高中英语语法体系表

高中英语语法大表 第一讲 名词 I.名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词 人名,地名,国名，组织 机构名称等 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 物质名词 抽象名词 Beijing, China garden, actor family, class water, air health, freedom II. 可数名词的数： 1. 规则可数名词复数的构成： 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, day-days, months 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es 妻子(wife-wives)持刀(knife-knives)去宰狼 (wolf-wolves)，小偷(thief-thieves)吓得发了慌；躲在 架(shelf-shelves)后保己(self-selves)命(life-lives)，半 (half-halves)片树叶(leaf-leaves)遮目光 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加 -es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 6 以-o 结尾 的名词 一般加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, bamboo-bamboos, kilo-kilos 少数加-s 黑人（negroes）英雄（heroes）爱吃土豆（potatoes） 西红柿（tomatoes）和芒果（mangoes） 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 2. 不规则名词复数构成： 规则 例词 1 改变内部元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese 2 单复数相同 sheep, fish(活鱼), Chinese, deer, means(方式),series(系 列), species(物种) , yuan(元), jin(斤) 3 无规则变化 child-children, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, medium-media(媒体) ,bacterium-bacteria(细 菌),phenomenon-phenomena(现象) 4 单数形式附属概念 people, police, cattle 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也 可以作复数（成员） class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 works(工厂), arms(武器), manners(礼貌), customs(海 关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙 滩), papers(文件, 试卷), looks(外表), brains(头脑智 力), greens(青菜) 7 表示 “某国 人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Chinese, Japanese , Swiss 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为 -men,-women Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 8 合成名 词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变 为复数 grown-ups(成年人), go-betweens(中间人) 将两部分变为复数 woman singer-women singers, man servant-men servants 3. 常考的不可数名词 单词 词义 单词 词义 advice 建议 baggage/luggage 行李 change 零钱 furniture 家具 hair 头发 homework 家庭作业 information 信息 knowledge 知识 money 钱 news 新闻；消息 progress 进步 traffic 交通 equipment 设备 meat 肉 room 空间 luck 运气 music 音乐 housework 家务 fun 乐趣 wealth 财富 milk 牛奶 weather 天气 orange 橙汁 food 食物 work 工作 paper 纸 bread 面包 trouble 麻烦 III. 名词的所有格：表示所有关系 所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s 构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后 者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s 所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加’s 或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均 须加’s Jane’s and Mary’s rooms 两人各自的房间 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末 加’s Jane and Mary’s father 两人共同的房间 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名 词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s ’s 所有格的也可用于表示时间、距离用法： １ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday , five minutes’ walk/drive 2 表示距离重量价格 a mile’s journey, five pounds’ weight, five dollars’ worth of apples 3 表示国家城市等地方的名 词 the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 5 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 2. of 所有格的用法： １ 用于无生命的东西 the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 2 用于名词化的词 the struggle of the oppressed, the problem of the young 3. 双重所有格：a friend of Mary’s 一个玛丽的朋友（玛丽许多朋友中的一个） Ⅳ.抽象不可数名词的具体化 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词) surprise 惊讶 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 success 成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事) honour 荣誉 an honour 一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事) failure 失败 a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事) Ⅴ.名词的语法功能 1 作主语 A good teacher must be patient. 2 作宾语 I like English. 3 作表语 His uncle is an engineer. 4 作定语 It is a shoe factory. 5 作宾补 They all call him a playboy. 6 作状语 The meeting lasted two hours./ I have told you many times. 第二讲 冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I.不定冠词的用法： 不定冠词 a,an 表泛指一个…, a 用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an 用于元音因素开头的单词前 1 指一类人或事 A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人或某物 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识的“一个姓…的人 /叫…的人”或是“像…一样的人” A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 as a result/whole/rule, make a living, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time, come to an end II. 定冠词的用法： 1 特指某（些）人或事，相当于 this/these, that/those He knows a lot about the history of the Olympics. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 上文已提到过的人或事 He gave me a pen. The pen is very expensive. 5 用于西洋乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 6 用于形容词前表示一类人 the rich, the living, the wounded 7 用于姓氏复数前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 8 用于序数词和最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 9 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛等 专有名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 10 用于中国传统节日前 the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival 11 用于方位名词前 in the east, on the right 12 打/抓/拍某人的某个身体部位 hit sb in the face, touch sb on the shoulder, take sb by the arm 13 固定词组 in the city/countryside, in the distance, in the end, at the same time , on the other hand, one…the other, the more…the more III. 零冠词的用法： 1 季节，月份，星期，非中国传统节假日 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 2 一日三餐前 have breakfast/lunch/dinner 3 学科，语言，球类运动，棋类游戏名词前 learn English He likes playing football/chess. 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 专有名词前 London is the capital of England. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this book, not that one. / 8 固定词组 at first, at dusk, at risk, at present, in need, in advance, in fact, on purpose, on average, by mistake, by chance/accident, by law 第三讲 代词： I.代词可以分为以下七大类： 1 人称 代词 主格 （作主 语/表 语） I we you he she it they 宾格 （作宾 语、表 语） me us you him her it them 2 物主 代词 形容词 性（作 定语） my our your his her its their 名词性 （作主 语/宾 语/表 语） mine ours yours his hers its theirs 3 反身代词（作 宾语/表语/同 位语） myself ourselves yourself/yourselves himself herself itself themselves 4 相互代词 each other (彼此，两者之间) ，one another(彼此，三者以上之间) 5 指示代词（作 定语/主语/宾 语） this, that, these, those, such, some 6 不定代词 all/ both, every/ each, either/ neither, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, one/other/ another, some/any, none/no one/nobody, something/anything/everything/nothing, somebody/anybody/everybody/nobody,someone/anyone/everyone 5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as II. 重点不定代词用法注意点： 例 词 含义 作 用 例 句 both 后接复 数名词 表示 两个 人或 事物 主语 Both are teachers. 两个都是教师。 宾语 The teacher wanted both of us to go.老师要我们两个人都去。 定语 Both questions are easy.两个问题都很容易。 同位语 They both did it well.他们两个人都干得不错。 neither 后接单 数名词 (与 both 反 义) 表示 两个 人或 事物 都不 主语 Neither is mine.两个都不是我的。 宾语 I want neither of the books.那两本书我都不要。 定语 Neither sentence is correct.两个句子都不对。 either 后接单 数名词 两 个 人 或 物 中 任 一 个 主语 Either will be all right.两个中哪一个都行。 宾语 He looked at the two pens, but didn ’ t buy either(=bought neither).他看了两支笔，但一支也没有买。 定语 You may take either book (=take one of the two books). =You can’t take both of the two books. 两本书你可以任选一本。 all 表示 三个 以上 都(肯 定) 主语 All of them are workers.他们都是工人。 宾语 The teacher asked us all about the matter. 老师问了我们所有的事。 表语 That’s all for today.今天就到这。 定语 All men are mortal.人总是要死的。 状语 He was all covered with mud.他浑身是泥。 同位语 They all came here.他们都到了。 none ( 与 all 反义， 与 no one, not any 同义) 表示 三个 以上 都不 (否定) 主语 None of them have come back yet.他们一个都还没有回来。 宾语 She chose none but the best.她只挑了最好的东西。 表语 It’s none of your business.没你的事。 同位语 We none of us send anything to our teacher. 我们谁也没有给老师送东西。 many much many +可数 名词， much +不可 数 名 词 主语 Did many oppose it? 有许多人反对它吗？ There is much milk in my cup. And there is not much in yours. 我的杯里有许多奶，而你的杯里没有多少了。 宾语 I have as many as my sister has. 我和妹妹拥有的一样多。 Eat as much as you like. 你尽量地吃吧。 定语 We have many friends. 我们有许多朋友。 There is much water left.还剩下许多水。 some any some 用 于 主语 Some of us were late for school. 我们中有些人上学迟到了。 肯 定 句 ， any 用 于 否 定句， 疑 问 句 和 条 件 句中。 宾语 I want to eat some of the cakes. 我想吃些蛋糕。 定语 I have some questions to ask. 我有些问题要问。 Do you have any questions to ask? 你还有问题要问吗？ 注: some 有时可以用于表示“请求”的疑问句中，例如： Will you please give me some tea? 给我来些茶好吗？ few a few 修 饰 可 数 名词。 a few 表 示 肯定， few 表 示 否定。 主语 Few of us study English. 我们中很少有人学习英语。 A few of the girls are tall. 女孩中有几个个子高。 宾语 We have few of books. 我们几乎没有书。 定语 He is a man of few words. 他是个沉默寡言的人。 little a little 修 饰 不 可 数 名 词。a little 表 示 肯定， little 表 示 否定。 主语 There is little left. 所剩无几。 宾语 He has done little for us. 他很少为我们做事。 定语 I have a little money with me. 我身上带着一点钱。 each every one (each 指两个 以上， every 指三个 以上) Each 强 调 个 性 ， every 强 调 共 性 ， one 表 示 某个 主语 Each has his own work. 每个人都有自己的工作。 One must do one’s duty. 人尽其量。 宾语 We must help each of the students. 我们必须帮助每位同学。 定语 Every one of us must study hard. 我们中每位都必须努力学习。 同位语 They each had beautiful cars. 他们每人都有一辆漂亮的小车。 other another other 表 示 “两个”之 中 的 另 一 个; another 表 示 三 个 以 上 中 的 主 语 I have two rubbers. One is white, the other is red. 我有两块橡皮，一块是白色的，一块是红色的。 宾 语 Show me another. 把另一个给我看。 另一个。 定 语 The other students are playing football. 另外一些同学在踢足球。 Would you like another glass of water? 你还要喝一杯水吗？ 注:other 相当于名词时，其复数形式为 others,其所属格形式为 other’s 和 others’。 Ⅲ. it 的用法： 作形式主语 It is no use shouting. It is useful for us to learn English. It is kind of you to help me. It is a pity that our team (should) lose the game. It is said/reported that he has come to Beijing. It takes me years to learn a foreign language. It is up to you to make the choice. 作形式宾语 I find it hard to concentrate. 强调句型 It is Mr Zhang that/who often encourage me. 表时间、距离、价值、天气、 气温等 It’s been six years since we last saw each other. It's about 50 kilometers from here to my home. It is raining cats and dogs outside. 表示不明身份的人/性别不 明的婴儿 Who is it? Is it a boy or a girl? 代指前面提到的非人单数 名词/不可数名词或整个句 子 I have a car and it is in the garage. 第四讲 形容词和副词 I. 形容词: 1. 形容词的意义及功能：用于修饰限定名词或代词 1 作定语 He gave me a beautiful gift. 2 作表语 The task is not easy. 3 作补语 He was found alive.(主语补足语) His words made me angry.(宾语补足语) 4 作状语 Tired and hungry, he went home.(原因状语) He went back home, tired and hungry.(伴随 状语) 2. 形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，如 a sharp knife 但在下列情况后置： 1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one 等构成的复合 不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰 的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive(活着的), alike(相似的), awake, aware, asleep, present(在场的), here, there 等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 3. 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 数词 性状形容词 限定词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名 词 代词所有 格 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 形容词副词原级的比较级和最高级的构成 规则变化： 1 一般单音节词和大部分部分双音节词加-er/-est great-greater-greater; bright-brigher-brighest 2 以辅音字母+e 结尾的词加-r/-st late-later-latest, simple-simpler-simplest 3 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词变 y 为 i 加-er/-est angry-angrier-angriest, early-earlier-earlier easy-easier-easiest 4 以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写尾字母 加-er/-est thin-thinner-thinnest, hot-hotter-hottest 5 多音节和部分双音节词前加 more/most careful-more careful-most careful important-more important-most important interesting-more interesting-most interesting concerned-more concerned-most concerned 不规则变化: 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more more old older/elder oldest/eldest little less least far farther(具体)/further(抽象) farthest(具体)/furthest(抽象) 注：某些表最高程度的形容词没有最高级，如 favorite(最喜欢的) , perfect(完美的), excellent(杰出的), extreme(极端的)等 形容词/副词的常见句型 as+形容词/副词原级+as:和...一样.. She is as tall as her sister. We work as hard as his team. not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as:不 如... She is not as/so tall as her sister. We don’t work as/so hard as his tem. much/even/far/a little/a bit/a lot/any/rather 比较级+than His machine is much more powerful than ours. 比较级 and 比较级:越来越... The days are getting colder and colder. the+比较级，the+比较级:越...越... The harder you work, the more progress you will make. the+最高级+of/in+范围 Jack is the tallest boy in his class. one of the+最高级+名词复数:最... 的...之一 Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. 形容词变副词的构成 1 一般加-ly slow-slowly, 2 辅音字母+y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加-ly easy-easily, happy-happily 3 以 le 结尾，变为 ly simple-simply, humble-humbly 4 以 ue 结尾，去 e 加-ly true-truly, due-duly 5 以 ll 结尾，加-y careful-carefully, dull-dully 6 以 ic 结尾，加-ally basic-basically, scientific-scientifically 第五讲 介词 I.介词的意义和分类： 介词是一种虚词，不能单独使用，需用在名词、代词、动名词和宾语从句的前面，表示地点 、时间、原因/目的、所属、伴随、方法/手段等，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。 1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from behind, except for, till after, in between , up to 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(考虑到), including，concerning/regarding/respecting(关于；至于) 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite, worth(值…的) II.介词的功能： 1 作状语 We usually get up at 6:00 in the morning. 2 作定语 He is a man of courage. 3 作表语 The hospital is across the street. 4 作补足语 He helped the old man across the street. I found him in a hurry. Ⅲ. 常用介词解析： 表示时间的介词 1 at at 8:30; at noon/dusk/night; at breakfast; at weekends; at work; at that time; at Christmas; at the moment; at the age of.. 2 in in the morning; in spring; in May; in 2020; in the 21st century; in a few minutes 3 on on Monday; on Sunday morning; on the evening of Last Sunday; on July 1st 4 during during the day; during 5 before/after before/after the show 6 for/since for two years; since two years ago 7 until/till until/till two o’clock in the morning not…until 直到…才 8 by by 11:00; by the end of the year 表示地点的介词 1 at at school; at the airport 2 in in the garden; in the city/countryside; in the east of China(在…内部) 3 on on the desk; on the north of China(接壤) 4 to to the east of China(相隔较远，隔海/湖相望) 5 above/over above the clouds(在…之上); over the river(垂直正上方) 6 between/among/in the middle of between classes; among the trees; in the middle of the road 7 in front of/in the front of in front of the hotel; in the front of the classroom 8 across/through/past across the bridge; through the window; past my house 9 between/among/in the middle of between classes; among the trees; in the middle of the road 10 in front of/in the front of in front of the hotel; in the front of the classroom 11 into/onto/out of/off run into the room; come out of the room; jump onto the desk; off the wall 表示方式手段的介词 1 by by teaching; by bus 2 with write with left hand; with curiosity 3 in in English/Chinese; in pencil/ink; in a low voice; in fear(害怕) 表示方关于 1 about 关于（泛泛地/ 非正式地谈论） a book about birds 2 on 关于（系统/理论性 地论述） a book on birds 3 over 关于（反复地斟 酌讨论/也可用于表情 感词后=about） argue over the matter; feel happy over the good news 表示原因的介词 1 because of He lost his job because of his age. 2 thanks to Thanks to your help, we finished the work in time. 3 for I am really sorry for being late. 4 out of She cried out of sympathy. 5 at She is happy at the good news. 6 due to/owing to His illness is due to bad food. Owing to rain, the match was cancelled. 第六讲 动词的时态、语态 I.动词的分类： 1 行为动词/ 实义动词 及物动词（vt.）：直接接宾语：They watched a football game yesterday. 不及物动词（vi.）：不直接接宾语，接宾语需在后面加介词：The baby cried. He went to Canada last year. 2 系动词 Be 类系动词: am/is/are/was/were: He is a teacher. He is strict with his students. 感官系动词: look/sound/taste/smell/fell: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 变化系动词: become/grow/turn/get/go/come/fall: His face turned red. 保持系动词: keep/stay/remain: The weather remains cold. 表象系动词: seem/appear/look: He looks happy. 终止系动词: prove(证明是)/turn out(最后变成): What he said proved true. 3 助动词 Be 类助动词：are/was/were: 1.be + doing ,构成进行时态：The two boys are talking. 2.be+done, 构成被动语态：The book was written by LuXun. Do 类助动词：do/does/did: 1.构成疑问句：Do you speak English? 2.+not 构成否定句：I don’t speak English. 3.置于动词原型前，表强调：I do speak English. Have 类助动词：have/has/had have/has/had+done, 构成完成时态：He has left for Guangzhou. 4. Will 类：will/would/shall: Will/would/shall+do, 构成将来时态：They will arrive soon. 4 情态动词 can/could: The baby couldn’t speak last month, but he can now. be able to: The baby is able to speak. should: We should speak to old people politely. You should speak to your boss like that. ought to: You ought to quit smoking. must: He said that he must work hard. You must be a teacher. have to/had to: I have to go by bus because my car doesn’t work. may/might: May I speak to you for a moment? The child may be home already. had better/’d better: You had better try it again. need: You need not tell him unless you’d like to. 情态动词+have done 用法： 1.should have done 过去应该做某事（事实上未做） You should have called the police. shouldn’t have done sth 过去不应该做某事（事实上做了） You shouldn’t have told him that. 2.could have done sth: 过去本能够做某事却未做 He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight. 3.might have done 过去本可能做某事（事实上未做） We might have been killed. 4. would have done sth 本来要做或有可能作某事（事实上未做） 5. need have done 过去本需要做某事（事实上未做） II.动词的时态一共有 16 种，以 do 为例： 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 do / does did shall/will do should/would do 进行 am/is/are doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing 完成 have/has done had done shall/will have done should/would have done 完成进 行 have/has been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing 一般时 一 般 现 在 时 构成 用法 例句 am/is/are do/does 常态的动作或状态（包括事实真理） I am a student. I study English everyday. 一般过去 时 was/were did 过去发生的动作或存在的状态 I was an exchange student. Two years ago, I studied English in America. 一般将 来时 will/shall do 将来发生的动作或存在的状态 If you are having problems, I will help you study English. be going to do 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有 可能要发生某事 I’m going to study English next year. be about to do 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作 The meeting is about to close. I was about to leave when the bell rang. be to do 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 过去将来 时 would do 过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状 态, 常用于宾语从句中. I promised that I would study English next year. 进行时 现在进行 时 am/is/are doing 表示正在进行的动作或现在一段时间正在进 行的动作 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进 行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 I am studying English now. He is moving to the south. 过去进行 时 was/were doing 表示过去正在进行的动作或过去一段时间正 在进行的动作 I was studying English at that time. 完成时态 现在完成 时 have/has done 动作已经完成，强调对现在的影响 I have studied English for ten years/since 10 years ago. 过去完成 时 had done 表示过去某时之前已经做了（过去的过去） I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S. 现在完成 进行时 have/has been doing 表示过去的动作延续到现在并且还会继续下 去 I have been studying English for ten years. Ⅲ. 动词的被动语态： 常用被动语 态 构成 常用被动语 态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done 2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done 3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done 4 过去将来时 should/would be done 9 含有情态动 词的 can/must/may be done 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 注 意 事 项 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 第七讲 非谓语动词 I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 非谓 语形 式 构成 特征和作用 时态和语态 不定 式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 分 词 现在 分词 doing having done being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去 分词 done 动名 词 doing having done being done having been done 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾语 的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接动名词做宾语 的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 两 者 都 可 以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词 多指一般或习惯行为） need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形 式） 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发 go on to do（接着做另外一件事） 生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发 生） go on doing（接着做同一件事） try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着） can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概 念 例句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或 已经完成 I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进 行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多 强调状态 We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进 行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语 动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作 同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语 动作之前，现已经完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 不定 式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助 于 it 把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位 置，而且意义不变，并且还能用 what 来提问主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 做主语时常用) 动名 词 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的 动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用 it 做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. 分词 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以 做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被 very, quite, rather 等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多 表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所 处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常见分词有 astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其-ed 形式) 第八讲 定语从句 I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句 的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成 分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系 代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which 和 that 在从句中做 宾语时，常可以 省略，但介词提 前时后面关系 代词不能省略， 也不可以用 that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般 不省略 关系 副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用 for which II. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 例句 只用that的情况 1．先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2．先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 3．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4．先行词既指人又指物时 5．先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时 6．句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重复 时 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用 which, who, whom 的 情况 1．在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 指代 物，用 who/whom 指人 2．在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中， 只能用 which 指物，whom 指人。 3．先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which, 先 行词为 those, one, he 时多用 who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. III. as 与 which 的区别： 定语从句 区别 例句 限制性定语从 句中 名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关系 代词用 as,不能用 which He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定语 从句中 as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。 如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在 主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用 as； 而 which 引导的从句只能放主句后，并 无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 限制性定语 从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就 不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写 The accident happened at the time when I left. 时不用逗号分开。 非限制性定 语从句 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切， 较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个 插入语，不能用 that 引导，关系代词做宾语时也不 能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 第九讲 名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 主语从句 在复合句中做主语，相当于名词， 一般置谓语之前，也可用 it 作形 式主语，主语从句放主句之后 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcome. 表语从句 在复合句中做表语，相当于名词， 位于系动词之后 It looks as if it is going to snow. 宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 He asked me which team could win the game. 同位语从 句 放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact 等) 表明其具体内容 You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. 十一 状语从句 种类 连接词 注意点 时间状语 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在 时；while 引导的从句中动词一般是延续性 的；until 用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性 的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 地点状语 where, wherever 原因状语 because, as, since, now that because 语气最强，since 较弱，表示大家都 明了的原因，as 又次之。 条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般 时代替 目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that so that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情态动词 结果状语 so…that, such…that 比较状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more 方式状语 as if, as though, as as if 和 as though 引导的从句一般用虚拟 语气。 让步状语 though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever as 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式； although 和 though 用正常语序，可和 yet 连用，但不可和 but 连用 第十讲 倒装句 种类 倒装条件 例句 完全 倒装 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副词开 头的句子表示强调 Out rushed the children. 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 部分 倒装 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not 等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. only 和修饰的状语放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also 连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. so…that, such…that 中的 so 或 such 及修饰的成 分放于句首时前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as 引导的让步状语 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另外的 人或事。 He can play the piano. So can i. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health! 省略 if 的虚拟条件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 第十一讲 虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 If 引导的 条件从句 与现在事实相 反 从句动词：过去式（be 用 were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If he were here, he would help us. 与过去事实相 反 从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过 去分词 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 与将来事实相 反 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+ 不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 其它状语 从句 as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. in order that / so that 引导的状语从句中动词用 can / could / may / might / would 等+动词原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 宾语从句 demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为 should+动词 原形 He suggested that we not change our mind. wish 后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和 should/would+ 动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 I wish I could be a pop singer. 主语从句 在 It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用 should+动词原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型 中 It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或 should+动词原形 It’s high time that we left. would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿 望 If only our dream had come true!