概要写作
Summary writing
How to find the topic sentences ?
一.段首是主题句：
以概述开句，随之辅加细说。
1. 给予例证、解释或说明的段落，首句后常见词：
for example，take…as an example
2. 下定义的段落：
that’s to say; to be exact
二.段尾是主题句：
1. 阐述一个不太常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落
2. 旨在说服读者相信其论点的段落
用归纳法撰写，先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概
括性的结论，以总结性句子收尾。常见词： as a
result; in a word, to conclude, in fact, therefore等
三.段中主题句：
1.引题或例证——主题思想——解释或进一步给予例证。
2.段意转折，一般作者往往把中心意思放于转折后。常见词：
however, but, on the contrary, nevertheless，instead等
3.出现于过渡句或疑问句之后。
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.
Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up
early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great
importance to us all.
In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the
freshest and people are usually in the best conditions. Many of us may have
the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately
in the morning than any other time of the day. If we do some morning
exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, we can build our bodies
and become much healthier.
Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready
for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if
we get up late, we will probably have to do everything in a great
hurry.
Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our
best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will
certainly benefit a lot from it.
查找每段的关键句
Para1 : topic sentence主题句
Getting up early is of great importance to us all.
Para 23: supporting sentences
We memorize things more quickly and accurately.
We can become much healthier.
We have time to make a plan and get ready for the day.
Para 4 : conclusion sentence结论性语句
We will certainly benefit a lot from it .
Step2 : Paraphrase the sentences above in your own words.
使用自己的语言改述上面的句子
Para1 :
Getting up early plays an important part in our daily life.
The importance of getting up early in the morning can never
be overemphasized.过分强调
Para23 :
It enables us to have a better memory and a healthier body.
we will have enough time to make a good preparation for the
day.
A good preparation for the day can be achieved .
Para 4:
It will be of great benefit to us .
It will do great good to us.
Step 3 :writing a summary
Transitional words 过渡词 ,coherent连贯 , Logic 逻辑,
structure结构
Step 4 : Polish your writing润色文章
Sample writing :
The importance of getting up early in the morning
can never be overemphasized .
In the first place, It enables us to have a better
memory. What’s more, we can be increasingly healthy
by breathing fresh air and working out in the morning.
Last but not the least, we will have enough time to
make a good preparation for the day.
In conclusion, getting up early will benefit us a lot.
改写句子时，理清要点之间的关系，不能简单地照搬原句，即用自
己的话改写，做到“雁过不留痕”。注意不改变原意。
改述方法点拨
1.同意替换法.（主语宾语位置调换）
We can benefit from it = It does good to us.
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was no
patient.=I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient.
2.正话反说或反话正说.
1.You will not succeed = You will fail.
2. I can’t agree more=I agree with you
3.词性转换法
The photo is of importance to us = The photo is important to us.
4. 句式变化法
语态变换
Parents should give children more praise.
=Children should be given more praised.
简单句变复合句
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
=Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.
Children are given more praise. They will achieve more success.
=When given more praise, children will achieve more success.
5.连词衔接法：
注意使用一些短而精的连词
如：but, and, so, while, however, then, thus, yet,
for, therefore, including, instead of等
We should encourage children. We should not scold
them.
=We should encourage children instead of scolding
them.
1.表转折：but, however, nevertheless（然而）,yet, instead,
on the other hand, on the contrary, while, though, although.
2.表顺接、递进：as well as, in addition, not only...but also, besides,
moreover, also, last but not least, what’s more, furthermore,...
3.表列举：firstly/secondly/finally/...
4.表原因：because (of) ,since, as, for, now that, thanks to,
due to, on account of,...
5.表举例：for example/instance, such as, and so on
6.结果 ：so, therefore, as a result, so that, then,
7.总结 ： all in all, In short, in conclusion, in a word,
in summary, finally, in general, to sum up, above all, after all,
generally speaking, to conclude, …
5.句意理解法：
Shopping on the Internet is becoming more
increasingly popular.
=More and more people prefer Internet shopping.
Are you shy？If you are，you are not alone. In fact，close to 50 percent of
people are shy. Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.
These days，1.shyness is becoming more and more common. Now，scientists are
trying to understand shyness. They have some interesting ideas about why people
are shy.
Is it possible to be born shy？Many scientists say yes. They say 15 to 20 percent
of babies behave shyly. These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than
other babies. Interestingly, these shy babies usually have shy parents. As a result,
scientists think that 2.some shyness is genetic.
练习1
3.Family size might cause people to be shy as well. Scientists at Harvard
University studied shy children. They found that 66 percent of them had older
brothers and sisters. As a result，they became shy. At the same time，children
with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well. Growing up alone，they often
play by themselves. They are not able to learn the same social skills as children
from big families.
4.You may also be shy because of where you were born. When scientists
studied shyness in different countries, they found surprising differences. In Japan
，most people said they were shy. But in Israel，only one of three people said so.
What explains the difference？One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have
different opinions of failure. In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel
bad about themselves. They blame themselves for their failure. In Israel，
the opposite is true. Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as
family，teachers，friends，or bad luck. In Israel，freedom of opinion and
risk taking are strongly supported. This may be why Israelis worry less
about failure and are less shy.
For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and
even get a good job. But 5.scientists say you can get over your shyness.
They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation. And don’t
forget—if you are shy，you are not the only one.
1.shyness is becoming more and more common.
Scientists have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.
Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.
2.some shyness is genetic. 3.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.
4.You may also be shy because of where you were born.
They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.
Children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.
The Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of
failure. Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.
children or the only child are more likely to be shy；
Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their
different attitudes towards failure.
5.scientists say you can get over your shyness.
To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also
give some useful suggestions.
Sample:
Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it
according to scientists. They think shyness may come from
genetics，family size and birth place. For instance，younger
children or the only child are more likely to be shy；Israelis
are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes
towards failure. To help people suffering from shyness，
scientists also give some useful suggestions.
In many societies，there is often greater acceptance of light skin
than dark skin. Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty，
intelligence and success. These beliefs can lead to social pressure even
within the same racial or ethnic group，if some members are darker
skinned than others.
The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity
across Africa，Asia and other areas of the world. More and more
people with dark skin are using skin lightening products，even if they
may face health risks.
练习2
They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives. Many
people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying
into a better family. Or they want to look like what their society generally
considers beautiful.
Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin
lighter. This process is also called bleaching(漂白)．But some of the
chemicals are extremely dangerous. One of the chemicals has been linked
to kidney(肾) damage and some kinds of cancer. It also causes low birth
weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy.
At first，bleaching products make the skin color lighter. But after long term use they can
cause problems. They can even make some skin darker. The chemicals in the products
block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin. The skin loses its
natural barrier to protect against sunlight. Then the skin can become thick and discolored.
Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem，but
this only makes it worse.
Doctor Ly，who works in a hospital，says the chemicals are now more dangerous
because they are stronger. Some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails，infections
and permanent skin damage. And these are not the only risks. Experts say some people
who change their skin color suffer emotional damage. They feel regret and sadness. They
feel that instead of risking their health，they should have learned to love and accept their
skin color as it was.
Sample:
Many people prefer light skin to dark skin，believing that it helps
improve their life and caters to the social standard of beauty.
Therefore，it is common to try skin lightening products.
However，bleaching containing chemicals has long lasting harmful
effects on physical condition and emotions. What’s worse，it may fail to
achieve expected results. Thus，doctors recommend people not to put
their health at risk but love and accept their natural colors.
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It
appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However，1.it is better
for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to
get things done.
The 2.main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the
possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action
in a hurry，they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later. As
the saying goes，“Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before
making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make
mistakes by doing work hurriedly.
练习1
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For
example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than
taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time
to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully
enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. 3.On the contrary, being in a
hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.
Finally, 4.slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.
As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises
their stress. People think if they are not in hurry, they will become a
loser and that annoys them. Being in a hurry can hurt people both
physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a
5.slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much
longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more
slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material
benefits to make our society more advanced. However, much
stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are
much more important than money and other material
advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a
slower pace.
改写句子：
1.it is better for people to take their time and
live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to
get things done.
To live life at a slower pace is better than
to live life in a hurry.
2.main reason… doing work in a hurry is the
possibility of doing wrongs in a rush.
There/Here are three reasons for this. Doing
things in a hurry will raise the possibility of
making mistakes.
3.On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of
enjoying our life.
Being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their
life./decrease the time to enjoy their life.
4.slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us. bothers
people . raises their stress.
Doing things in a hurry raises people’s pressure and therefore is bad for
their health./Doing things in a hurry will hurt people’s health, such as
bother others and raise their pressure.
5.slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be
happier. take your time and live your life at a
slower pace.
Let’s slow down for a healthier and happier
life./Slow down to live a sturdier and happier
live.
Sample:
To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.
There are three reasons for this. Firstly，doing things in a hurry
will raise the possibility of making mistakes. Secondly，being
in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their life.
Thirdly，doing things in a hurry raises people’s pressure and
therefore is bad for their health. Thus，Let’s slow down for a
healthier and happier life.
Cyberspace(网络空间) has given rise to a new social change where people
make friends from across the world, but know little about their next door neighbors.
This worries critics(批评家)．Take Bob for example. He thinks his neighbor
doesn’t know anything about gardening, but his net friend Green Thum does.
Besides, Green Thum doesn’t do that annoying sound when he talks. Those people
like Bob have long been criticized for their lack of necessary social skills. 1.Critics
think people almost forget how to naturally communicate with their neighbors,
creating a social network of strangers.
However, 2.a report entitled “The Strength of Internet Ties” provides a
different opinion. It suggests that the Internet helps develop social networks and
make use of them when it matters most.
练习2
Friends often move. As kids, our friends’ parents move away. As
adults, we move away to college or for work. Communicative tools have
made people lose touch with each other as a result of laziness, not
distance.“ The larger and the more diverse(多样的) a person’s network
，the more important email is,” argues Jeffrey Boase, who coauthored
the report.“ You can’t make phone calls or personal visits to all your
friends very often, but 3.you can keep in touch with them regularly with
the help of the Internet. That turns out to be very important.”
In addition to expanding and strengthening the social ties people
keep in the offline world, 4.Internet and email provide a social and
informational support group that helps people make difficult decisions
and face challenges.“ Internet use provides online users with a path to
resources, such as access to people who may have the right information
to help deal with family health problems or find a new job,” says John
Horrigan, author of the report.“ The Internet creates a new basis for
community. Rather than relying on a single community for social
support, people often must actively seek out a variety of appropriate
people and resources for different situations, ” says coauthor Barry
Wellman.
1.Critics think people almost forget how to naturally
communicate with their neighbors.
Some critics worry that cyberspace will rob the Internet
users of necessary social skills./The problem of people
losing social skills causes critics worry.
2.A report suggests that the Internet helps develop social
networks and make use of them when it matters most.
A report suggests that the Internet can be of benefit to
social networks./be benefit to social networks.
3.You can keep in touch with them regularly with the help
of the Internet. Communicative tools.
It can serve as a tool to help people stay in regular touch
with friends./As a tool, it promotes people to remain in
regular touch with friends.
4.Internet and email provide a social and informational
support group that helps people make difficult decisions
and face challenges.
It supplies people with social and informational resources
when they are faced with difficult situations.
Sample:
Some critics worry that cyberspace will rob the Internet users of
necessary social skills. However，a report suggests that the
Internet can be of benefit to social networks. It can serve as a
tool to help people stay in regular touch with friends. Besides，
it supplies people with social and informational resources when
they are faced with difficult situations.
课程总结
查找主题句 句子改述的方法 多使用连词 多练习
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课程结束啦，课后要记得复习哦~
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