四位一体（词汇+短语+句式+话题）备战2021高考阅读专项突破六：　语言学习(B)教师版

“四位一体”高考阅读专项突破（词汇+短语+句式+话题精读） 话题三 语言学习(B) 一、话题 必背词 汇： School desk 课桌 Blackboard 黑板 Black eraser 黑板擦 Lawn 草地 Eruptive fountain 喷泉 Classroom 教室 Platform 讲台 classroom 教室 Dining room 食堂 bedroom 寝室 stadium 体育馆 computer room 机房 kindergarten 幼儿园 infant school 幼儿学校 primary school, junior school 小学 secondary school 中学 high school, secondary school 专科学校 business school 商业学校 technical school 工业学校 technical college 专科学校 (university) campus 大学 university 大学 boarding school 供膳宿的学校 day school 日校,无宿舍学校,走读学校 day student who has lunch at school 提供午餐的走读学生 academy 专科学院 faculty 系 hall of residence 学校公寓 classroom 教室 lecture theatre 阅览室 (美作:lecture theater) amphitheatre 阶梯教室 (美作:amphitheater) staff room 教研室 headmaster's study, headmaster's office 校长办公室 (assembly) hall 礼堂 语音 speech sound 人类发出的能表达一定意义的声音。 词汇 vocabulary 中文语料库 Chinese corpus 语言知识库 language knowledge base 现代汉语 contemporary Chinese language 普通话 Putonghua 汉语拼音[方案] Pinyin, scheme of the Chinese phonetic alphabet 声母 initial 韵母 final 零声母 zero initial 声调 tone 双拼 binary syllabification 书面语 written language 口语 spoken language 汉字集 Hanzi set, Chinese character set 现代通用汉字 current commonly-used Hanzi, current commonly-used Chinese character 汉字样本 Hanzi specimen, Chinese character specimen 传承字 traditional Hanzi, traditional Chinese character 简化字 simplified Hanzi, simplified Chinese character 繁体字 unsimplified Hanzi, unsimplified Chinese character 异体字 variant Hanzi, variant Chinese characte 字体 Hanzi style, character style 手写体 handwritten form 印刷体 print form 宋体 Song Ti 仿宋体 Fangsong Ti 楷体 Kai Ti 黑体 Hei Ti 白体 Bai Ti 字号 Hanzi number, character number 正体 standardized form 斜体 inclined form 异体 variant 字模点阵 dot matrix font 字形 Hanzi form, character form 笔画 stroke 笔顺 stroke order 笔数 stroke count 汉字结构 Hanzi structure, Chinese character structure 汉字部件 Hanzi component, Chinese character component 部件使用频度 utility frequency of component 部件组字频度 compositive frequency of component 部首 indexing component 偏旁 radical 字量 Hanzi quantity, character quantity 字频 Hanzi frequency, character frequency 字音 Hanzi pronunciation, character pronunciation 字序 Hanzi order, character order 词素 lexeme 基本词 primary word 常用词 high frequency word 通用词 commonly-used word 专用词 special term 单纯词 simple word 合成词 compound word 短语 phrase 固定短语 fixed phrase 词频 word frequency 词的使用度 word usage 词流通频度 circulation frequency of word 词使用频度 utility frequency of word 词分类流通频度 circulation frequency of the word classification 句子 sentence 句法关系 syntactic relation 单义 monosemy 二、话题 必背短 语： give 短语： give away 赠送，给予，背弃，泄露，分发 give back 归还，送回 give in 投降，让步，屈服 give off 释放，发出，放出 (烟、光、热等) give out 用完，耗尽，分发，发放 give over = hand over 转交，移交 give up 放弃，辞去 give a concert 开音乐会 give a description of… 描述…… give / make a speech 演讲，讲话 give a talk 演讲，做报告 give birth to 生婴儿，生产，造成 give close attention to 密切关注 give medical care to sb 对某人进行治疗 give shade in summer 夏天时遮阳 give / lend sb a hand 给某人帮助 give sb a message = give a message to sb 给某人捎个口信 give sb a second look 再看某人一眼 give sb a warm welcome 热烈欢迎某人 give sb some advice on sth / doing sth / how to do sth 就……向某人提出建议/忠告 例如： In those days, he used to give away a part of his income to help his friend. Remember not to give it away to anyone else; it’s a secret. Both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in. If they are burned, they will give off poisonous gases. When they made ready to climb the next ridge (山脊), they found that their oxygen had given out. Our English teacher is giving out the test papers. Both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride. All hope of finding the missing aircraft was given up and the search stopped. Mary had to give up her job after her marriage. Mr Black will give us a talk on how to learn English well this afternoon. Could you give us some advice on reading? If you won’t have it changed, please give my money back. 三、话题 必背句 式： 16. It occurred to me that... ……浮现于我的脑中.俄想起……. It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem. 我突然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题. It never occurred to me that he should have lied to me. 我从来没有想到他竟然会对我撒谎。 17. It is good/bad manners to do...……是有/没礼貌的表现. It is good manners to bring along a small gift or some flowers when you are invited to dinner by a foreign friend. 如果外国友人邀请你共进晚餐,去的时候带上一份小礼物或者鲜花是有礼貌的表现. 四、 话题精 读专练 ：Ⅰ.阅读理解 A [2020·贵州适应性测试]Almost all calligraphy(书法) lovers agree that writing characters with a brush and ink on straw paper offers a way to communicate with not only history and culture, but also oneself. But now Chinese character handwriting is under threat from computers and mobile phones. A college graduate looking for a job was reportedly turned down by a company because he wrote 24 characters incorrectly in a 400-character handwritten resume. A survey by HorizonKey, covering people from 12 major cities in China, found that nearly one third of those interviewed often experience “character amnesia(遗忘)”， with 94 percent saying this is a problem for them. The main reason is that most Chinese rely too much on the pinyin-based Chinese language input method, which is replacing the tradition of writing characters stroke(笔画) by stroke. The software will conveniently choose the right characters according to the context or word frequency, as there are dozens of characters with the same pronunciation in Chinese. Education is another problem. In college, most homework and papers are printed out, instead of handwritten. And few teachers use chalk and blackboards, with Microsoft's PowerPoint the most-often used software to teach knowledge to students. The number of electronic devices in the classroom is thought to be another reason why students are easily satisfied with just a poor knowledge of the Chinese language and characters. It is quicker to look up a character in an electronic dictionary, but traditional printed dictionaries offer more detailed information on the usage and meaning of the characters. Students pay more attention to remembering a character's pronunciation, but not the other knowledge related to it, which e- dictionaries rarely provide. Another worry is the “pollution” of Chinese characters by Internet language. Young people regard using Internet language as cool and fashionable. After they learn to use these expressions, they automatically include them in their writing. 1．With the example of a college graduate, the author shows ________. A．that practicing can improve writing B．why certain people are poor writers C．that there are differences in students' writing D．why Chinese character handwriting is in great danger 2．By saying “...those interviewed often experience ‘character amnesia(遗忘)’”， the writer means those interviewed ________. A．are not good at handwriting B．can't write characters accurately C．show no interest in handwriting D．find jobs much more difficultly 3．What phenomenon is described in Paragraph 5? A．Dependence on electronic devices. B．Advantages of electronic dictionaries. C．Mastery of knowledge of the characters. D．Disadvantages of published dictionaries. 4．What's the writer's attitude towards the Internet language? A．Favorable. B．Uncaring. C．Disapproving. D．Friendly. B [2018·全国卷ⅠC]Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit ( 联 系 ) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people，while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival. 5．What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times? A．They developed very fast. B．They were large in number. C．They had similar patterns. D．They were closely connected. 6．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2? A．Complex. B．Advanced. C．Powerful. D．Modern. 7．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A．About 6,800. B．About 3,400. C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200. 8．What is the main idea of the text? A．New languages will be created. B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages. C．Human development results in fewer languages. D．Geography determines language evolution. Ⅱ.七选五 [2020·石家庄市质量检测] I just counted how many foreign languages I've studied so far in my life and it's been twelve! I always follow my interests and find ways to put my language learning into things I'm already interested in. I like to read blogs( 博 客) in other languages. __1__. For the most part, bloggers tend to write the same way they speak, so I don't have to worry much about adopting strange terms that are only used in writing. Movies are also a really good tool, especially if you can find subtitles in the language you're learning. __2__， they will still keep your brain listening and reading in the same language. Music is another way to start listening to things in your new language. Personally, I'm so bad at understanding lyrics(歌词) even in English, so this one doesn't really work for me, but I have friends who learn a language through lyrics. Games are of course also an excellent way of studying a new language. A lot of language learning computer programs include games. I'm super competitive and if I play any of them, I can be hooked for hours. __3__. When the initial excitement of learning a new language begins to fade, it can be hard to stick with it. The hardest bit for me is when I'm comfortable enough with a language to understand most things and make myself understood. I'm actually stuck at this stage in Norwegian. __4__. Ideally I should sign up to take a big language exam. Each time I start getting self-satisfied, it's time to take a new course or sign up for online lessons, or take up some sort of challenge that will require me to level up my skills. __5__. The best language class I've ever taken was my beginner's Russian course at university where my professor never used any English. It got to the point where I would kind of just forget about English while in Russian class, which helped me to really immerse myself in the Russian language and do a whole lot with the limited Russian I had. A．That's really uncomfortable B．Whatever languages they're translated into C．I also try to think in the language I'm learning D．It's time well spent if I'm learning the language E．Computer games always make me feel worn out F．Though they don't always exactly match what's being said G．I found them the perfect learning tool because they're usually written in oral language Ⅲ.语法填空 [2020·南昌二模] When it comes to your brain, researchers have found there's no better superfood than a book. According to the data 1.________ (collect) by the University of Michigan's Health and Retirement Study，a 2.________ (hope) pattern came out: people who read books for as little as 30 minutes a day over several years were living an average of two years 3.________ (long) than people who didn't read anything at all. Strange still, as science reminds us, reading books — especially fiction — 4.________ (force) your brain to think critically and make 5.________ (connection) from one chapter to another, and to the outside world. Also, reading stories can lead to a noticeable increase in human interaction, 6.________ in turn can lower stress levels. But it doesn't mean that magazines, newspapers and web articles are useless. Any reading material that fills your mind and enlarges your vocabulary seems 7.________ (carry) mental benefits. Therefore, whether you're reading a page-turner or simply scanning 8.________ instruction for your coffee maker, many parts of your brain 9.________ (involve) in positive thinking. Still not inspired to give 10.________ a try? 答案 话题三 语言学习(B) Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 体裁：说明文 题材：社会文化 主题：汉字书写面临威胁 【文章大意】 随着电脑上的汉语输入法、办公软件以及电子产品的影响，人们手写汉字的能力在减弱。 【难句分析】 The software will conveniently choose the right characters according to the context or word frequency, as there are dozens of characters with the same pronunciation in Chinese. 分析：句中“as there are...in Chinese”为 as 引导的原因状语从句。 译文：这种软件可以根据上下文或词语出现的频率，方便地选择正确的文字，因为在汉 语中，有很多文字有相同的发音。 1．答案与解析：D 考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句可知，汉字书写面临电脑和 手机的威胁，而第二段紧接着讲述了一名大学毕业生求职时被一家公司拒绝，因为他在一份 400 字的手写简历中写错了 24 个字；接下来的几段说明了汉字书写面临威胁的原因。由此 可推知，作者用这个例子是为了阐释汉字书写处在威胁之中的原因。故选 D。 2．答案与解析：B 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“character amnesia(遗忘)”“problem” 及所举一个大学毕业生书写多个错误汉字的例子可推知，作者在此表达受访者的汉字书写存 在问题。故选 B。 3．答案与解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“The number of electronic devices in the classroom is thought to be another reason...to look up a character in an electronic dictionary” 可知，该段描述的是学生对电子产品过于依赖的现象。故选 A。 4．答案与解析：C 考查推理判断。根据第六段的内容，尤其是第一句中的“pollution” 可推知，作者对网络语言的使用持不赞成的态度。故选 C。 B 体裁：说明文 题材：语言文化 主题：全球语言多样性面临危机 【文章大意】 本文主要介绍了全球语言多样性的发展变化以及现在所面临的危机。 【难句分析】 The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 分析：本句是一个包含非限制性定语从句的复合句，which 代指逗号前的整个句子。 译文：全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是 6 000，这意味着世界上有一半的语言 的使用人数不到 6 000。 5．答案与解析：B 考查推理判断。根据第一段“When the world was... Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them”可知，在狩猎时代，人口少，语言却很丰富， 故选 B。 6．答案与解析：C 考查词义猜测。根据第二段最后一句“In recent centuries... all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知，近几个世纪以来，随着社会的发展，很多语言已经 消失，英语、西班牙语、汉语逐渐占主导地位。complex“复杂的”；advanced“高级的，先进 的”；powerful“有影响力的”；modern“现代的”，故选 C。 7．答案与解析：B 考查细节理解。根据第三段最后一句“The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that”可知，目前全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是 6 000，这就意味着世界上有一半 的语言的使用人数不到 6 000；结合第三段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages”可知，选 B。 8．答案与解析：C 考查主旨大意。根据第一段第一句中的“but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going”和第二段可知，随着人类社会的发展，尤其是工业化、 全球化以来，很多语言已经消失，即人类的发展使得语言的种类越来越少，故选 C。 Ⅱ.七选五 体裁：记叙文 题材：语言学习 主题：“我”学习外语的经历 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。“我”一共学习过十二种语言，在学习语言的过程中“我”尝试过各种 各样的方法。 1．答案与解析：G 根据空后一句“For the most part, bloggers tend to write the same way they speak, so I don't have to worry much about adopting strange terms that are only used in writing”可知，通常，博主们倾向于用他们说话的方式来写；据此可推知，“我”发现博客是 学习语言的好工具，因为它们常常是用口语写作的，故 G 项正确。 2．答案与解析：F 根据该句中的“they will still keep your brain listening and reading in the same language”并结合常识可推知，电影中的字幕虽然有时和所说的话不是很一致，但是仍 然会让你的大脑用同样的语言听和看，故 F 项与此处匹配。 3．答案与解析：D 根据空处前两句“A lot of language learning computer programs include games. I'm super competitive and if I play any of them, I can be hooked for hours”可知，许多语 言学习电脑程序中包括游戏，而“我”是一心求胜，如果“我”玩任何一个，“我”都能上瘾好几 个小时。据此可推知，如果“我”在学习这门语言，花费的时间是值得的，故 D 项符合语境。 4．答案与解析：A 根据空处前两句“The hardest bit for me is when I'm comfortable enough with a language to understand most things and make myself understood. I'm actually stuck at this stage in Norwegian”可知，对“我”来说，最难的部分是当“我”足够自信能用一门语言来 理解大多数东西并使自己被理解的时候。在学挪威语时“我”实际上被困于这种状态了；据此 可推知，那让“我”感到很不舒服，故 A 项正确。 5．答案与解析：C 根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为该段的主题句；根据该段中的“It got to the point where... with the limited Russian I had”可知，“我”回忆了当时在大学上俄语课 时的感受；据此可推知，该段主要介绍“我”也使用“我”正在学的语言来进行思考，故 C 项正 确。 Ⅲ.语法填空 体裁：说明文 题材：文化生活 主题：阅读的好处 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，阅读益处多多，建议读者多读书。 1．答案与解析：collected 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，collect 和其逻辑主语 the data 构成动宾关系，与介词“by”呼应，故填其过去分词形式 collected。 2．答案与解析：hopeful 考查形容词。修饰名词一般用形容词，所以用形容词 hopeful 修饰名词“pattern”，在句子中作定语。 3．答案与解析：longer 考查形容词的比较级。根据语境中的比较级标志“than”可知， 此处表示比较的含义，故填 longer。 4．答案与解析：forces 考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处叙述客观情况，应 用一般现在时；且主语为动名词短语“reading books”，句子谓语用单数形式，故填 forces。 5．答案与解析：connections 考查名词的单复数。connection 是可数名词，与该句中的 “from one chapter to another”呼应，表示复数概念，且其前无限定词修饰，故填 connections。 6．答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从 句，在从句中作主语，修饰前面的整个句子，故用 which 来引导该从句。 7．答案与解析：to carry 考查非谓语动词。seem to do sth.为固定用法，故此处用不定 式作宾语，故填 to carry。 8．答案与解析：an 考查冠词。instruction 意为“操作指南”时是可数名词，且第一次在 语境中出现，故用不定冠词修饰，表示泛指，且其发音以元音音素开头，故填 an。 9．答案与解析：are involved 考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处描述客观情 况，应用一般现在时；且主语 many parts of your brain 为复数，be involved in“涉及，参与” 符合语境，故填 are involved。 10．答案与解析：it/reading 考查代词或名词。空处表示对本文主题“阅读”的再次点题， 故填代词 it 或名词 reading。