高考英语一轮复习 语法 定语从句

Attributive Clause 2020 1. I find it necessary that you should give him. 2.That China has achieved a lot is known to known. 3.What we can see is that China has achieved a lot. 4.This is where we found the book. 5.The book that was read by you belongs to me. 定义: 在复合句中,修饰名 词或代词的从句. 定语从句的两大分类 限制性定 语从句 非限制性 定语从句 • The extra information can be left out . • We use commas with these clauses . the Non- restrictive Attributive Clause • The extra information is necessary. • We don’t use commas with these clauses. the Restrictive Attributive Clause Jack, who is a poor painter, won a ship ticket by playing cards . The house, which I bought yesterday, was very beautiful. 注意： which,who,whom,whose, as,when,where,why都可以 引导非限制性定语从句，只 有that不能。 The man who lives next to us sells flowers. You must do everything that I do. 关系词或连接词 关系词的三个作用： 1.引导定语从句 2.代替先行词 3.在定语从句中担当句子成分 关系词或连接词: 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词: that which who whom whose as 关系副关词 : where when why 要看关系词在从句中作何成分.如作 成分（主语或宾语…）可以使用 who whom which that … 若作状语 ,则选 when, where, why. 定语从句 关系词的选择 关系代词 关系副词 关系代词 指代先行词 句子成分 which sth s/o that sth/sb s/o/p who sb s/o whom sb o whose sth’s/sb’s attributive as sth/sb s/o 关系副词 词 指代 句子成分 when time Adverbial where place Adverbial why reason Adverbial 副词 代词 “why”---- 作状语、起连接作用 “where”-- 作状语、起连接作用 “when”-- 作状语、起连接作用 “who”- --作主语、 人 “whom”---作宾语、 人 “whose”---作定语、起连接作用 “which”---作主语、宾语 物 “that”---作主语、宾语 人、物 “as”---作主语、宾语、表语 人、物 1, who/that/whom的用法 Who/that:指人,在从句中作主语和宾 语 Whom:指人,在从句中作宾语 The man (who/whom/that) I talked with is our teacher. The man is our teacher. I talked with the man. •A person is called a thief. •A person steals things. •A person__________ steals things is called a thief. Who/that The man ( ____________ ) I nodded to ^is Mr Li. Do you know the girl_______ is dancing with my brother? Who/whom/that Who/that 1-1 That 的用法: 在从句中做主语或(宾语),既可 以指人又可以指物 A plane is a machine. It can fly. A plane is a machine that can fly. The cakes (that )I cooked are nice. The boys _who/that _ are playing football are from Class One. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. God helps those who help themselves. 1-2只用WHO的情况 One ____ has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. The ones ____ laugh at the disabled are not good students. Anyone ____ fails to finish the task should be punished. Those ____ want to go to The Great Wall sigh up here. who who who who 先行词是one, ones, anyone, those指人时只能 用who. 2、Which的用法 在从句中做主语或(宾语), 指物. The fish( which) we bought this morning were not fresh. that 指物 Which、 that ？ that指物时一般可以与which互换， 但在下列情况中一般只能用that不可以用 which。 that, which 用法比较 a. All that can be done has been done. b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow. c. There was little (that) I could do for you. ①当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时， I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me. ② 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时 a. This is the first composition (that) he has written in English. b. It’s the best novel (that) I have ever read. ③先行词被序数词或形容词最高级 修饰时 a. That white flower is the only one (that) I really like. b. This is the very book (that) I want to find. ④先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. ⑤ 当有两个先行词，一个指 人, 一个指物时。 a. Who is the person that is standing at the gate? b. Which of them that knows something about physics has done this experiment? ⑥ 当主句是who, which引出的疑问句时， 定语从句用that而不用who, (whom)和which 引导。 Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. China is no longer the country that it used to be. ⑦ 当先行词在主句中作表语且关系 代词在从句中也作表语时： 只能用which, 不能用that 的情况： 1）从句中，介词提前时，用which This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live. 2) 非限制性定语从句，用which He had failed in the math exam, which made his father very angry. 3）先行词本身是that时用which I have that which you gave me. Whose:在从句中做定语既可 以指人又可以指物 Whose =of whom指人 Whose =of which 指物 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 3，whose 的用法 This is the book. The cover of the book is blue. This is the book whose cover is blue. This is the book of which the cover is blue. This is the book the cover of which is blue. This is the book whose cover is blue. Do you know the boy whose father is a boss? Do you know the boy of whom the father is a boss? Do you know the boy the father of whom is a boss? He is the student------- pen I broke yesterday. This is the house------ windows face South. whose whose He is the student---------------- --------------I broke yesterday. He is the student---------------- --------------I broke yesterday. of whom the pen the pen of whom This is the house----------------- ----------face south. This is the house----------------- -------------face south. of which the window the window of which 4,as的用法： We do the same work as they (do). He is not the same man as he was before. They had such a fierce dog as I had never seen. 1.当先行词被the same或such修饰时，用as引 导定语从句。 As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，as 指代整个主 句，位置比较灵活，通常用于句首，用逗号 与主句隔开，通常译为，“正如……”  ___is known to us all, the old scientist still works hard in his eighties. A. As B. Which C. what D.Who He can swim so well,___ made us surprised. A. that B. which C. it D. this which/as都可指代整句，但区别： which不位于句首，as可在句首且有正如之意 “介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时， 从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 介词前置,指人 whom 指物 which The man to whom I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. The man who I spoke to on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. In the end, we reached the top of the mountain,-------appeared a rare rainbow soon. A.of which B.on which C.from which. D.above which D I have many friends,-------some are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom D 如何选介词 1. 根据定语从句中的动词与介 词搭配来选 1. Do you like the book _____ she spent $10? . Do you like the book _____ she paid $10? On which For which 2.根据先行词来选择 He built a telescope _____ he could study the skies There is a tall tree outside， _____ stands our teacher The tower _____ people can have a good view is on the hill Through which under which From which 3.根据句子意思或语境来选择 This is our classroom,-------- -------------there is a teacher’s desk. The wolf-----which the sheep was killed was shot. In front of which by . to whom Of whom Of whom Of which  The man _____ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.  The workers， some _____ stayed for four years， came from different countries.  The committee consists of 20 members， 5 _____ are women  The book contains 50 poems， most _____ were written in the 1930s Here is the man who/whom you are looking for. Here is the man for whom you are looking. 注意：１． 含有介词的短语动词一 般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的 后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 ２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系 代词指人时只可用whom，不可用 who, that；关系代词指物时只可用 which，不可用that。关系代词是所 有格时用whose。 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词:when在句中做时间状语. I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 1、关系副词的用法-- when I’ll never forget the day-------- I went to college. I’ll never forget the day----------- he told me. that/which when Where:在句中做地点状语 This is the place where we first met. 2、关系副词的用法-- where The house----------- he lives in needs repairing. The house------------- he lives needs repairing. where which/that 注意：如果定语从句分别修饰 point， situation，stage，condition 和case 等表示抽象意义的词，常用where来引导。 表示：“到了某种地步或在某种情况中” I’ve come to the point where I cannot stand him. Why:在从句中做原因状语 The reason why he was late was that he missed his train. 3、关系副词的用法-- why This is the reason------- he was absent. The reason-------- he can’t come is that he is ill. why why The reason __________he told me is not true. The reason -------------- he explained to me is true. That/which/x That/which/x 介词 ＋关系代词 的结构和关系 代词与关系副词的转化 When=in/on/at/during＋ which Where=in/at which Why=for which There used to be a time when the Chinese people struggled for freedom. There used to be a time --------------- ------- the Chinese people struggled for freedom. This is the office where I used to work. This is the office------------I used to work. at which /during which in which I’d like you to explain the reason why you were absent. I’d like you to explain the reason ------------- you were absent. for which 定语从句中的特殊情况： 1，当先行词是the way(方式、方法），且 从句中缺状语时，关系词用that/ in which/省略 This is the way (that/in which/x ) he deal with the matter. That’s the way (that) she spoke. 2.当先行词是表示时间或地点 的副词或短语，从句中缺状语， 可能用 prep + when/where， 这类介词有：from, during, until, to等。 He stood behind the curtain from where he could see the traffic. 3, 当先行词受the same 修饰时， 偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但 与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. (同一个) (同一类) 4. It is (high) time that结构中，that 引导的定语从句中要用一般过去时态， (be用were)或者使用should do， should不可以省略。 表示“现在某人该做某事了”.  例如： It is(high)  time that you should go to  bed.  It is(high)  time that you went to bed. 5, 多重定语从句 两个或两个以上的定语从句同时修饰一 个先行词。 例如: Tibet is a place where the Tibetan people have been living for generations and which / that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. 西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方,也是全 世界的人都渴望去观光游览的地方。 He said he would never forget the moment when he first met Gorky and which he regarded as the happiest in all his life. 他说他永远忘不了第一次与高尔基相见 的那一刻,那一刻被他视作人生中最幸福 的一刻。 注意: 多重定语从句的特点之一是:即使在 从句中作宾语或状语,第二个以及之后的所 有关系词都不能省略,以免引起句意的模糊 不清。 China is an attractive country which has the largest population, where there are lots of mysterious stories and legends and that many westerners are still not familiar with. 中国是一个充满魅力的国家,她拥有世界上 最多的人口,有许多神秘的故事和传说,但也 是很多西方人还不熟悉的国度。 非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别 He has two sisters, and neither of them is a college student. He has two sisters, neither of them is a college student. He has two sisters, neither of whom is a college student.