb. to do sth.指派某人做某事 pick sth. up 发现,注意到;学会;收拾,整理
in place 在工作,准备就绪;在正确位置,准备妥当
novel 常用义:n.小说 文章义:adj.新颖的,新奇的
1.A 考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句"They became the world’s first kids to be ‘taught’ by a digital
teacher"可知,他们成为世界上第一批由数字化老师"教"的孩子。由此可知,对奥克兰的一些小学生来说,其特别
之处在于有一位数字化老师"教"他们。故选 A。
2.D 考查细节理解。根据第三段尾句"This two-way interaction not only helps attract the students’
attention ... and make changes if needed"可知,这种双向的互动不仅有助于吸引学生的注意力,还允许该程序
的开发人员监视他们的参与度,并在需要时做出改变。由此可知,这种双向互动的好处就在于其可以在必要的情
况下做出改变。故选 D。
【干扰项分析】 根据第三段第二、三句"Thanks to a webcam and microphone...For instance, if a student
smiles at Will, he responds by smiling back"可知,多亏了网络摄像头和麦克风,Will 不仅能回答孩子们可- 47 -
能提出的问题,还能获得非语言的暗示,如可以微笑回应孩子们对它的微笑。这些都是上课时交流的方式与内容,
而不是这种交流的好处,故 A、B 两项错误。
3.D 考查推理判断。根据最后一段尾句"However, regardless of how popular it becomes, Will is unlikely
to replace human educators any time soon"可知,作者认为无论它变得多么受欢迎,Will 都不大可能在短期内取
代人类教育工作者。由此可推知,D 项符合题意。
4.B 考查标题判断。本文为新闻报道类文章,第一段交代了文章的中心,即世界上第一个数字化老师走进课堂"
教"孩子们,文章后面的段落围绕这个中心交代了具体的上课内容、交流方式及对这种授课方式的看法。故 B 项
最适合作本文标题。
【干扰项分析】 A 项的表述太宽泛,故排除;综观全文可知,本文主要讲述了世界上第一位数字化老师 Will 走
进课堂的相关情况,未突出它对学生的帮助,故 C 项不符合题意。
Passage 12
俗话说,不要以貌取人。我们也不应该以年龄来评价电影明星。21 岁的艾丽·范宁成为戛纳电影节历史上
最年轻的评审团成员。凭借丰富的表演经验和对艺术的热爱,范宁无疑能够在戛纳电影节上"代表电影界的一
个新阶层"。
1.C 考查词义猜测。根据第三段第一句可知,范宁当选为戛纳电影节评审团成员招致了一些人的批评,他们认
为范宁与业内其他资深人士相比过于年轻;据此可推知,画线词意为"经验丰富的人,老手",故 C 项正确。
2.D 考查细节理解。根据第五段第一句"In her latest movie Teen Spirit…Fanning plays a pop singer"
可知,D 项正确。
3.B 考查推理判断。根据第五段叙述的无唱歌经验的范宁为扮演一位流行音乐歌手所做的努力和尾段中的
"With such rich acting experience and devotion to her art"可推知,作者认为范宁是一位对工作全心全意的
演员,故 B 项正确。
4.A 考查主旨大意。根据第二段第一句"At just 21,Elle Fanning made history by becoming the youngest
jury(评审团)member at the Cannes Film Festival"并结合文章其他内容可知,本文主要讲述了 21 岁的艾
丽·范宁成为戛纳电影节历史上最年轻的评审团成员,并介绍了她的演艺经历,故 A 项正确。
题组 3 推理判断题
Passage 13
本文讲述了作者 13 岁时还不会诵读,遇到了老师 Creech 后,在老师的鼓励和帮助下学会了诵读。成年后,
作者再次遇到了这位老师,作者希望老师继续鼓励有类似情况的学生。
1.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中的"I couldn’t read"并结合第一段第二、三句可知,作者想躲藏是
因为他不会诵读,故选 C 项。
【易错点拨】 由于受到第一段中的"I already hated being who I was"的影响,部分考生易误选 B 项。注意
此处表述的并不是讨厌被嘲笑。
2.A 考查推理判断。根据第二段倒数第二句中的"Mr.Creech encouraged me and promised he would try his
best to help me learn to read"可推知,Creech 老师是一个体贴的、尽职的人。
3.D 考查推理判断。根据第一段第二句中的"I wasn’t there to learn to write,read or even speak"和最后
一段尾句中的"a lack of desire for education"可推知,作者在遇到 Creech 老师之前不会诵读是因为缺乏学
习诵读的内在动力, 故选 D 项。
4.D 考查推理判断。根据第二段 Creech 老师对作者的帮助和第三、四段作者成年后再次遇到老师的反应可
推知,作者非常感激 Creech 老师。故选 D 项。
【干扰项分析】 B 项内容与原文细节信息一致,不属于推理判断得出的内容,故排除;根据最后一段可知,其实
作者之前不会诵读不是因为他有诵读困难症,而是因为他缺乏对教育的渴望,故排除 C 项。
【技巧点拨】 解答推理判断题要求考生以文字信息为依据。对于深层次推理判断题,不仅要结合原文字面意
思,更要注意字里行间所体现的意义。读者主观臆断的内容或文章已经提供的事实不属于推理判断得出的结论。
如第 4 题,文中并没有提到表示感激的语言,但是从作者遇到老师后的表现可知,作者很感激老师的帮助。
Passage 14
我们总是担心自己不够完美,做不好事情时便给自己贴上"不够好"的标签。其实,过度追求完美不仅影响身
心健康,还会造成很多问题,我们注定不完美,我们不必努力争取实现不可能的目标。
【词语积累】 spotlight n. 聚光灯 internal adj. 内部的;国内的
incompetent adj.无能力的,不胜任的 unrealistic adj.不现实的
overstate v.夸大,夸张 adaptable adj.适应性强的
weigh sb. down 使某人烦恼/焦虑
1.C 考查文章出处。通读全文可知,本文是一篇议论文,主要观点是:过度追求完美不仅影响身心健康,还会造成
很多问题,因此我们不必追求完美。据此可推知,本文最有可能摘自杂志,故 C 项正确。
2.C 考查推理判断。根据第四段第一句中的"The attempt to be perfect is called perfectionism"可推知,"
没有最好,只有更好"是典型的完美主义者的观点,故 C 项正确。A 项意为"不要吝惜赞美",B 项意为"没有人是完
美的",D 项意为"知足常乐",均不属于完美主义者的观点,故排除。- 48 -
3.A 考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"In a society that overstates mistakes, is it any wonder that so
many young people attempt the impossible task of being perfect?"可知,在这个夸大错误的社会里,有那
么多的年轻人尝试变得完美这一不可能完成的任务是不足为奇的;据此可推知,社会应当对完美主义承担一定
的责任,故 A 项正确。
4.B 考查观点态度。根据尾段内容尤其是第二句"It’s our imperfections that make life interesting...
person"可推知,作者认为不完美是我们人生的一部分,故 B 项正确。
Passage 15
一项新的研究表明,养育孩子对科学、技术、工程以及数学领域的专业人士有很大的影响。这些领域的很
多专业人士,尤其是女性因为养育孩子而不再从事本领域的工作,或转为做兼职工作或不再工作。因此,研究者
希望该研究结果能促进变革,如政府和雇主给更多的带薪育儿假、政策更支持弹性工作时间。
1.D 考查推理判断。根据第一段第一句"Just ask any new parent:Adding a baby to a household can also
add stress to a career",并结合常识和该段的其他内容可知,养育孩子增加了科学、技术、工程以及数学领域
的专业人士的压力,从而可推知,由于家庭和工作的重担,他们被迫换工作,故 D 项正确。
2.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段第二句"She hopes that the findings might promote changes, such as more
paid parental leave from both the government and employers and policies that better support flexible
working time without a tight routine"可知,Erin Cech 希望这些研究结果能促进变革,比如政府和雇主给更
多的带薪育儿假、政策更支持弹性工作时间而没有很紧的日程安排。据此可推知,Erin Cech 支持提高在科学、
技术、工程以及数学领域工作的父母的福利,故 B 项正确。
3.A 考查细节理解。根据尾段倒数第二句中的"For the new parents across all fields, 16% of women were
working part-time and 15% had left the workforce"可知,对所有领域的新父母来说,16%的女性从事兼职工
作,15%的女性已经离开了工作岗位;据此可知,2018 年 69%的新生儿母亲从事全职工作,故 A 项正确。
4.B 考查推理判断。根据尾段最后两句可知,对所有领域的新父母来说,16%的女性从事兼职工作,15%的女性已
经离开了工作岗位;对男性来说,这些比例分别只有 2%和 3%;这些明显的差异表明,尽管新生儿父亲的减少率高
于预期,但新生儿母亲仍然面临着特别的职业挑战。据此可推知,作者列举这些明显的差异旨在强调新生儿母亲
很难平衡工作和家庭。故 B 项正确。
Passage 16
特拉维夫大学的研究人员使用病人自己的细胞和生物材料 3D 打印出了世界上第一颗有血管的心脏,这是
一项重大的医学突破。
【熟词生义】 culture 常用义:n.文化 文章义:v.培养
1.D 考查推理判断。根据第二段倒数第二句 Dvir 教授所说的话"People managed to 3D-print the structure
of a heart in the past, but not with cells or with blood vessels"可知,在过去,人们设法 3D 打印出了心脏的
结构,但没有细胞和血管。据此可推知,Dvir 教授认为早期 3D 打印的心脏很简单,故 D 项正确。
【易错点拨】 该题考生容易错选 C 项,错选的原因是忽略了题干中的"early"一词,误以为问的是当前 3D 打
印心脏的特点。考生在答题时应当仔细阅读题干。
2.A 考查细节理解。根据第四段 Dvir 教授所说的话"The researchers are now planning on culturing the
printed hearts in the lab and ‘teaching them to behave’ like hearts"可知,研究人员目前正计划在实验室
中培养这些打印出来的心脏,并"教它们像心脏一样运动",据此可知,最新的 3D 打印心脏可以在实验室中培养,
故 A 项正确。
【干扰项分析】 文中未提到 B 项的内容,故排除选项 B;根据第四段第二句可知,这种 3D 打印心脏计划移植到
动物身上,而不是已经移植到动物身上,故 C 项错误;根据本文尾句可知,器官打印机可能十年后会在世界上一些
最好的医院使用,而不是已经在医院广泛使用,故 D 项错误。
3.B 考查观点态度。根据最后一段中 Dvir 教授所说的话"Maybe, in ten years, there will be organ printers
in the finest hospitals around the world, and these procedures will be conducted routinely"可知,可能在
十年后,世界上一些最好的医院将会有器官打印机;据此可推知,Dvir 教授对打印心脏的发展持乐观的态度,故 B
项正确。
4.B 考查写作意图。根据文章第一段第一句并结合全文内容可知,文章主要介绍了一项医学突破:特拉维夫大
学的研究人员利用病人自己的细胞和生物材料 3D 打印出了世界上第一颗有血管的心脏。故 B 项正确。
Passage 17
随着科技的发展,我们将步入 5G 时代。5G 网络速度更快,使用起来也更加方便,但并不是每个人对 5G 的发
展都感到兴奋。由于 5G 的传输频率更高,所以需要安装更多的收发器。目前 5G 的超高速覆盖只能在像纽约、
旧金山这样人口密集的城市适用,而在郊区和农村地区,5G 的增速是有限的。
【词语积累】 enormous adj.巨大的,庞大的 postpone v.延迟
underused adj.未充分利用的
1.A 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的" 5G,of course, is much faster … will enjoy Internet speeds between
9 and 20 times as fast" "offer cheap,truly unlimited Internet acces"可知,5G 更快、更方便,故选 A
项。- 49 -
2.C 考查推理判断。根据第三段中 Hanna 的话"However, not everyone is excited by the 5G development"
"That’s a big,juicy line…hard to use"可知,并不是每个人对 5G 的发展都感到兴奋,它所需要的毫米波很难
利用,由此可推知,Hanna 的话反映出人们对 5G 发展的担心,故选 C 项。
3.A 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Cell carriers not only will have to upgrade all their cell
transceivers, but will install(安装) a lot more of them as well"可知,手机运营商不仅要升级所有的收
发器,而且还要安装更多的收发器。故选 A 项。
4.B 考查文章出处。通读全文可知,本文介绍了 5G 的相关内容,故本文最有可能摘自科技报。故选 B 项。
Passage 18
作者通过自己出门忘记带手机的经历引出"无手机恐惧症"这一话题,并得出了没有手机打扰也很不错的
感悟。
【词语积累】 on edge 紧张不安 catch-up 叙旧
on purpose 有意地,故意
1.A 考查词义猜测。根据第二段第二句"I’m sure I’m not alone in feeling anxious, on edge and worried
when I don’t have my phone with me"可知,当手机不在身边时,作者感到焦虑、紧张不安和担忧,并结合画线
词所在句可知,画线词表示不能用手机联系的恐惧,故选 A。
2.D 考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段第一句可知,大约 20 年前,唯一带着手机的人是商人,他们拿着他们巨大的
塑料"砖头",由此可推知,大约 20 年前的手机使用起来不方便,故选 D。
3.B 考查观点态度。根据文章尾段可知,作者认为不带手机使自己感到异常解脱;下次作者可能会故意把手机
留在家里。由此可推知,作者对不带手机的经历持赞同的态度,故选 B。
【解题技巧】 在解答观点态度题时,考生要充分利用文章所提供的相关信息,从已知推测未知。如尾段中的
"Not having it with me felt strangely liberating"就表明了作者的态度。所有的命题都是建立在文章的
基础上的,要根据文章的内容进行推断,切不可用自己的观点取代作者的原意。
4.C 考查标题判断。根据尾段"Not having it with me… next time"并结合文章其他内容可知,作者通过自己的
经历介绍"无手机恐惧症"这一话题并得出了不带手机也不错的感悟,故 C 项最适合作本文的标题。
题组 4 词义猜测题
Passage 19
Laura Sides 在读大学期间,父亲患上了阿尔茨海默病,她离开学校照料父亲直到他去世;后来她得知自己在
十年内也会患上同样的病。她挣扎之后便振作了起来,决定参加马拉松比赛,并且进行阿尔茨海默病方面的对话,
鼓励人们更加公开地谈论这种病。
1.D 考查细节理解。根据文章第一段最后两句"Then, I came home for my 21st birthday…That’s when I
knew something serious had happened"可知,Laura 的父亲忘记参加女儿的 21 岁生日会,在那时 Laura 意识到
父亲已患病,故选 D。
2.B 考查词义猜测。根据上文中的"there was a fifty-fifty chance that she had inherited it"可知,医
生告知 Laura,她有百分之五十患病的概率,并结合画线词所在句中的"whether to be tested"可推知,此处表示
Laura 几年来苦苦思索是否去检查一下,与 B 项词义接近。
【技巧点拨】 词义猜测题主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、短语或句子
的含义的能力,而它们往往都超出考纲范围,但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。解题依据主要有:(1)利用针对性
的解释,如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等;(2)利用标点符号,如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括
号中的内容;(3)利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等;(4)根据构词法,如派生法(加前缀或后缀)、合成
法等;(5)根据内文逻辑关系,如并列、对比、因果关系等。
3.A 考查细节理解。根据题干中的关键词 open talk 定位到文章的最后一段。根据该段首句"She hoped to
start the conversation around early-onset Alzheimer’s disease and to encourage people to talk about
it more openly"可知,作者公开谈论阿尔茨海默病是为了鼓励人们公开谈论此病,故答案是 A。
4.A 考查推理判断。通读全文内容可知,Laura 在得知父亲患阿尔茨海默病后离开学校照料他直至他去世,后来
得知自己也会得阿尔茨海默病,挣扎后便振作起来,先是决定参加马拉松比赛,接着围绕这种病进行对话,鼓励人
们更加公开地谈论它。由此可推知,作者是一个关心他人又积极向上的人,故选 A。
Passage 20
本文主要讲述了一位普通的芝加哥女士受到她丈夫的经历的触动,为防止流落街头的无家可归者被冻死,
决定为他们订旅馆的房间。她的无私善举传遍全国。
【长难句解读】 Based on his experience, Payne knew that the homeless people still living on the
street desperately needed help and that if she didn’t step up to help, no one likely would.
分析:该句为主从复合句。句中"that the homeless people still out on the street desperately needed
help" "that if she didn’t step up to help, no one likely would"为 that 引导的两个宾语从句,作及物
动词 knew 的宾语;其中第二个宾语从句中的"if she didn’t step up to help"为 if 引导的条件状语从句。
译文:根据他的经历,Payne 知道(那些)仍然流落街头的无家可归的人迫切需要帮助,如果她不站出来帮助
(他们),没有人可能会帮助(他们)。- 50 -
1.B 考查代词指代。根据第一段尾句"Recently, homeless people across Chicago faced freezing to death
if they couldn’t find shelter for the night"可知,最近,芝加哥各地的无家可归者如果找不到过夜的地方,就
会被冻死。结合画线词所在句可知,幸好,一位当地的女士拒绝让此发生。据此可推知,画线词 that 指代"The
homeless freezing to death"。故 B 项正确。
2.D 考查细节理解。根据第三段尾句"Finally, she decided to see if there were any rooms available at
local inns and hotels that she could get to help those stuck on the street"可知,Candice Payne 最
终决定为这些无家可归者订旅馆的房间以免他们被冻死,故 D 项正确。
3.A 考查细节理解。根据第四段第二、三句"According to Payne, her husband, Carlos Callahan, had lived
on the street at one point in his life. Based on his experience, Payne knew that the homeless people
still living on the street desperately needed help and that if she didn’t step up to help, no one
likely would"可知,由于受到她丈夫无家可归的经历的触动,她决定帮助这些无家可归的人,故 A 项正确。
4.C 考查标题判断。根据第二段第一句"Thankfully, one local woman refused to let that happen"和尾段 Payne
所说的话,再结合全文其他内容可知,本文主要讲述了一位普通的芝加哥女士受到她丈夫的经历的触动,为防止
流落街头的无家可归者被冻死,决定为他们订旅馆的房间;她的无私善举传遍全国。故 C 项"一位普通女士的影
响"最适合作本文的标题。
Passage 21
Z 一代是指在 1995 年和 2010 年之间出生的人,这一代人在消费方面比较理智。他们比我们想象中更理性、
务实,他们对未来有清晰的设想。
1.C 考查指代关系。根据第一段第二、三句可知,社会更关注与年轻人相关的负面情况,通常,年轻人被认为是
懒散的、难相处的。 结合画线部分所在句可知,此处表述这种刻板印象不再适用于 Z 一代。故画线部分指的是
上文提到的人们对年轻人的传统的、糟糕的印象,故选 C。
2.D 考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容,尤其是"Gen Zers are less likely to buy on impulse…They’re
looking at the companies, not just the products"可知,Z 一代不太可能冲动购物,他们会更多地考虑产品的真
正价值,由此可推知,Z 一代在购物时是明智的,故正确答案为 D。
3.A 考查推理判断。根据题干中的关键词 D.Steve Boland 定位到文章第五段,根据该段内容可知,D.Steve
Boland 认为尽管 Z 一代很年轻,但这代人务实且积极规划他们的未来,他们有清晰的设想并愿意努力去实现它。
由此可推知,D.Steve Boland 对 Z 一代持赞同的态度,故正确答案为 A。
4.B 考查推理判断。根据文章倒数第三段可知,Z 一代会积极规划他们的未来并愿意努力去实现自己的设想,由
此可知,他们是有远见的;又根据倒数第二段的内容,尤其是第一句"Social issues are also…of the world"可
知,社会问题也是 Z 一代关注的中心,并且他们认为自己是改变世界的力量,由此可推知 Z 一代是有责任感的。故
正确答案为 B。C 项意为"执着且务实的",文中体现了 Z 一代是务实的,但没有相关信息表明他们是执着的,故排
除。
Passage 22
自动驾驶汽车一直被推崇,人们希望这些汽车通过比人类驾驶汽车更少地带来伤亡和撞车来挽救生命,但
是目前大多数人类司机和自动化汽车之间的比较是不公平的,我们应该综合考虑各种因素,确保收集的数据的
可比较性,从而公正地评价自动驾驶汽车。
【熟词生义】 back 常用义:n.背部 文章义:v.支持
good 常用义:adj.好的 文章义:n.益处
1.B 考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句及第二段第一、二句的内容可知,人类驾驶汽车和自动驾驶汽车的碰撞
事故的数据收集情况不同,不能公平比较,故选 B。
2.A 考查词义猜测。根据下文中的"rather than thinking ahead to possible events literally down the
road"并结合画线词所在句可知,自动驾驶汽车没有预见能力来避免潜在的危险。由此可推知,画线词意为"危险
"。
3.A 考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句"It is true that self-driving cars don’t get
tired,angry,frustrated or drunk" 可推知,在驾驶稳定性方面,自动驾驶汽车胜过人类驾驶汽车,故选 A。
4.C 考查写作意图。根据最后一段中的"To fairly evaluate driverless cars…actually provide a true
comparison"并结合文章其他内容可知,作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁人们对自动驾驶汽车作出准确的评价。
Passage 23
本文主要介绍了同理心的含义以及父母如何教孩子们有同理心。
【词语积累】 subsequently adv. 后来,随后 in short supply 供应短缺
be gifted with sth. 具有…… be anchored in sth. 基于……,扎根于
1.A 考查细节理解。根据第一段最后两句可知, 在一个强调自我满足的世界里,同理心稀缺,这使人们更有理由
教会下一代人有同理心。
2.B 考查推理判断。根据第二段最后两句可知,(有)同理心是指不仅能够觉察他人的感受,而且能重视并尊重别
人的感受,即体贴、尊敬、理解他人。结合选项可推知,学生考试不及格时老师可用同理心给予安慰。
3.D 考查句意理解。根据画线句前一句中的"they are secure enough to give something to others when
the need arises but first they need to receive something"可知,画线句的意思是孩子们施以同理心的条
件是首先满足自己的情感需求。- 51 -
4.A 考查标题判断。根据第一段的话题导入、尾句点题以及其他段落的主题句可推知,本文主要介绍了同理心
的含义以及如何培养孩子们有同理心。
Passage 24
避免诱惑是保持意志力的有效方法。研究人员认为一个人的意志力不会完全耗尽,人们似乎保存了一些意
志力,以备将来之需;正确的动机能让我们利用这些储备,让我们在自控力衰减的时候也能坚持下去,且有规律的
训练也能让我们增强意志力。
【词语积累】 tap into sth.利用,开发 run sth.down 使衰减;使耗尽能量,使停止工作
draw on/upon sth.凭借,利用,动用
1.C 考查细节理解。根据第三段第四、五句"Researchers don’t believe that one’s willpower is ever
completely exhausted ... saved for future demands"可知,研究人员认为一个人的意志力不会完全耗尽,更
确切地说,人们似乎保存了一些意志力,以备将来之需。故选 C。
【干扰项分析】 根据第三段第一句中的"The research suggesting that we possess a limited
reservoir(储备) of self-control"可知,人的自我控制能力并不是没有限制的,故 A 项错误。
2.A 考查词义猜测。根据该句后半句"allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has
been run down"可知,正确的动机能让我们在自控力衰减的时候也能坚持下去,而之所以这样,是因为人们可以利
用前一句中提到的"意志力储备"(some willpower in reserve),画线短语在此处表示利用,故 A 项符合题意。
3.D 考查推理判断。根据第四段倒数第一、二句可知,虽然肌肉在短期内会因锻炼而疲劳,但长期有规律的锻
炼可以增强肌肉;同样,有规律的自控训练可以提高意志力。由此可推知,作者将自控能力比作肌肉是为了说明进
行自控训练的好处。故选 D。
4.C 考查推理判断。根据第五段第二、四句可知,在一个领域筋疲力尽会降低在其他领域的意志力,所以一次
专注于一个目标更明智。由此可推知,为了养成一个好习惯,作者更喜欢 C 项描述的情境。
题组 1 文学、艺术与文化
Passage 1
本文介绍了 Jo Usmar 最喜欢的四本书。
21.C 考查代词指代。由标题 MyFavouriteBooks 以及第一段内容可知,文章是以 JoUsmar 的口吻进行写作的。
故选 C。
22.C 考查细节理解。根据 After Dark 部分中的"It’s about two sisters — Eri,a model who either won’t
or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student"可知答案为 C。
23.D 考查细节理解。根据 Gone Girl 部分中的"but the horror story is brilliant"可知答案为 D。
Passage 2
本文主要介绍了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中弘扬中国传统文化,最终荣获有"建筑学界诺贝尔奖"之
称的普利兹克建筑奖。
28.B 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker
Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February
28" 可知,中国 49 岁的建筑设计师王澍获得了 2012 年普利兹克建筑奖,即他的作品赢得了国际的认同和肯定,从
而可推断中国的建筑设计师获得了国际认可,故选 B。A 项曲解文意:王澍获奖并不意味着中国的建筑设计师正
紧跟世界最新潮流;C 项和 D 项均属无中生有。
29.C 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"The style of the campus is quite different from that of most
Chinese universities"和 "The curves(曲线)of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of
hills, forming a unique view"可知,杭州香山学院的建筑风格与中国大多数大学的校园建筑风格有很大差异,
建筑曲线与山峦的起伏完美搭配,形成了独特的风景。故选 C。A 项 "Its hilly environment"(丘陵环境)曲解
文意;B 项和 D 项属无中生有。
30.D 考查细节理解。根据第五段中的"This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture
of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素)"可知,王澍的作品之所以引起了广泛的关注,是因为他在
作品中将现代和传统的中国元素进行了融合,构成了传统与现代(即新与旧)的和谐,故选 D。
31.D 考查细节理解。根据最后一段可知,对传统的研究应该与实践联系起来,否则它的再创造就会是不自然的、
空洞的。故选 D。A 项"Spread them to the world"属无中生有;B 项"Preserve them at museums"与第七段内
容不符;文章以大学校园为例说明王澍如何在建筑中体现中国传统,他并未建议在大学里教授中国传统,故 C 项
错误。
Passage 3
本文主要介绍中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
24.B 考查细节理解。根据第三段最后一句中的"The exhibition had record attendance"可知,这次在纽约的
展览拥有破纪录的出席人数,故选 B。
25.A 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns
that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of
fashion — they are central to its movement"可知,中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者,她们还是时尚发展的核
心。据此可知答案为 A。- 52 -
26.D 考查词义猜测。根据第四段最后一句中的"Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on
Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales"可知,三位中国最优
秀的时装设计者在设计和销量方面击败了三位顶尖西方设计师,据此可推知 take on 在该句中表示 "与……较量
",故选 D。
27.D 考查标题判断。本文主要介绍了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时尚和设计
发展的引领作用。故选 D。A 项(向世界推销梦想的年轻模特)与文章内容不符;B 项(在纽约举办的一次中国艺术
展)以偏概全;C 项(东西方美学的差异)范畴过大。
Passage 4
本文是一篇说明文,讲述了美国的汽车经济带动了其他经济的发展,但与此同时,也带来了严重的环境问题。
【段意梳理】
第一段:开门见山,导入话题——美国的汽车文化。
第二至三段:层层深入,延伸阐述——汽车文化对美国其他文化的影响。
第四至六段:抽丝剥茧,提升意识——汽车导致的环境问题以及未来的发展趋势。
28.B 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American
culture ...even the hamburger"可知,汽车业的快速发展带动了大量体现美国文化的其他行业的发展。由此可
知,本段提到汉堡包的目的在于说明汽车对美国文化的影响,故选 B。
29.B 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create
a global ecological disaster"可知,汽车在美国的使用导致了环境问题,故选 B。
30.C 考查观点态度。根据第五段中的"but hopes for the best"和文章最后一段可知,Friedman 对美国的前
景还是很看好的,故选 C。
【干扰项分析】 A 项表示"模棱两可的",B 项表示"感到怀疑的",D 项表示"容忍的,忍受的",都不符合文意。
Passage 5
本文是一篇有关文化现象的说明文。文章主要介绍了爵士乐日的宗旨、当前爵士乐面临的挑战以及如何
让爵士乐重新流行的设想。
【段意梳理】
第一段:联合国教科文组织把 4 月 30 日设定为国际爵士乐日。
第二段:在美国,爵士乐的听众群体缩小并趋于老龄化。
第三段:肯尼迪中心的爵士乐艺术顾问杰森•莫兰希望爵士乐能受到更多听众的喜爱,并保护它的历史和
文化。
第四段:杰森•莫兰想完成的事是让他那一代人以及年轻一代能重新认识和理解爵士乐的价值。
第五段:杰森•莫兰认为如今爵士乐的娱乐功能已经丧失,而时代在改变,因此爵士乐也应与时俱进。
第六段:杰森•莫兰希望人们借助音乐可以表达思想和感情,并希望通过他自己的努力,让爵士乐长盛不
衰。
【长难句解读】 Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to
shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
分析:本句是一个由 and 连接的并列句。前句中的 Despite"尽管"后接名词,相当于一个让步状语从句。
though 表示句意的转折。
译文:尽管有各种庆祝活动,美国爵士乐听众的数量在继续缩减并且趋于老龄化,而且这种音乐不能引起
年轻一代的共鸣。
28.D 考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句"UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance,
and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures"可知,联合国教科文组织最近把 4 月 30 日
定为爵士乐日,旨在提高人们对爵士乐的认识。故选 D。
29.C 考查代词指代。根据语境可知,画线词 that 指代上段"Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S.
the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger
generations"的内容,即爵士乐的听众群体缩小并趋于老龄化,而且这种音乐不能引起年轻一代的共鸣。故选 C。
30.C 考查推理判断。根据第五段的内容,尤其是"It has to continue to move, because the way the world
works is not the same"可知,随着时代的发展,人们的娱乐方式已经发生改变,所以爵士乐应该随着时代改变,这
样才能吸引更多的人。故选 C。
31.A 考查主旨大意。本文介绍了为保护爵士乐,联合国教科文组织设立爵士乐日。根据全文内容,尤其是第三
至第六段中提到的 Jason Moran 对爵士乐的希望及看法可知,A 项"探索爵士乐的未来"为本文的最佳标题。
Passage 6
本文讲述了拥有 75 年历史的广场剧院在放映完最后一部电影后即将关闭以及市民对它的不舍之情。
【段意梳理】
第一段:广场剧院在放映完最后一部电影后,工作人员的清理工作标志着剧院的关闭。
第二段:剧院的老板亲自选定了最后一部放映的电影,观众们含泪观看,想向剧院告别。
第三段:介绍关闭剧院的原因。- 53 -
第四段:介绍剧院所在地今后的用途。
第五段:观众向剧院告别。
【长难句解读】 Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans
to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
分析:本句含有两个定语从句。which 引导第一个定语从句,先行词是 firm;where 引导第二个定语从句,先行
词是 land。
译文:Bradford 把剧院和地皮卖给了一家当地的开发公司,该公司计划在剧院所在地建一座综合购物大楼。
24.B 考查推理判断。根据第一段的最后一句"As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another
group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building’s end"可推断
出,工人们清理垃圾、移走座位及其他剧院设备是在为剧院的关闭作准备。故选 B。
25.D 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it
seemed appropriate"可知,剧院的老板选择《最后一场电影》这部电影,因为他认为这部电影很合适。原文中的
"appropriate"和 D 选项中的"suitable"都表示"合适的"。故选 D。
26.C 考查推理判断。第四段最后一句说剧院被卖给了当地的一家开发公司,该公司计划在剧院所在地建一座
综合购物大楼,由此可推断出剧院将被推倒拆除。故选 C。
27.B 考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句"Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were
filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building"可以推断出观众对剧院恋恋
不舍,与剧院告别让他们感到很悲伤。故选 B。
题组 2 社会生活与教育
Passage 7
调查报告发现,单独用餐在美国变得流行起来。
28.B 考查细节理解。根据第二段的统计数据可知,该段主要讲美国人的用餐习惯。故选 B。
29.C 考查细节理解。根据第三段内容,尤其是最后一句中的"Today,I just wanted some time to myself"可
知,Bechtel 喜欢独自外出吃饭是因为她想拥有属于自己的时间。故选 C。
30.D 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if
he wants to have a little interaction(交流)"可知,Mazoleny 与酒吧服务员交流时可以直呼其名,可见
Mazoleny 熟悉酒吧服务员。
31.A 考查主旨大意。根据全文内容,尤其是最后一段中的"It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before
all the advances in technology"可知,本文主要讲单独用餐的趋势。
Passage 8
本文介绍了影响餐饮业效益的几个因素。
58.A 考查推理判断。根据第三段内容可知,在餐馆一片漆黑的情况下,顾客判断不出自己吃了多少食物,即使吃
多了也不会觉得饱,因为他们意识不到自己比平时吃得多。故答案为 A。
59.A 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round:
put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more"
可知,要想让顾客在餐馆多停留、多消费,餐馆可以播放古典音乐,故 A 项符合题意。
60.D 考查段落大意。根据最后一段的首句可知,人们认为的一些会阻止顾客消费的因素不一定会是如此;下文
对此进行了说明。故本题答案为 D。
Passage 9
本文讲述了小时候妈妈给"我"读书让我有了读书的渴望;随着年龄的增长,"我"越来越爱读书。读书伴"我"
成长。时至今日,"我"依然热爱读书。
41.B 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Hearing mom say, ‘I can’t believe what’s printed in the
newspaper this morning,’ made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to
be like my mom and know all of the things she knew"可知,作者渴望像她的妈妈那样知道发生了什么事。
故选 B。
42.D 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"My progress in reading raised my curiosity,and I wanted to know
everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of
the road signs we passed"可知,"读路标"是举例说明"我想要知道一切"。故选 D。
43.C 考查推理判断。根据第四段的内容可知,作者喜欢读事实性的书籍,因为其更具体,争议的空间小,C 项"提
供真实客观的信息"与之相符。
44.D 考查细节理解。根据第五段中的"the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex,
I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter
into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character...I just read to relax"可知,作者发
现自己所处的世界变得更复杂,读小说能让她暂时地逃离现实世界,进入一个美妙而又神秘的世界,让她感到放
松。故选 D。
45.C 考查标题判断。本文讲述了小时候妈妈给作者读书让作者有了读书的渴望;随着年龄的增长,作者越来越
爱读书;时至今日,作者依然热爱读书。故"读书伴我成长"作标题恰当。故选 C。
Passage 10- 54 -
本文是说明文,介绍了 Common Sense Media(常识媒体)的一份研究报告。报告内容是关于儿童阅读的。该报
告表明家长的示范和引领对儿童阅读习惯的培养作用非凡。
28.A 考查主旨大意。贯穿全文的一个重要线索词是 report,这个 report 就是 Common Sense Media 发布的,因
此从文章的第一段便可得出答案,常识媒体的报告是关于儿童阅读习惯的。
29.B 考查推理判断。文章第一段提出"青少年和儿童更少地为了乐趣而阅读",文章第三段用一些数据来支持
这一论点。由此可推知选 B。
30.C 考查推理判断。根据文章第五段中的"mainly due to concerns about increased screen time"可以推出,
家长限制孩子电子阅读的主要原因是担心孩子看屏幕的时间增加,而长时间使用电子产品会对健康造成危害。
由此可知应该选 C。
【干扰项分析】 如果没有抓住题干的关键词 limit electronic reading,则会误选其他选项,其他选项均为主
观臆断。
31.A 考查细节理解。根据第六段第一句"The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence
of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading"可知,家长应
该起模范带头作用,鼓励孩子多阅读。故选 A。
Passage 11
本文介绍了美国一所中学与 NASA 合作的联合科研项目,鼓励学生开发创新思维,培养实际生活技能。
【长难句解读】 Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the
problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
分析:Gordon says 是句子的主语和谓语,"his students ... in space"是省略了连接词 that 的宾语从
句,"readying a workable solution to test in space"是宾语从句中的伴随状语。
译文:戈登说,他的学生每天都就这个问题给美国航空航天局的工程师们发电子邮件,为太空测试的可行
性办法做好准备。
32.A 考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句"The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably
on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week"可
知,细菌很难被清除掉。故选 A。
33.D 考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句"HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA
engineers"可知,HUNCH 项目的目的是把太空技术和学校教育结合起来。
34.A 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Engineers come and really do an in-person review...It’s a hard
business review of your product"可知,NASA 的工程师们会检查学生们的作品。
35.B 考查标题判断。本文讲述的是美国一所中学与 NASA 合作的科研项目,让学生完成与太空技术有关的任务。
B 项与此内容密切相关,故选 B。
Passage 12
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者五年前在西雅图教学生美术时在教学中所发生的事情,以及培养学生
的想象力的方法。
25.A 考查细节理解。根据文章第一段的"I used Tinkertoys ... to find out something about my students"
可知,作者在课堂上使用 Tinkertoys 是为了更多地了解学生。故选 A。
26.D 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work"可知,这个男孩
儿很有创造力,D 项中的 imaginative(富于想象力的,创新的)与 creative 是近义词。故选 D。
27.B 考查词义猜测。根据下文的"I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style
of thinking"可知,作者冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的风险。故可知该词的意思为"不足,缺点",所以选
B。
【技巧点拨】 做词义猜测题时,要结合画线词前后文的内容来判断,本题的答案就是根据画线词后的具体内
容推断出来的。
28.A 考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"Without fail one would declare, ‘But I’m just not creative.’"
及下文内容可推知,作者让学生们谈论他们的梦是为了帮助他们看到自己的创造力。故选 A。
题组 3 科普研究与科技发展
Passage 13
本文介绍了一种用智能键盘进行身份识别的技术。
【长难句解读】 This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types
and the pressure fingers apply to each key.
分析:本句是一个复合句。and 连接两个并列的宾语,名词 the cadence(节奏)后是"介词+which"引导的定
语从句,名词 the pressure 后的定语从句省略了引导词 that/which,因其作 apply 的宾语,故可省略。
译文:这款智能键盘可精确测量使用者的打字节奏和手指施加在每个按键上的压力。
28.D 考查细节理解。根据第一段的内容, 尤其是第二句"At present, these technologies are still
expensive, though"可知,现有的生物识别技术价格昂贵;根据第二段第一句"Researchers from Georgia Tech
say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard"
可知,同样能够保护私人电子空间的智能键盘成本较低,故选 D。- 55 -
29.C 考查推理判断。根据第二段的内容可知,智能键盘能够准确地测量人们打字的节奏和力度,而打字模式因
人而异,因此,智能键盘通过分析用户的打字模式进行身份识别,故选 C。
30.B 考查细节理解。根据第四段的最后一句"The team hopes to make it to market in the near future"
可知,该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场,故选 B。
31.D 考查文章出处。本文是一篇科技类说明文,可能出自杂志。diary"日记";guidebook"旅行指南";novel"小
说";magazine"杂志"。结合选项可知选 D。
Passage 14
随着科技的发展,诈骗手段越来越多样,自动语音电话给人们带来了危害。
【长难句解读】 The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick
up calls from numbers they don’t know.
分析:该句为主从复合句。句中 they don’t know 为省略了关系词的定语从句,修饰先行词 numbers;本句
使用了"so...that..."结构,表示"如此……以至于……","that many people now refuse to pick up calls
from numbers"为 that 引导的结果状语从句。
译文:自动语音电话的问题已经变得如此严重,以至于许多人现在拒绝接听他们不认识的号码的电话。
38.D 考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"By the time these ‘solutions’(解决方案) become widely
available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means"可知,等到这些"解决方案"被广泛使用时,不法分子
就会转向更聪明的手段;由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望,D 项意为"失望的",故 D
项正确。
39.A 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with
amount than precision"可知,自动语音电话让人头疼的原因是它能准确获取受害人的信息,故 A 项正确。
40.B 考查推理判断。根据第二段可知,新的声音处理和自动化技术可以给人们带来便利,第三段论述了这一技
术让不法分子有了可乘之机,据此可以判断,技术是把双刃剑,故 B 项正确。
41.C 考查标题判断。通读全文,首段提出越来越多的人拒接未知号码的电话的现象,接下来又阐述了这类电话
给人们带来危害的原因,最后给出了解决方案,故 C 项最适合作本文标题。
Passage 15
本文讲述了哈佛医学院科学家 Margaret Livingstone 及其带领的团队通过反复实验得出结论:猴子能算算
术,且它们对大数值的关注超过小数值。
【长难句解读】 A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly
different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice
as a reward
分析: to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters
为动词不定式短语作宾补,with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward 为方式状语。
译文:一组研究人员用零至二十五滴水或果汁作奖励来训练三只恒河猴将 26 个明显不同的符号关联起来,
这些符号含有数字和认真挑选过的字母。
32.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段首句 "A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate
26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water
or juice as a reward"可知答案为 C。
33.B 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would
be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded
with the sum of the numbers — 17 in this example"可知答案为 B。
34.A 考查推理判断。根据第四段 "After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the
monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing
a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination" 可知,大多数时候,猴子倾向于触摸更高的
数值,这表明它们会进行简单的计算,而不仅仅是记住每个数字组合的数值。
35.D 考查推理判断。通读全文可知,本文讲述了科学家们通过科学实验得出猴子能够算算术的结论。故选 D。
Passage 16
这是一篇说明文,介绍 3D 打印技术的新领域——打印食物,并详细介绍了与 3D 打印相关的食品生产、可持
续性、营养和挑战四个方面。
【段意梳理】
第一段:3D 打印技术的新领域——打印食物。
第二段:食品生产——3D 食品打印机可打印复杂的巧克力雕塑,打印饭菜供人们享用。
第三段:3D 打印使食物的可持续性成为可能。
第四段:3D 打印的食物更健康,可按需求定制营养成分。
第五段:3D 打印食物面临的挑战——费时,只能处理糊状物体,且只能用干燥的原料。
【长难句解读】 Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer
can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with
each other in very complex ways. - 56 -
分析:本句是一个并列复合句。and 连接两个并列分句,前一个分句含有 before 引导的时间状语从句;后
一个分句含有 because 引导的原因状语从句。
译文:目前,大多数食材必须被转变成糊状物,然后打印机才能打印它们,而且打印的过程很耗时,因为这
些食材相互作用的方式很复杂。
46.B 考查推理判断。根据题干中的 food production 可定位到第二段。这一段说,有了 3D 打印机,厨师就能打
印出复杂的巧克力雕塑等,做这样的事需要多年的经验,而 3D 打印机很容易做到这一点;有餐馆使用这种技术将
厨师解放出来去完成其他工作。由此推断,3D 打印机能节省做饭的时间和精力,因此选 B。
47.D 考查推理判断。第三段谈到 3D 打印机打印食物的可持续性,说它能解决食物可持续性的问题,因为它可
以使用可再生的藻类和草中的水解胶体来代替目前的烹饪原料。由此可推知,3D 打印机使用可再生的原料作为
食物来源,因此选 D。
48.B 考查细节理解。第四段提到,3D 食物打印能让消费者按需来打印含有定制营养成分的食物。因此 3D 打
印的食物能满足个人的营养需求。
49.C 考查细节理解。根据题干可知,本题的答案应在文章最后一段。该段谈到 3D 食物打印要克服的挑战,其
中最主要的问题是,3D 打印机只能处理干燥的食材,因为肉类产品和奶类产品很容易变质。由此可知选 C。
50.A 考查标题判断。本文介绍了 3D 食物打印机的相关信息,谈到其发展现状,它能应对食物可持续性的问题,
人们可以根据自己的营养需求来定制食物,但是其发展也受到某些限制。因此 A 项"3D 食物打印:美味的新技术"
最适合作本文的标题。
【干扰项分析】 本文没有提到 B 项"改善 3D 食物打印的新办法";C 项是本文的一部分内容,不能以偏概全;D
项的"3D 食物打印:从农场走向餐桌"不符合文章内容。
Passage 17
本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia 公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行,使飞行汽车离成为现
实更进一步。
【段意梳理】
第一段:Terrafugia 公司研制出名为 Transition 的飞行汽车并且成功进行了第一次飞行;Transition 的
基本数据。
第二段:大约 100 人为 Transition 付了订金,但其价格太高,这种汽车不太可能大量出现在车道上。
第三段:自 20 世纪 30 年代以来,发明家就一直尝试研制飞行汽车,而 Terrafugia 公司使飞行汽车成为可
能,政府在飞行汽车的研制过程中也起到了积极作用。
第四段:介绍了对飞行汽车驾驶人员的要求。
【长难句解读】 The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach
around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.
分析:句中 which 引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为 The Transition。
译文:(飞行汽车)Transition 上个月在 1 400 英尺的高度飞行了 8 分钟,它在公路上的行驶速度能达到每
小时 70 英里左右,在空中能达到每小时 115 英里左右。
28.A 考查段落大意。第一段的第二句"The vehicle...like a car"介绍了飞行汽车 Transition 的构造,第一
段的后半部分介绍了它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况,这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据。故选 A。
29.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s
expected to cost $ 279,000"可知,该飞行汽车非常贵,所以不太可能大量出现在车道上。故选 C。
30.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"The government has already permitted the company to use special
materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly"可推知,政府对该项目是支持的。故选 B。
31.D 考查标题判断。根据第一段中的"Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed
its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next
year"并结合全文可知,Terrafugia 公司的飞行汽车成功进行了第一次飞行,从而使飞行汽车离成为现实更进一
步。故选 D。
【干扰项分析】 标题判断题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段,同时要紧密结合文章内容。文章中提及
Transition 会出现在 New York Auto Show 上,但这不是文章主要内容,故排除 A 项;B 项只表示飞行汽车的第一
次飞行,过于片面;C 项中的"Pilots’ Dream"未在文中提及。
Passage 18
本文是一篇科普说明文,介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室,研究老年人开车存在的问题,帮助老年人安
全驾驶。
32.C 考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers
and to discover where the key stress points are"可知,建立实验室的目的是要找出老年人开车存在的问题,故
选 C。
33.A 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the
country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out
and about without having to rely on others"可知,对很多老年人来说,开车使他们保持独立,故选 A。- 57 -
34.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for
older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life"可知,研究团队正在研
发车载式的技术以帮助老年人晚年依然能开车,故选 B。
35.D 考查标题判断。本文的关键信息是老年人开车,重点讲述了为了让老年人安全驾驶所进行的研究。本题
容易误选 C 项,Services 一词不恰当,概括太宽泛,偏离了文章主旨。
题组 4 自然生态和环境保护
Passage 19
研究表明,一种名为 phytoplankton 的海洋微生物对海洋颜色的变化有很大的影响。
【长难句解读】 Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while
reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
分析:该句为简单句。"while reducing it in other spots"在句中作时间状语;现在分词短语 leading to
在句中作结果状语。
译文:气候变化将促进某些地区浮游植物的生长,同时也会阻碍其他地区浮游植物的生长,从而导致海洋
外观的变化。
42.B 考查段落大意。通读第一段可知,该段主要说明在不久的将来,随着气候变暖,海洋将变得更蓝、更绿;通
读第二段可知,气候变化将影响海洋浮游植物的生长,从而导致海洋外观的变化。故第一、二段主要介绍了海洋
颜色变化的原因。
43.A 考查词义猜测。根据第三段尾句"Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect
phytoplankton growth...but also nutrients"可知,温度变化对 phytoplankton 有很大的影响,由此可推知
phytoplankton 对海洋的温度很敏感,故选 A。
44.D 考查细节理解。根据第四段第三句和第四句可知,phytoplankton 数量越少,海洋的颜色越蓝;数量越多,海
洋的颜色越绿,故 D 项正确。
45.C 考查写作意图。通读全文可知,本文主要讲气候变暖影响 phytoplankton 这一海洋微生物的生长,进而导
致海洋颜色的变化,故选 C 项。
Passage 20
文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林中大树急剧减少的现象,并分析了其原因。
【长难句解读】 Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in
the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier
snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
分析:这是一个复合句。McIntyre said 是插入语; "which cause trees to lose more water to the air"
是非限制性定语从句,修饰 rising temperatures;"which reduces the water supply available to trees
during the dry season"也是非限制性定语从句,修饰 earlier snowmelt。
译文:McIntyre 说,自 20 世纪 30 年代以来,导致该州水资源紧张的最大因素是气温升高,这会导致树木
被空气夺去更多的水,以及过早的融雪,从而减少了旱季树木可获得的供水量。
27.A 考查段落大意。 根据文章第二段中"The number of trees...declined by 50 percent...more than 55
percent...nearly 75 percent"提到的数字可知,该段主要描述了加利福尼亚州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性,
故选 A。
28.D 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Aggressive wildfire control...compete with big trees for
resources(资源)"可知,声势浩大的森林防火措施虽然一定程度上保护了森林,但同时也导致小树泛滥,与大树
争抢资源,从而导致大树数量减少,故选 D。
29.C 考 查 细 节 理 解 。 根 据 最 后 一 段 中 的 "Since the 1930s, McIntyre said...have been rising
temperatures...reduces the water supply"可知,McIntyre 认为水资源短缺的主要原因是逐渐上升的气温,故
选 C。
30.A 考查标题判断。 根据全文可知,文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州森林中大树数量急剧减少的现象,并分
析了其原因。因此 A 项能很好地概括全文。
Passage 21
这是一篇科普类说明文。为了弄清生态系统的运转,科学家建立了数学模型,通过模型发现不同层次的物种
之间的依存关系,而人类作为最高层的掠食动物,其一举一动都会影响整个生态系统。
文章信息脉络思维图- 58 -
46.B 考查推理判断。第一段说,为了弄清生态系统的运转,科学家建立了数学模型;第二段说,通过这一模型,科
学家找到了生态系统食物网中运行的关键原则,因此选 B。
47.C 考查细节理解。根据题干的关键词 A strong link,我们把答案定位在第二段。根据该段的关键信息"When
a predator(掠食动物)...strongly linked"可知,如果掠食动物只吃一种猎物,那么它们之间的联系就很紧密,故
本题选 C。
【干扰项分析】 A 项"食物选择的范围很广"和 B 项"可以轻松地找到新的猎物"都是"弱生物链"(a weak
link)的具体体现;根据第二段的内容可知,当掠食动物转向另一个更容易被发现的猎物时,原先已经被掠食到
几乎灭绝的猎物就能恢复生机,这也是与 a weak link 相关的信息,故 A、B、D 这三项都可排除。
48.D 考查细节理解。根据题干的关键信息"顶端掠食动物的数量大大减少",我们把答案定位在第三段。该段
说,顶端掠食动物数量的小变化会给整个生态系统带来大变化,故选 D。
49.A 考查推理判断。第四段开头说,无计划的人类活动已经证明顶端掠食动物能自上而下地控制其他物种,然
后说到人类对海洋和陆地的顶端掠食动物的捕杀,并且说,这些行为极大地影响了生态平衡,A 项"失控的人类活
动极大地扰乱了生态系统"是对这一段最好的总结。
50.D 考查推理判断。根据题干的关键信息"早期预警系统",我们把答案定位在最后一段。该段说,这个系统是
以数学模型为基础建立的,能告诉我们什么时候应该改变人类把生态系统逼向崩溃的活动,然后说"预防是关键
"。故选 D。
Passage 22
本文是一篇议论文,主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的情况。
【段意梳理】
第一段:事例导入,Steven Stein 跟踪垃圾车及他的工作。
第二段:逐步展开,塑料袋在很多地方被禁止使用。
第三至四段:再次深入,人们(特别是塑料袋制造商)对此的异议。
第五段:环保人士的观点。
【长难句解读】 Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein
to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
分析:这是一个复合句,句子的主干为 plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make
the case。现在分词短语 Eyeing these headwinds 作状语;that 引导同位语从句,解释说明 the case 的内容。
译文:看到这些禁令,塑料袋制造商正雇用像 Stein 那样的科学家提出证据,证明他们的产品并没有像大
多数人认为的那样对地球有害。
24.D 考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"is defending an industry"和第二段中的"like Stein to make the
case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume"可推知,Stein 是一个
为塑料业,特别是支持塑料袋使用而发声的科学家,故选 D。
25.A 考查词义猜测。根据文章第二段中的"The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California,
including Los Angeles"可知,在加利福尼亚州,包括洛杉矶在内的约 90 个城市已经禁止使用塑料袋,再根据画线
词下文的内容可知,画线词指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋,故选 A。
26.D 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy
to make"可知,生产可重复使用的袋子需要消耗更多的能源,故选 D。
27.A 考查标题判断。根据最后一段中的"Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑) these points. They hope
paper bags will be banned someday too",并结合全文可知,本文主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的利
弊。故 A 项能很好地概括全文。
Passage 23
本文介绍了一种吃塑料的大蜡螟幼虫,它胃中的酶能够分解塑料,为处理塑料垃圾提供了新的途径。
43.C 考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of
some hungry worms"以及第二段中的"Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms - 59 -
of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, ...and the worms consumed and broke down about
92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it"可知,大蜡螟幼虫能吃塑料,故选 C。
44.B 考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of
the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?" 可知,Jennifer
DeBruyn 认为研究的下一步是要找出酶的来源。故选 B。
45.D 考查推理判断。根据第五段中的"But she expects the use of the chemical in some kind of industrial
process — not simply ‘millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.’" 可知,将来可能会在工厂
生产这种化学物。故选 D。
46.C 考查写作意图。本文主要介绍了有关大蜡螟幼虫分解塑料垃圾的研究发现,故选 C。
Passage 24
本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想
象的要复杂得多这一观点。
【段意梳理】
第一段:一棵多叶的植物被攻击时,不是默默待着,而是会释放出易挥发的有机化合物。
第二段:科学家发现所有种类的植物在受到攻击时都会释放出该化合物。
第三段:一些植物释放出有难闻气味的化学物质来驱赶昆虫。
第四段:多方的研究证明,植物释放出的化合物看起来帮助了它们的邻居。
【长难句解读】 What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile
organic compounds, VOCs for short.
分析: 句中 What 引导主语从句,过去分词短语 known as volatile organic compounds 在句中作后置定语,
修饰 a mixture of chemicals。
译文:植物通过空气所输送出的是一种被称作挥发性有机化合物的混合化学物,简称 VOCs。
32.D 考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular
smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant"可知,当
植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选 D。
33.A 考查句意理解。根据画线句子后的"The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch"可知,正吃午
餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被袭击了。故选 A。
【技巧点拨】 解答句意理解题时应结合上下文内容充分理解。
34.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But
others do double duty"可知,植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选 B。
35.C 考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密
的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak"可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选 C。
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