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上海区徐汇区
2016-2020 年五年高考二模英语试题汇编-阅读理解专题
2020 年上海市徐汇区高考二模英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions
or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just
read.
(A)
Aristotle thought the face was a window onto a person’s mind. Cicero agreed. Two thousand years passed,
and facial expressions are still commonly thought to be a universally valid way to judge other people’s feelings,
irrespective of age, sex and culture. A raised eyebrow suggests confusion. A smile indicates happiness.
Or do they? An analysis of hundreds of research papers that examined the relationship between facial
expressions and underlying emotions has uncovered a surprising conclusion: there is no good scientific evidence
to suggest that there are such things as recognizable facial expressions for basic emotions which are universal
across cultures. Just because a person is not smiling, the researchers found, does not mean that person is unhappy.
This may raise questions about the efforts of information-technology companies to develop
artificial-intelligence algorithms (算法) which can recognize facial expressions and work out a person’s
underlying emotional state. Microsoft, for example, claims its “Emotion API” is able to detect what people are
feeling by examining video footage of them. Another of the study’s authors, however, expressed scepticism. Aleix
Martinez, a computer engineer at Ohio State University, said that companies attempting to obtain emotions from
images of faces have failed to understand the importance of context.
For a start, facial expression is but one of a number of non-verbal ways，such as body posture, that people use
to communicate with each other. Machine recognition of emotion needs to take account of these as well. But
context can reach further than that. Dr Martinez mentioned an experiment in which participants were shown a
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close-up picture of a man’s face, which was bright red with his mouth open in a scream. Based on this alone, most
participants said the man was extremely angry. Then the whole picture was shown. It was a football player with
his arms outstretched, celebrating a goal. His angry-looking face was, in fact, a show of pure joy.
Given that people cannot guess each other’s emotional states most of the time, Dr Martinez sees no reason
computers would be able to. “There are companies right now claiming to be able to do that and apply this to
places I find really scary and dangerous, for example, in hiring people,” he says. “Some companies require you to
present a video resume, which is analyzed by a machine-learning system. And depending on your facial
expressions, they hire you or not, which I find really shocking.”
56. We can learn from the second paragraph that __________.
A. facial expressions are universal across cultures
B. it is hard to recognize some facial expressions
C. emotions and facial expressions may not be related
D. common facial expressions convey similar meanings
57. In the passage, the word “scepticism” (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to “__________”.
A. similar interest B. fierce anger C. strong support D. great doubt
58. The experiment mentioned by Dr Martinez may prove that ___________.
A. facial expression is an important way to communicate
B. machine recognition of emotion is not reliable at all
C. facial expression is not the only way to detect feelings
D. people may misread facial expressions for lack of context
59. What does this passage mainly tell us?
A. Facial expressions are among the most universal forms of body language.
B. Computers can detect people’s mind by analyzing their facial expressions.
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C. Facial expressions may not be the reliable reflection of a person’s emotions.
D. Companies can depend on machine recognition of emotion to hire people.
【答案】56. C 57. D 58. D 59. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。人脸识别功能已经广泛应用于生活方方面面，但科学家近日发现，面部表情并不能精
确地反映出本人的真实心情。
【56 题详解】
推理判断题。根据原文的“Just because a person is not smiling, the researchers found, does not mean that person
is unhappy.（科学家发现，因为一个人不笑并不意味着这个人不开心）”，可以判断脸部表情与心情之间
并没有必然联系。故选 C 项。
【57 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据原文的“Another of the study’s authors, however, expressed scepticism.（然而，另一位研究
作者表示了怀疑）”，根据句中转折词 however（然而），可以判断该处表达的意思与上文“Emotion API is
able to detect what people are feeling by examining video footage of them.（表情 APT 能够通过检测视频来判别
人们心中所想）”是相反的，即人脸识别并不能反应出人们内心真实心情。故选 D 项。
【58 题详解】
推理判断题。定位到第四段落，根据“Machine recognition of emotion needs to take account of these as well.
（机器表情识别也需要考量上述因素（情境））”，及根据原文“His angry-looking face was, in fact, a show of
pure joy.（事实上，他看起来愤怒的表情实际上是快乐的表情）”，可判断出如果脱离了具体情境，我们
就无法正确解读面部表情。故选 D 项。
【59 题详解】
主旨大意题。全文都在讨论面部识别与人们内心情感之间的关系是否是正相关，作者通过引述科学家的言
论“depending on your facial expressions, they hire you or not, which I find really shocking（凭借人脸表情识别
来决定是否录用求职者，依我看是非常震惊的）”来例证脸部识别表情这一功能的不可靠，因为面部表情
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并非真正地反映出我们的真情实感。故选 C 项。
(B)
IMPROVE YOUR WRITING | WRITING INSPIRATION | GET PUBLISHED RESOURCES
Founded in 1887, The Writer aims to expand and support the work of professional writers with a
straightforward presentation of industry information, writing instruction and professional and personal motivation.
If you’re passionate about books, authors, and writing, you’ll find everything you need within our pages 12 times
a year.
Our editors are interested in query letters (投稿信) on concrete topics written by emerging and experienced
writers. We are looking for clear takeaway for our readers: What can they learn to improve their writing or
advance their careers? What specific how-to tips and strategies will accomplish this?
In addition to a fleshed-out outline of your story idea and an estimated word count, queries should include a
brief description of your background. For personal essays, we prefer writers to attach or paste the finished piece in
their query email. We do not accept material that has been previously published in any form in print or online.
Queries should be sent by e-mail to tweditorial@madavor.com. All queries sent to any other address will be
deleted.
Unfortunately, we receive hundreds of letters every week and cannot respond to all of them. If you haven’t
heard from us in two weeks, please feel free to move your submission (投稿) to another publication. If you’re
unfamiliar with our magazine, we recommend reading a few issues, subscribing, or at least signing up for our
newsletter to get a feel for the kind of work we publish.
Article lengths vary widely from 300 to 3,000 words.
We recommend writers ask themselves the following questions before querying. It isn’t necessary to include
them in your query, but we find it’s a good way to help us understand how your piece best fits in our pages:
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* How specifically will this story idea help our readers become more informed writers?
* Why is this particular idea timely or relevant?
* Why are you the perfect person to write this piece?
We prefer electronic queries. Please do not mail queries.
Payment varies.
Thank you for considering a submission to The Writer magazine, the voice of imagination, creation, and
publication since 1887.
60. According to the passage, The Writer magazine __________.
A. provides practical suggestions on a writing career
B. responds to all the query letters from the readers
C. introduces successful writers and their works only
D. prefers handwritten queries to electronic ones
61. When sending a query letter, a contributor must ________.
A. answer the three questions first B. attach a printed version of the story
C. subscribe to the magazine D. include a brief self-introduction
62. What is this passage mainly about?
A. Magazine recommendations. B. Submission guidelines.
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C. Published stories. D. Subscription information.
【答案】60. A 61. D 62. B
【解析】
【分析】
本题是一篇应用文。向有意投稿的作者介绍一些投稿原则，帮助他们顺利发表文章。
【60 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章的“The Writer aims to expand and support the work of professional writers with a
straightforward presentation of industry information, writing instruction and professional and personal motivation.
（《作家》提供简单易懂的产业信息展示、写作指导、激发职业及个人写作积极性，最终拓展及提升专业
作家的写作）”，可以看出该杂志是提供与写作方面有关的指导。故选 A 项。
【61 题详解】
细节理解题。根据原文的“queries should include a brief description of your background（投稿信要包含投稿
人简短的背景介绍）”，可以看出投稿人要附赠自己的个人介绍。故选 D 项。
【62 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据原文“We recommend writers ask themselves the following questions before querying.（在投
稿前，我们建议作者应该问以下几个问题）”，以及“it’s a good way to help us understand how your piece best
fits in our pages（它能更好帮助我们理解你的写作是否和我们的页面契合）”，可判断该文是指导作者如
何更好地写作投稿。故选 B 项。
【点睛】应用文解题技巧。考场上的应用文大多选自外刊或外网的广告类文章，而这一文章有自己的特点，
结构清晰、行文简单、条例清晰、关键词醒目。所以考生需要通过“速读”来了解文章的大意。如该文通过
最上面的标题“The Writer”就可以对文章进行一个大致的猜测；又通过首段进一步确定该文的中心。其次，
应用文有一些比较特殊的字体，如大小写、数字等。通过这些特殊标明的字体可以快速“寻读”以获取想
要的信息。如本题的第 1 小题，the Writer 就是以斜体字 the Writer 标明的，可以快速匹配到第一段落。
(C)
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There has, in recent years, been an outpouring of information about the impact of buildings on the natural
environment. Information which explains and promotes green and sustainable construction design, strives to
convince others of its efficacy (功效) and warns of the dangers of ignoring the issue. Seldom do these documents
offer any advice to practitioners, such as those designing mechanical and electrical systems for a building, on how
to use this knowledge on a practical level.
Although there are a good many advocates of “green” construction in the architectural industry, able to list
enough reasons why buildings should be designed in a sustainable way, not to mention plenty of architectural
firms with experience in green design, this is not enough to make green construction come into being. The driving
force behind whether a building is constructed with minimal environmental impact lies with the owner of the
building; that is, the person financing the project. If the owner considers green design unimportant, or of
secondary importance, then more than likely, it will not be factored into the design.
The commissioning (委任) process plays a key role in ensuring the owner gets the building he wants, in
terms of design, costs and risk. At the predesign stage, the owner’s objectives and expectations are discussed and
documented. This gives a design team a solid foundation on which they can build their ideas. Owners who skip
the commissioning process, or fail to take “green” issues into account when doing so, often come a cropper once
their building is up and running. Materials and equipment are installed as planned, and, at first glance, appear to
fulfil their purpose adequately. However, in time, the owner realizes that operational and maintenance costs are
higher than necessary, and that the occupants are dissatisfied with the results. These factors in turn lead to higher
ownership costs as well as increased environmental impact.
In some cases, an owner may be aware of the latest trends in sustainable building design. However, firms
should not take it as read that the client already has an idea of how green he intends the structure to be. Indeed,
this initial interaction between owner and firm is the ideal time for a designer to outline and promote the ways that
green design can meet the client’s objectives, thus turning a project originally not destined for green design into a
potential candidate.
Typically, when considering whether or not to adopt a green approach, an owner will ask about additional
costs or return for investment. In a typical project, landscape architects, mechanical and electrical engineers do not
become involved until a much later stage. However, in green design, they must be involved from the outset, since
green design demands interaction between these disciplines. This increased cooperation clearly requires additional
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cost. However, there may be financial advantage for the client in choosing a greener design. There are examples of
green designs which have demonstrated lower costs for long-term operation, ownership and even construction.
63. What is the main reason for the lack of green buildings being designed according to the passage?
A. Few firms have enough experience in designing and constructing green buildings.
B. Construction companies are unaware of the benefits of sustainable designs.
C. Firms do not get to decide whether a building is to be constructed sustainably.
D. Firms tend to convince clients that other factors are more important than sustainability.
64. The phrase “come a cropper” probably means ________.
A. experience misfortune B. change one’s mind
C. notice the benefits D. make a start
65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Most clients have a clear idea of whether they want a green building at the beginning.
B. Green buildings are most likely to cost more money than conventional buildings.
C. The commissioning process offers a good opportunity to bring up the subject of green design.
D. Firms should avoid working with clients who reject green designs in their buildings.
66. The writer’s main purpose is to ________.
A. explain the importance of communication when a building is commissioned
B. emphasize the importance of green building design in protecting the environment
C. explain to building owners why ignoring green issues is costly and dangerous
D. inform professionals how they can influence clients to choose greener designs
【答案】63. C 64. A 65. C 66. D
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【解析】
本题是一篇说明文。介绍了“绿色建筑”这一流行理念并非在建筑行业实操过程真正落地原因，及介绍如
何使之落地的途径。
【63 题详解】
细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 原 文 的 “The driving force behind whether a building is constructed with minimal
environmental impact lies with the owner of the building.（是否以最小的环境影响来建造的最大驱动力是建筑
的拥有人）”以及“If the owner considers green design unimportant, or of secondary importance, then more than
likely, it will not be factored into the design.（如果大楼拥有人认为绿色设计不重要，或将它置于次之地位，
那很大程度上，绿色设计概念将不纳入设计的考虑中）”，可以判断出关键因素是大楼拥有人，公司实际
不能决定是否施行环保建造。故选 C 项。
【64 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据该段的“The commissioning (委任) process plays a key role in ensuring the owner gets the
building he wants, in terms of design, costs and risk.（若要保证所属者能够得到想要的建筑，无论是从设计、
成本还是风险角度而言，委任过程扮演了重要角色）”可以判断出，该段落意在说明“委任”的重要性；
而从“Owners who skip the commissioning process, or fail to take “green” issues into account when doing so（所
属者如果跳过委任过程，或未能将绿色概念纳入考量）”可以判断出，下一句会说如果不遵循这一过程会
造成的严重失误和后果是什么，备选项 A 符合语境。故选 A 项。
【65 题详解】
推理判断题。根据原文的“this initial interaction between owner and firm is the ideal time for a designer to
outline and promote the ways that green design can meet the client’s objectives（大楼拥有者与公司之间的初步
交流对于设计者勾勒和提升绿色设计方案是一个绝佳时机，同时也满足客户的目的需求）”，这里的 the
initial interaction 指代的就是 the commissioning process，所以该句强调委任过程在绿色设计概念交流上起到
的重要作用。故选 C 项。
【66 题详解】
推理判断题。本文主要从 commissioning process（委任过程）这个角度入手，介绍了其对于大楼拥有者、
公司及设计者三者之间的重要作用，通过沟通设计者可以更好地将绿色概念融入到建筑当中，故该文向从
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业者介绍如何通过有效途径影响客户选择绿色设计。故选 D 项。
2019 年上海市徐汇区高考二模英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions
or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just
read.
A
Being able to land safely is a critically important skill for all flying animals. Whereas terrestrial animals face
no particular challenge when they need to stop running or crawling, flying animals move at much higher speeds,
and they must be careful about how they land. Hitting the ground, or even water, at full flight speed would be
quite dangerous. Before touching down, they must decrease their speed in order to land safely. Both bats and birds
have mastered the skill of landing, but these two types of flyers go about it quite differently.
In the past it was believed that, in terms of flying mechanics, there was little difference between bats and
birds. This belief was based only on assumption, however, because for years nobody had actually studied in detail
how bats move their wings. In recent years, though, researchers have discovered a number of interesting facts
about bat flight. Bats are built differently from birds, and their wings incorporate(结合) both their front and hind
limbs (后肢). This makes their limbs working together more difficult for bats and, as a result, they are not very
good at flying over longer distances. However, a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely
reverse it, something a bird cannot easily do.
Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land—upside down! Unlike birds,
which touch down on the ground or on tree branches, bats can be observed flying around and then suddenly
hanging upside down from an object overhead. How do they do it? A group of researchers recently used video
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cameras to film bats landing on nets suspended from the ceiling of their laboratory and studied the recordings in
slow motion. They painted spots on the bats’ wings to see in detail what happens to the wings in flight and during
touchdown. It turns out that the bats flew in a straight line up to the net and then quickly flipped over and attached
themselves to it upside down. One disadvantage to this landing routine is that the bats often slam into their landing
spot with some force, which probably causes pain. However, not all bats hit their landing spots with the same
speed and force; these will vary depending on the area where a bat species makes its home. For example, a cave
bat, which regularly rests on a hard stone ceiling, is more careful about its landing preparation than a bat more
accustomed to landing in leafy treetops.
56. In line 1, the word terrestrial is closest in meaning to _______.
A. high-flying B. fast-moving C. tree-climbing D. ground-living
57. According to the passage, what skill is crucial for flying animals?
A. Diving underwater.
B. Slowing down to land.
C. Flying over great distances.
D. Balancing on high branches.
58. According to the passage, what is an advantage that bats have over birds?
A. Bats can land on a greater variety of surfaces.
B. Bats can turn in the air more quickly.
C. Bats can eat while flying.
D. Bats are lighter.
59. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Places where flying animals choose to land.
B. Why scientists have difficulty observing bats.
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C. Differences in the eating habits of bats and birds.
D. Ways in which bats move differently from birds.
【答案】56. D 57. B 58. B 59. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文属于科普文，主要讲述蝙蝠飞行能力的特别之处，第一个是能够改变飞行方向，第二，蝙蝠的着陆时
是头朝下的。
【56 题详解】
词义猜测题。根据本句中 stop running or crawling 可知，停止跑步或者匍匐，故可知 terrestrial animals 为陆
地动物的，故选 D。
【57 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段 Being able to land safely is a critically important skill for all flying animals.可知，能
够安全着陆对于飞行动物来说一项至关重要的技能，故可知，能够缓慢着陆是很重要的，故选 B。
【58 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段. However, a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely reverse it,
something a bird cannot easily do.可知，蝙蝠可以很快改变飞行的方向，甚至完全改变方向，这是其他鸟类
无法做到的，故选 B。
【59 题详解】
主旨大意题。本文主要讲述蝙蝠飞行能力的特别之处，第一个是能够改变飞行方向，第二，蝙蝠的着陆时
是头朝下的，故选 D。
【点睛】词义猜测题做题技巧。关于词义猜测题做题技巧。词义猜测题是阅读理解中常见的一种题型，主
要有对生词的词义猜测，熟词新义以及代词的猜测。其关键是根据上下文的逻辑关系，利用已掌握的信息，
有必要的时候，借助生活或者文化常识，确定单词的词义。
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小题 1，根据本句中 stop running or crawling 可知，停止跑步或者匍匐，故可知 terrestrial animals 为陆地动
物的，故选 D。
B
Milton Hershey was born near the small village of Derry Church, Pennsylvania, in 1857. He only attended
school through the fourth grade; at that point, he was apprenticed(做学徒) to a printer in a nearby town. After a
while, he left the printing business and was apprenticed to a Lancaster, Pennsylvania candy maker. And at the age
of eighteen, he opened his own candy store in Philadelphia. In spite of his talents as a candy maker, the shop failed
after six years.
After the failure of his Philadelphia store, Milton headed for Denver, where he learned the art of making
caramels(焦糖). Then in Denver, Milton once again attempted to open his own candy-making businesses, in
Chicago, New Orleans, and New York City. Finally, in 1886, he went to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he raised
the money necessary to try again. This company— the Lancaster Caramel Company—established Milton’s
reputation as a master candy maker.
In 1893, Milton attended the Chicago International Exposition, where he saw a display of German
chocolate-making implements. Fascinated by the equipment, he purchased it for his Lancaster candy factory and
began producing chocolate, which he used for coating his caramels. By the next year, production had grown to
include cocoa, sweet chocolate, and baking chocolate. The Hershey Chocolate company was born in 1894 as a
subsidiary(子公司) of the Lancaster Caramel Company. Six years later, Milton sold the caramel company, but
reserved the rights, and the equipment, to make chocolate. He believed that a large market of chocolate consumers
was waiting for someone to produce reasonably priced candy. He was right.
Milton Hershey returned to the village where he had been born, in the heart of dairy country, and opened his
chocolate manufacturing plant. With access to all the fresh milk he needed, he began producing the finest milk
chocolate. The plant that opened in a small Pennsylvania village in 1905 is today the largest chocolate factory in
the world. The sweets created at this facility are favorites around the world.
The area where the factory is located is now known as Hershey, Pennsylvania. Within the first decades of its
existence, the town of Hershey thrived, as did the chocolate business. A bank, a school, churches, a department
store, even a park and a trolley system all appeared in short order; the town soon even had a zoo. Today, a visit to
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the area reveals the Hershey Medical Center, Milton Hershey School, and Hershey’s Chocolate World—a theme
park where visitors are greeted by a giant Reeses Peanut Butter Cup. All of these things— and a huge number of
happy chocolate lovers—were made possible because a caramel maker visited the Chicago Exposition of 1893!
60. The mention of the 1893 Exposition indicates that _______
A. the exposition in Chicago is held once every three years.
B. the theme of the exposition of 1893 was “Food from Around the World.”
C. the exposition contained displays from a variety of countries.
D. the site of the exposition is now a branch of the Hershey Chocolate Company.
61. According to the passage, Milton Hershey sold his caramel company in _______
A. 1894. B. 1900. C. 1904. D. 1905.
62. What can you infer from the passage?
A. Chocolate is popular in every country in the world.
B. Reeses Peanut Butter Cups are manufactured by the Hershey Chocolate Company.
C. Chocolate had never been manufactured in the United States before Milton Hershey did it.
D. The Hershey Chocolate Company now makes more money from Hershey’s Chocolate World than from the
manufacture and sale of chocolate.
63. The author wrote this passage mainly to _______
A. recount the founding of the Hershey Chocolate Company.
B. describe the process of manufacturing chocolate.
C. compare the popularity of chocolate to other candies.
D. explain how apprenticeships work.
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【答案】60. C 61. B 62. B 63. A
【解析】
本文属于记叙文，主要介绍 Milton Hershey 创办 Hershey’s Chocolate 的历程以及该公司的发展目前状况。
【60 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段 In 1893, Milton attended the Chicago International Exposition, where he saw a display
of German chocolate-making implements.可知，在 1893 年，Milton 参加了芝加哥国际博览会，在这个博览会
上，他看到了一套制作巧克力的设备，故可以推出，国际博览会上有不同国家的产品展示，故选 C。
【61 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段 The Hershey Chocolate company was born in 1894 as a subsidiary(子公司) of the
Lancaster Caramel Company. Six years later, Milton sold the caramel company, but reserved the rights, and the
equipment, to make chocolate.可知，1894 年创立了子公司 The Hershey Chocolate company，六年后，也就是
1900 年，把焦糖公司给卖了，故选 B。
【62 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 Today, a visit to the area reveals the Hershey Medical Center, Milton Hershey School,
and Hershey’s Chocolate World—a theme park where visitors are greeted by a giant Reeses Peanut Butter Cup.可
知，如今，游客可以去参观 Hershey 医学中心，Milton Hershey 学校，以及 Hershey’s Chocolate World 主题
公园，在这里，游客可以看到巨大的 Reeses Peanut Butter Cup，故可知，主题公园里展出的是 Hershey’s
Chocolate 公司的产品，故选 B。
【63 题详解】
主旨大意题。本文主要介绍 Milton Hershey 创办 Hershey’s Chocolate 的历程以及该公司的发展目前状况，
故选 A。
C
Like their ancient toga-wearing counterparts, modern philosophers continue to disagree on the nature of
freewill. Do we really have any control over the choices we make and the things we desire, and if so, to what
degree?
16
Theories of freewill vary, but the ancient words of Plato still line up with our modern perceptions(概念) of
temptation and willpower. The respected Greek philosopher argued that the human experience is one of constant
struggle between the intellect and the body, between rationality and desire. Along these lines, true freedom is only
achievable when willpower unchains us from bodily, emotional, instinctual slavery.
You can find similar thoughts throughout world religions, most of which offer a particular and often difficult
path to rise above our darker natures.
And science? Well, science mostly agrees with all of this. Willpower is all about overcoming your natural
desires to eat cupcakes, skip your morning workout, play games on mobile phone, hit the snooze alarm and check
your e-mail during a funeral.
Your willpower, however, is limited. If life were a video game, you'd see a glowing "willpower" or "ego"(自
我) meter at the top of the screen next to your "life" meter. Successfully resist one temptation, and the meter
drains a little. The next temptation drains the "willpower" meter even more, until there's nothing left at all.
Our modern scientific understanding of willpower in large part stems from a 1996 research experiment
involving chocolate and radishes(小红萝卜). Psychologist Roy Baumeister led a study in which 67 test subjects
were presented with tempting chocolate chip cookies and other chocolate-flavored treats before a
persistence-testing puzzle. Here's the catch: The researchers asked some of the participants to withdraw from
sweets and snack on radishes instead.
Baumeister's results told a fascinating story. The test subjects who resisted the sweet stuff in favor of radishes
performed poorly on the persistence test. They simply didn't have the willpower left to resist slacking off(松懈).
The research inspired more than a thousand additional studies discussing everything from the influence of
positive messages to the ego-sapping power of daily decisions
Studies also show that cognitive capacity also affects our ability to hold out against temptation. Cognitive
capacity is essentially your working memory, which you employ when resisting a temptation ... or holding a string
of numbers in your head. A 1999 study from the University of Iowa professor Baba Shiv found that people tasked
with remembering a two-digit number held out better than people remembering a seven-digit number when
tempted with chocolate cake.
17
64. What do you understand by ‘freewill’?
A. The control we have over the choices.
B. The choices we make and the things we desire
C. The choices that philosophers force us to make
D. Our perception of temptation.
65. According to Plato, when is true freedom available?
A. When there is a struggle between the intellect and the body
B. When our willpower helps us to overcome our basic instincts
C. When we desire that which we cannot achieve
D. When we have no control over our ego
66. What is meant by ‘cognitive capacity’?
A. Willpower to realize one’s own ego. B. Our ability to overcome temptation
C. Our ability to remember things. D. The desire to give in to temptation
【答案】64. A 65. B 66. B
【解析】
本文属于科普文，介绍了不同时代对意志力的理解不一样，一个现代科学心理实验让我们对意志力有了更
深的理解，同时提出了认知负荷的概念。
【64 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段 Do we really have any control over the choices we make and the things we desire, and
if so, to what degree?可知，现代哲学家依然就意志力的本质有着不同的观点，那么我们有能力控制自己做
的选择和我们想要的东西吗？如果有，到什么程度？故可知，意志力的概念就是控制自己的选择和欲望，
故选 A.
18
【65 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段 Along these lines, true freedom is only achievable when willpower unchains us from
bodily, emotional, instinctual slavery.可知，柏拉图认为，只有意志力把我们从身体、情绪以及本能的奴役中
解脱出来，才能达到真正的自由，故可知，只有当意志力帮助我们克服基本的欲望，才能达到真正的自由，
故选 B。
【66 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 Studies also show that cognitive capacity also affects our ability to hold out against
temptation. Cognitive capacity is essentially your working memory, which you employ when resisting a
temptation ... or holding a string of numbers in your head.可知，认知负荷可能影响我们抵抗诱惑的能力，只有
在抵抗诱惑的时候才会发挥作用，故可知，认知负荷是抵抗诱惑的能力，故选 B。
2018 年上海市徐汇区高考二模英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions
or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just
read.
(A)
Have you ever had the experience of talking to someone and you think they are lying? Well, you are not
alone. We’ve all had that feeling. But did you know that there are several things you can look for to see if you are
being lied to?
Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. When people are lying
they tend not to move their arms, hands or legs very far form their body. They don’t want to take up very much
space because they don’t want to be noticed. Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eyes. Other
times people who lie try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the
truth.
19
Liars also use deflection. For example, if you ask a liar the question“did you steal Fatima’s bag?”，they may
answer with something like“Fatima is my friend, why would I do that?”in this situation the person is telling the
truth, but they are also not answering the question. They are trying to deflect your attention. Liars may also give
too many details. They may try to over-explain things. They do this because they want to convince you of what
they are saying.
Often when a person is lying, they do not want to continue talking about their lie. If you think someone is
lying, quickly change the subject. If the person is lying, they will appear more comfortable because they are not
talking about their lie any longer. A little later, change the subject back to what you were talking about before. If
the person seems uncomfortable again, they may be lying.
It’s very hard for a liar to avoid filling silence created by you. He or she wants you to believe the lies being
woven; silence gives no feedback on whether or not you’ve bought the story. If you’re a good listener, you’ll
already be avoiding interruptions, which in itself is a great technique to let the story unfold.
Just because a person is showing these behaviors, it doesn’t mean they are lying. They might be shy or
nervous. But if you think someone is lying, you might want to use some of these techniques. Hopefully, you won’t
need to very often.
56. By saying“Liars also use deflection.”，the writer means that liars may ______.
A. tell great stories B. change tone of voice
C. ask a question in reply D. avoid direct answers
57. According to the passage, a person could be lying if he or she ___.
A. offers more information than necessary
B. appears to be shy or nervous
C. changes the subject of the conversation
D. speaks very fast and vaguely
58. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?
20
A. liars always try to avoid direct eye contact when they tell lies
B. we can make people lie by changing the subject in a conversation
C. liars are often expansive in hand and arm movements while talking
D. we make liars uncomfortable by giving no feedback in a conversation
59. The passage mainly talks about ____.
A. who deceives us B. why people tell lies
C. how to detect lies D. what to do with liars
【答案】56. D 57. A 58. D 59. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了可以通过一些技巧来判断人是否在撒谎，但有时也要避免误用，不要把害羞
和紧张当作撒谎。
【56 题详解】
细节理解题。题目问：作者说 Liars also use deflection 意味着说撒谎者可能会做什么？第三段中“For
example, if you ask a liar the question“did you steal Fatima’s bag?”，……but they are also not answering the
question. ”，提到撒谎者没有回答这个问题，故选 D。
【57 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章，一个人如果做什么就是在撒谎？第四段中“Liars may also give too many details.
They may try to over-explain things. ”撒谎者会给出太多细节，他们会过度解释事情，选项 A 是提供比必需
的要多的信息，符合题干，故选 A。
【58 题详解】
细节理解题。第三段：“It’s very hard for a liar to avoid filling silence created by you.…… silence gives no
feedback on whether or not you’ve bought the story. ……which in itself is a great technique to let the story
unfold.”。如果你要创设一种安静的氛围，撒谎者就会感到困难，他们得不到你对他们编织故事的反馈，
21
这就叫撒谎不攻自破，D 选项符合文章所给的细节，故选 D。
【59 题详解】
主旨大意题。文章介绍了从肢体语言、谈话内容、谈话题材到谈话氛围如何去识别人是不是在撒谎，第一
段最后一句：“But did you know that there are several things you can look for to see if you are
being lied to?”，提示了文章主旨，选项 C 符合文章主旨，故选 C。
(B)
More On:
Go to greg
Is omitting jobs from a resume lying?
-----------------------
How to handle stress at work
------------------------
How can men and women work better
together?
------------------------
How will cancer treatment affect my
son’s resume?
------------------------
Letter 1
January 28, 2018 | 3:31pm
I work for an e-commerce Website. If one of our merchandisers
has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire
department. In my opinion, this is rude and unnecessary. It seems to
me that mass e-mail is appropriate for good or neutral news, rather
than making a correction. Do you agree? Moreover, if you were the
recipient of the correction, how would you respond?
The only people who should be included in an e-mail are those
who need to know or respond. Including everyone is rude and
unprofessional as well as annoying to recipients. It’s not like we
don’t have enough in our inbox already. I don’t agree that e-mail is
only for good or neutral news, however. Sometimes you need to
alert people or create a record of bad news. But no one should use
e-mail to blame other people. If you’ve got a problem with
22
What to do if you drank too much at the
company holiday party
someone, pick up the phone or take it outside (for a coffee, not a fist
fight…geez). As for how to respond, e-mail is usually ineffective
for resolving conflict. Have a conversation with the sender and
explain why his or her approach isn’t the best and what you
recommend.
Letter 2
January 14, 2018 | 9:24 pm
It’s the start of a new year and I believe it’s time for a change. What’s the best way to explain to a prospective
employer that you are in need of something new without seeming flighty and without complaining about your current
employer?
The new year is as good a time as any to take stock, but not the only reason for making a change. At least, that’s
not what you communicate to a prospective employer. Your reason for looking for a new job is less important to your
new employer than why you want to work there. Needing a change might be the catalyst(催化剂), but the job search
is like dating, and you wouldn’t ask someone out and explain you’re just bored in your current relationship, right? At
least I hope not, otherwise you’re likely to be as lonely as Barry Manilow sounds when he sings “It’s Just Another
New Year’s Eve”.
60. What is discussed in the first letter?
A. How to ask questions in a polite way. B. How to respond to a false charge.
C. How to make a correction at work. D. How to handle rude mass emails at work.
61. According to Greg, expressing your dissatisfaction with your present job in an interview would be the same
as __________.
23
A. talking about your family issues in public
B. complaining about your prior partner on a first date
C. demonstrating your qualifications to your new boss
D. bragging about your experience to your partner
62. It can be inferred that “go to greg” mainly offers advice on people’s __________.
A. career choices B. social relationships
C. working problems D. health problems
【答案】60. D 61. B 62. C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇应用文，就两封信所反映的工作中的问题给出了针对性的建议。
【60 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文体特点可知本文是针对来信反映的问题给出建议，根据 Letter 1 中的“If one of our
merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire department. In my opinion, this
is rude and unnecessary.”可知，第一封反映的问题是如果一个业务员有问题或有需要改正的地方，他工作的
单位会给整个部门发电子邮件，在他看来，这是粗鲁和不必要的，再结合回复中的 “I don’t agree that e-mail
is only for good or neutral news, however. Sometimes you need to alert people or create a record of bad news. But
no one should use e-mail to blame other people. If you’ve got a problem with someone, pick up the phone or take
it outside (for a coffee, not a fist fight…geez). As for how to respond, e-mail is usually ineffective for resolving
conflict. Have a conversation with the sender and explain why his or her approach isn’t the best and what you
recommend.”可知，我不同意电子邮件只用于好消息或中性消息。有时候你需要提醒人们或者创造一个坏
消息的记录。但是没有人应该用电子邮件来责怪别人。如果你和某人有问题，拿起电话或带到外面（喝杯
咖啡，而不是拳打脚踢…天哪）。至于如何回复，电子邮件通常对解决冲突无效。与发信人交谈，解释为
什么他/她的方法不是最好的，以及你推荐的方法，由此可知，第一封信主要讨论的是如何处理工作中粗鲁
24
的群发邮件，故 D 项正确。
【61 题详解】
细节理解题。根据 Letter 2 中的 “but the job search is like dating, and you wouldn’t ask someone out and
explain you’re just bored in your current relationship, right? ”可知，格雷格认为找工作就像约会，你不会约
别人出去解释你对现在的关系感到无聊，对吧？也就是说她认为，在面试中表达你对目前工作的不满，就
像在第一次约会时抱怨你的前任一样，故 B 项正确。
【62 题详解】
推理判断题。根据 Letter 1 中的“If one of our merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they
e-mail the entire department. In my opinion, this is rude and unnecessary.”可知，第一封信给出了如何处理工
作中粗鲁的群发邮件的建议，根据 Letter 2 中的“What’s the best way to explain to a prospective employer
that you are in need of something new without seeming flighty and without complaining about your current
employer?”可知，第二封信给出的是换工作时怎样向新老板解释你换工作的原因而又不显得轻浮和不抱怨
现在的老板的建议，这两封信反映的都是工作中的问题，因此 go to greg 向人们提供如何处理工作中的问
题的建议，故 C 项正确。
【点睛】本篇第 3 题推理判断题难度较大，抓住两封信所反映的问题是关键，根据 Letter 1 中的“If one of
our merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire department. In my opinion,
this is rude and unnecessary.”可知，第一封信给出了如何处理工作中粗鲁的群发邮件的建议，根据 Letter 2
中的“What’s the best way to explain to a prospective employer that you are in need of something new without
seeming flighty and without complaining about your current employer?”可知，第二封信给出的是换工作时怎
样向新老板解释你换工作的原因而又不显得轻浮和不抱怨现在的老板的建议，这两封信反映的都是工作中
的问题，因此 go to greg 向人们提供如何处理工作中的问题的建议。
(C)
Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year
on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are
published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to
25
build new technologies.
The problem is not just what happens after publication — scientists often have trouble choosing the right
questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm
conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but
not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best
academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls
for, as one might guess, more research on research — attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies
are, in fact, valid.
It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can do so by
exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team
science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making
scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions
of those studies.
Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down
on with a kind of “me-too” derision(嘲笑) that would waste resources — but often they may help avoid false
leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of
data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such
information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links
malfunction. Data are sometimes lost — even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious(伪造的)
results, eaten by termites(白蚁).
There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and
Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical
review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline
their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.
But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for
performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant (“positive”) but nonreplicable results.
Revising the present incentive(激励) structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities
26
and other research institutions.
63. What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?
A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.
B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.
C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.
D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.
64. Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2?
A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.
B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctor’s advice.
C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.
D. A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.
65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.
B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.
C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.
D. Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings.
66. The purpose of this article is to ___________.
A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiency
B. explain the result of a recent scientific study
C. introduce some recent progress in medical research
D. highlight the possible problems of research studies
27
【答案】63. C 64. C 65. B 66. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。今年早些时候 The Lancet 发表的一系列论文称，每年用于医学研究的 2,650 亿美元中，
有 85%被浪费了，因为在一项研究的初步结果发表后，往往什么都没有发生。文章论述了医学研究存在的
两大问题：1. 很多研究发现没有被投入使用。2. 研究过程本身存在问题。文章提出，要通过共同努力来
解决这些问题。
【63 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265
billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial
results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one
uses the findings to build new technologies. ”可知，每年用于医学研究的 2,650 亿美元中，有 85%被浪费了，
因为在一项研究的初步结果发表后，往往什么都没有发生。没有后续调查来复制或扩展一个发现。没有人
利用这些发现来开发新技术。结合选项，C 选项表达了这个意思：很多发现在被发表之后并没有被投入使
用。故选 C。
【64 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing
studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish
reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies
find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions.”可知，
科学家们经常在选择正确的问题和正确设计研究来回答这些问题时遇到困难。太多的研究对太少的对象进
行测试，无法得出确定的结论。研究人员发表了数百种治疗疾病的方法的报告，这些方法在动物模型中有
效，但在人类身上无效。制药公司发现他们无法复制由最好的学术机构发表的有希望的药物目标。结合选
项，C 选项提到的“一个营销公司测试一个网站的参与者，而这些参与者并不是该网站的目标人群。”则
属于这一类问题。故选 C。
【65 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable
28
and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and
statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can
replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies”可知，我们可以通过探索使科
学调查更加可靠和有效的方法来做到这一点。这些可能包括协作团队科学、研究注册、更强的研究设计和
统计工具、更好的同行评审，以及广泛提供科学数据，以便其他人能够复制实验，从而建立对这些研究结
论的信任。由此推知，实验必须可以复制才能有效，获取信任。故选 B。
【66 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中 Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the
$265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after
initial results of a study are published.（今年早些时候， The Lancet 发表的一系列论文称，每年用于医学研
究的 2,650 亿美元中，有 85%被浪费了，因为在一项研究的初步结果发表后，往往什么都没有发生。）以及
第一和第二段介绍了科学研究存在的问题。第三段提出解决问题的办法。第四段提出解决问题过程中可能
遇到的困难。最后一段强调解决问题需要更多的努力。由此可知，这篇文章的写作目的是为了介绍科学研
究存在的问题，后面的内容都是围绕这个展开的。结合选项，D 选项符合题意。故选 D。
2017 年上海市徐汇区高考二模英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished
statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best
according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Born in 1823 in Wales, Alfred Russel Wallace was a man of modest means, but he had a passion for nature
and he chose to follow it. He started out collecting insects as a hobby, but eventually his longing for adventure
led him to explore the world.
Luckily for Wallace, Victorian Britain was discovering an interest in weird and wonderful insects, so the
demand from museums and private collections for these beasts was growing. Wallace was able to make a living
doing what he loved: collecting beetles and other insects.
But his first trip of exploring the world ended in disaster. Wallace proceeded to the Amazon in South
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America. Its giant forests promised a wealth of new species, sure to put him on the scientific map. The trip took 6
weeks and involved every mode of transport in existence at the time. After four years Wallace set off for home,
but his boat caught fire in the middle of the Atlantic. Everyone survived, but Wallace had to watch in despair as
his samples went up in flames – including live animals he was bringing home that were trying to jump free of the
flames. But he did not let it stop him.
In 1854, Wallace set off on another adventure, this time to the Malay Archipelago. Wallace found himself
humbled by the new and exciting things he saw. He later recalled: “As I lie listening to these interesting sounds, I
think how many besides myself have longed to see with their own eyes the many wonderful and beautiful things
which I am daily encountering.”
In 1858, Wallace wrote what became known as the “Ternate essay”: a piece of writing that was to change
our understanding of life forever. In his essay, Wallace argued that a species would only turn into another species
if it was struggling for existence. Henry W. Bates was one of many scientists delighted by the idea of evolution
by natural selection. In a letter to Wallace, he wrote: “The idea is like truth itself, so simple and obvious that
those who read and understand it will be struck by its simplicity; and yet it is perfectly original.”
56. __________ finally caused Wallace to explore the world.
A. His strong affection for nature B. His life-long devotion to beasts
C. His deep love for adventure D. Increasing demand for insects
57. Which of the following is TRUE about Wallace’s first trip?
A. It took him six weeks to explore the Amazon with all kinds of transportation.
B. He made a scientific study of a fairly limited number of insects.
C. The fire cost him his four years’ collection of animals.
D. His passion cooled after the disaster.
58. Wallace felt _____ on the Malay Archipelago.
A. fearless B. lucky C. challenged D. risky
59. Wallace’s idea on evolution of natural selection __________.
A. made no sense at that time B. built up a new concept of life
C. was too simple to be true D. revealed the origin of nature
(B)
Virtual reality
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Probably the most exciting tech development of recent times, virtual reality (VR)
has arrived, with sufficient options available to the consumer who’s searching for an
extra amount of high-tech fun. The cheapest way to get a high-end VR experience
comes courtesy of Sony. Its PlayStation VR doesn’t require a tricked-out PC or
expensive phone – it works with the Playstation 4 control board and comes with a few
great games in its library. There is some equipment you can purchase to enhance the experience, but if you’ve
already got a PS4 you can enter the world of VR for just $400. Other high-end offerings like the HTC Vive and
Oculus Rift, as well as mobile options like Samsung’s Gear VR, will get your head in the game.
Wireless headphones
Combining ease of use with the ability to move wild around your home, gym or
workplace, wireless headphones just make sense. And there are plenty of practical
options to suit any budget. The Bose QuietComfort 35 wireless headphones are
definitely worth a test drive, though. The full-size, around-ear Bluetooth headphones
highlight active noise cancellation and double as a headset for making phone calls. They’ve even earned the
Editor’s Choice award at Cnet.com and can be purchased for less than $400 online.
Digital cameras
While your phone is a worthy assistant, there’s no substitute for a real camera when
it comes to taking the perfect picture. And these days you can get quality specifications in
a package that’s almost as small as your smartphone. The shiny design of the Fujifilm
X70, $699, makes it the perfect companion, or you could go retro with the Olympus PEN-F ($1,200) that offers
old school looks alongside cutting edge technology. Domestically, it’s worth checking out Xiaomi’s mirrorless Yi
M1 for a more affordable option. With a high-end 20-megapixel（兆像素）sensor and the ability to host multiple
lenses, it’s available from just 2,199 yuan.
60. Sony can provide high-tech fun at the lowest cost because __________.
A. players can play free games online B. PS4 owners don’t need any other device
C. it gives players adequate experience D. players have purchased expensive PCs
61. What is Bose QuietComfort 35 wireless headphones’ selling point promoted in the passage?
A. They have various types to meet users’ needs. B. Users can reduce noise manually.
C. They work better in the wild. D. Users can make phone calls with the headphones.
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62. If your friend, who favors everything in the styles of the past, plans to make perfect pictures with a new
device, you will most probably recommend __________.
A. A smart phone. B. Fujifilm X70. C. Olympus PEN-F. D. Yi M1.
(C)
Naquela Wright’s life took an unexpected turn when she lost her eyesight as a teenager, but even when her
world became dark, the New Jersey resident didn’t want to quit social media.
Using Facebook was a challenge at first. Diagnosed in 2010 with pseudotumor cerebri, a rare health
condition in which pressure increases around the brain and can result in the loss of vision, Wright learned how to
use a screen reader to read the site through the touch of the keyboard and sound of a robotic voice. Still, when a
friend sends her a photo, Wright often has no clue what the image shows.
Now Facebook is trying to solve this problem by exploiting the power of artificial intelligence to create new
tools that not only describe items in a photo but allows users to ask what’s in an image.
“I can have a basic picture in my mind of what’s going on in the picture and now I can comment on my own,”
said Wright, who got to try out the new tools that are still being tested. “Of course, it’s different, but it’s
something more than I had.”
An estimated 285 million people are visually disabled globally, according to the World Health Organization,
and research conducted by Facebook showed that blind users have trouble figuring out what’s in a photo because
the description isn’t clear or doesn’t exist.
Facebook has made it easier to skim through the content on its website with a screen reader by improving
HTML headings, adding alternative text for images, launching keyboard shortcuts, and more. Using artificial
intelligence to describe photos is only a part of these ongoing efforts.
With 1.5 billion users, Facebook isn’t the only social media company that wants to improve its website for
the visually disabled. Along with Facebook and other major tech firms, Twitter and LinkedIn have their own
accessibility teams and belong to an initiative called “Teaching Accessibility”.
Jeff Wieland, Facebook’s head of accessibility engineering, said the group wants to educate more engineers,
especially early in college, about designing products that are compatible with the disabled and others. “We really
don’t want accessibility to be the luxury of a handful of companies,” Wieland said. “We want everything around
the world to be built with accessibility in mind.”
63. What tool helps the visually disabled to read Facebook?
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A. A screen reader. B. A special keyboard. C. A helpful robot. D. HTML headings.
64. What can be inferred from the passage about the new tool created by Facebook?
A. It adds a lot of shortcuts on the keyboard.
B. It helps users to employ their senses other than sight.
C. It meets no competitors with its advanced technology.
D. It inspires more engineers to explore artificial intelligence.
65. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph “are compatible with” most probably means __________.
A. are unaffordable to B. bring harm to C. keep company of D. well suit
66. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A. Screen reader: tool to access social media
B. Ongoing efforts: strength to improve websites
C. Artificial intelligence: power to help the blind
D. Teaching accessibility: initiative to educate engineers
2016 年上海市徐汇区高考二模英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished
statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best
according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Handwriting has existed for about 6,000 years. It’s one of our most important inventions. Without it, we
wouldn’t be able to record knowledge or pass ideas from one generation to the next.
Most of us know, but often forget, that handwriting is not natural. It’s not like seeing or talking, which are
what we are born with. In early America, only wealthy men and businessmen learned to write. A “good hand”
became a sign of class and intelligence as well as morality. Most, meanwhile, signed legal documents with a mere
‘X’ and the presence of a witness. Writing only spread to the masses in the 19th century, after schools began
teaching handwriting.
67 — left-handed students often had their arm tied tightly to their bodies, so they’d learn to write
with the “correct” hand. In more modern times, you may remember spending hours learning the correct
stroke(笔画), formation and spacing of upper- and lower-case letters.
But today, schools are shifting the focus to coursework in STEM – short for science, technology, engineering
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and mathematics. With limited hours and an increased pressure to meet higher standards, teachers are
emphasizing technology and tablets and less of the written word.
Technology has threatened writing long before every man, woman and child carried a phone. It came with
the invention of the typewriter, which standardized written communication, and that same argument will
reappear as technology advances.
I don’t know if handwriting will ever die. But today, the growing emphasis on typing is having far-reaching
effects. To get a glimpse of the future, just look at the youth. Instead of curly Qs or crazy Ls, kids are using
emoticons such as or to give a personal touch.
Typing is more democratic, too — it isn’t a complicated skill to master. Keyboards are changing the physical
connection between writers and text, and people who can’t write by hand, like the blind, can now use tools to
communicate only by touch.
I suppose it’s easy to grieve over the passing of one era (年代) into another. Sure, I’ll miss the writing of
letters, and the beautiful and well-practiced signature written with a pen. And while some pathways in our brains
will weaken with the decline of handwriting, we’ll develop new ones as we swipe (滑动) and double-click our
way into the future.
66. Before the 19th century in America, _____________.
A. only intelligent people could learn handwriting in schools
B. legal documents were signed with the presence of a witness
C. most of the people didn’t even know how to write their names
D. people would spend hours learning how to write every day
67. Which of the following sentences can best fit in the blank in the third paragraph?
A. Writing was a means of human communication
B. Writing has always been serious business
C. Schools tried different ways to force students to write
D. Young people worked hard to improve handwriting
68. We can learn from the passage that ______________.
A. the invention of cellphones started the decline of handwriting
B. handwriting will disappear because young people write poorly
C. typing makes it possible for blind people to communicate
D. typing is comparatively easy to learn, even for the disabled
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69. What does the writer imply in the last paragraph?
A. The era of handwriting is leaving and that of typing is coming.
B. Letters and signatures are gradually disappearing for sure.
C. The decline of writing has drawn much attention from the public.
D. Our brains will weaken with the decline of handwriting.
(B)
Here are some of our favourite spots for eating, sightseeing and shopping.
Need inspiration?
Scott Monument This remarkable Gothic building was built in memory of the life and work
of Sir Walter Scott. Climb the 287 steps to the top and you’ll be rewarded
with some pretty special views.
History lovers? Edinburgh Castle looks over the city skyline from Castle Rock. You can take
a tour (human or audio) or just wander through it with a map. Listen out
for the One o’clock Gun – it fires every day except Sunday. At one o'clock.
Obviously.
Time your trains With cheap train tickets to Edinburgh to coincide
Feeling hungry?
A satisfying dinner: With ingredients carefully sourced from local growers, plus home-grown
fresh fruits and edible flowers, Timberyard has favourable reviews.
A light lunch: Thomson’s Bar claims to serve “the best steak pie in Edinburgh”, to match
with real beer (it’s in the Good Beer Guide) and enough whiskies (威士忌
酒) to take up a whole page on the drinks menu.
Edinburgh – the fourth most beautiful city in the world
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Shopping centre
Princes Street: You’ll find all your favourites on Edinburgh’s main shopping drag, Princes
Street. There’s M&S, Gap and Waterstones and also a bit of a retail
landmark in the shape of Jenners department store.
Harvey Nichols: A byword (代名词) for luxury, Harvey Nicks is loved by the fashion pack.
Gucci, Victoria Beckham and Marc Jacobs will try to separate you from
your cash.
Hidden Edinburgh
Edinburgh’s deepest secret (literally) is a network of underground streets, which you can tour
with a guide. Try “The Real Mary King’s Close” to uncover some of the myths and mysteries as to
how the street, once open to the skies, found itself underground.
Need trains to Edinburgh? We’ll get you sorted…
70. Where can visitors enjoy a full view of the city in Edinburgh?
A. Scott Monument. B. Edinburgh Castle.
C. Timberyard. D. The Real Mary King’s Close.
71. While shopping in Edinburgh, we may find that ___________.
A. Princes Street is the place where celebrities go shopping
B. Edinburgh’s main shopping drag is extremely expensive
C. many high-end brands can be found in Harvey Nichols
D. one cannot pay in cash when shopping in Harvey Nichols
72. The underlined word “edible” is closest in meaning to _____________.
A. beautiful B. eatable C. visible D. delicate
73. This page is most likely to be found at ___________.
A. http://www.britishairways.com/en-hk/destinations/edinburgh/flights-to-edinburgh
B. https://www.rabbies.com/en/tour-scotland/one-day-tours-scotland-from-edinburgh
C. https://www.virgintrainseastcoast.com/our-destinations/edinburgh-overview
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D. http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/discover/about-the-castle
(C)
Women are still underrepresented in top academic positions. One of the possible explanations for this is the
increasing importance of obtaining research funding. Women are often less successful in this than men.
Psychology researchers Dr. Romy van der Lee and professor Naomi Ellemers investigated whether this difference
also occurs at the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and examined potential explanations.
The researchers were assigned by NWO to carry out this study as part of the broader evaluation of NWO's
procedures and its gender diversity policy. The aim was to gain more insight into the causes of the differences in
awarding rates for male and female applicants for research funding. The analysis addressed an important “talent
programme” of NWO, the Veni grant. “Whoever receives this grant has a greater chance of obtaining an
important appointment at a university,” says Naomi Ellemers.
Van der Lee and Ellemers investigated all the applications submitted by male and female researchers over a
period of three years: a total of 2823 applications. Under the direction of NWO these applications were assessed
by scientific committees consisting of men and women. The results demonstrate that the awarding rates for
female applicants (14.9%) are systematically lower than those for male applicants (17.7%). “If we compare the
proportion of women among the applicants with the proportion of women among those awarded funding, we
see a loss of 4%,” said Ellemers.
The study reveals that women are less positively evaluated for their qualities as researcher than men are.
“Interestingly the research proposals of women and men are evaluated equally positively. In other words, the
reviewers see no difference in the quality of the proposals that men and women submit,” says Romy van der Lee.
In search for a possible cause for the differences in awarding rates and evaluations, the researchers also
investigated the language use in the instructions and forms used to assess the quality of applications. This clearly
revealed the occurrence of gendered language. The words that are used to indicate quality are frequently words
that were established in previous research as referring mainly to the male gender stereotype (such as challenging
and excellent). Romy van der Lee explains: “As a result, it appears that men more easily satisfy the assessment
criteria, because these better fit the characteristics stereotypically associated with men.”
In response to the results of this research, NWO will devote more attention to the gender awareness of
reviewers in its methods and procedures. It will also be investigated which changes to the assessment
procedures and criteria can most strongly contribute to more equal chances for men and women to obtain
research funding. This will include an examination of the language used by NWO. NWO chair Jos Engelens said,
“The research has yielded valuable results and insights. Based on the recommendations made by the researchers
we will therefore focus in the coming period on the development of evidence-based measures to reduce the
difference in awarding rates.”
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74. Van der Lee and Ellemers carried out the research to find out whether ____________.
A. women are less successful than men in top academic positions
B. female applicants are at a disadvantage in getting research funding
C. NOW’s procedures and gender diversity policy enhance fair play
D. there are equal chances for men and women to be admitted to a university
75. Van der Lee and Ellemers’ study shows that _____________.
A. grant receivers were more likely to get appointments at universities
B. men applicants for research funding outnumbered women applicants
C. the research proposals of women are equally treated with those of men
D. the reviewers have narrow, prejudiced conceptions of women candidates
76. What might be the main cause for the differences in awarding rates and evaluations?
A. The words used in the instructions and forms.
B. The reviewers’ preference to applications.
C. The methods and procedures for evaluation.
D. The vague and unclear assessment criteria.
77. What will NWO probably do next in response to the results of this research?
A. Eliminate possibilities for difference in awarding rates.
B. Design a language examination for all the reviewers.
C. Emphasize the importance of gender awareness.
D. Improve the assessment procedures and criteria.
65.B 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A 70.B
71.C 72.B 73.C 74.B 75.C 76.A 77.D
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