四位一体（词汇+短语+句式+话题）备战2021高考阅读专项突破一：良好的人际关系与社会交往(A)教师版

“四位一体”高考阅读专项突破（词汇+短语+句式+话题精读） 话题一、良好的人际关系与社会交往(A) 一、 话题必 背词汇 ： 人物 总称,种类 baby 婴儿 bachelor 未婚 男子 ,单身 汉 being 生物,人 ,生存 boy 男孩 child 孩子 ,儿童 crowd 人群 female 女性 ,女人 girl 女孩 human 人类 human being 人 kid 小孩 male 男孩 man 成年 男人 mankind 人类 people 人 ,人民 person 人 woman 妇女 ,女人 家庭 成员 ancestor 祖宗 ,祖先 aunt 伯母,舅母,姑 bride 新娘 bridegroom 新郎 brother 兄弟 brother-in-law 大伯 子,小叔 子 couple 夫妇 ,一对 cousin 堂兄 弟 ,表兄 弟 dad 爸爸 daughter 女儿 daughter-in-law 媳妇 family 家庭 ;家族 father 父亲 fiance 未婚 夫 fiancee 未婚 妻 grandchild (外 )孙子 ,(外 )孙女 granddaughter (外 )孙女 grandfather (外)祖父 ,始祖 grandma 奶奶 ,外婆 grandmother (外)祖母 grandpa 外公 ,爷爷 grandparents 祖父 母,外祖 父母 grandson (外 )孙子 granny 奶奶,外婆 husband 丈夫 mother 母亲 mommy=mummy=mom=mum 妈妈 neighbor=neighbor 邻居 ,邻人 nephew 侄子 ,外甥 niece 侄女,外甥 女 parent 父 (母)亲 sister 姐,妹 sister-in-law 女婿 step-mother 继母 step-father 继父 uncle 伯,叔 ,姑父 wife 妻子 二、 话题必 背短语 ： （1）act 短语： act as 担任……职务，起……作用 act for 代理（某人职务），代为（处理某事） act out 表演（对话、故事等） act up 捣乱，出毛病 例如： I acted as an interpreter while I was in Xiamen. Mr Black is acting for the old man in his case. (布莱克先生代那个老人处理他的案件。) The children were acting out the story of the birth of Jesus. He’s a tough kid and he acts up a lot. （2）break 短语： break away 摆脱，脱离 break away from … 脱离……，奋力挣脱…… break down 出故障，坏掉，中止，累垮，分解 break in 打断，插话，闯入，强行进入 break into … 闯入……，破门而入 break (sth) off （使某物）折断，中断某事物，突然停止 break out （战争、火灾）突然发生，爆发 break out in tears 突然大哭 break the rule 违反规定 break through 突围，冲跨 break up 分解，分裂，拆散，碎开 例如: The thief broke away from the police, but was later caught. If you keep on working like that, you’ll break down sooner or later. The car broke down just on my way here. If anyone tries to break in, the alarm will go off. If anyone tries to break into the building, the alarm will go off. She broke off a bit of bread and dipped it in the soup. I broke off the conversation and answered the phone. Does everyone know what to do if a fire breaks out? It may take a long time to break through the problem. In spring the icebergs begin to break up. （3）bring 短语： bring about 引起，导致，使发生 bring along 把……带来，领来 bring back 拿回来，使恢复 bring sb back 送回某人 bring sth / sb back to life 使……生动/活泼，使……苏醒 （比较：sth / sb come back to life 复苏，苏醒） bring down 使……降低，减少，使……倒下，使……落下 bring down / up (the price) 降价／提价 [比较：(the price ) go down / up 价格下降 /上涨] bring in 引进（技术），赚钱，带来（收入），吸收 bring on 发展，引起，导致，使前进 bring out 拿出，出版，生产，揭露，阐明，使表现出 bring to 使苏醒 bring … to use = put …to use 对……加以利用 bring / carry sth to / into effect 实施……（比较：sth come / go into effect 开始实施） bring up 抚养，培养，哺育 例如： A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests. You’re welcome to bring along a friend. The government hopes these measures will help to bring down inflation (通货膨胀). American country music brings in more than $10 billion each year. This new kind of technology was brought in in the early 1980s. Stress can bring on (=lead to / result in) headaches and other illnesses. Jenny opened the cupboard and brought out a couple of bottles. He was brought up by his grandparents. 三、 话题必 背句式 ： 1.It was (not ) + 时间段+before +一般过去时 (过了一段时间就……) 2. It will (not )be+ 时间段+before +一般现在时 (要过一段时间才会…) 3. It is/ has been +时间段+ since sb did sth. 1). It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意识到他处境危险（动作 已发生） 2). It will be half a year before you graduate from the school. 还有半年你才从这个学校毕业 （动作未发生） 3). It is 3 years since he worked here.=he left here.（since 从句中的谓语动词若是延续性动词， 要从这个动作结束的时候算起） 一、 话题精 读专练 ： Ⅰ.阅读理解 A [2020·重庆第二次调研] When one man offered to take a woman stranger's baby so that she could rest on a recent flight，many people on the plane watched it. “It was so touching，” one passenger, Andrea Byrd said. She shot a photo of the man carrying the baby up and down the aisle(通道) and posted it on the website, where it's since gone viral. “I was in tears，” Andrea Byrd wrote in the post, which has been shared almost 100,000 times. “Not because who he was, but because it showed me today that there are still good people out there in a world.” The Southwest Airlines flight was heading from Minneapolis to Atlanta on September 5. The mom, Monica Nelson, who is pregnant, said she had been nervous about traveling alone with her 20monthold son Luke. When he grew annoyed and wouldn't rest, the man seated next to them surprised her by offering to help, she said. He walked up and down the aisle holding the boy, soothing him to sleep. “It was such a relief because I was a little worried about traveling with him without my husband there to help out，” said Monica Nelson, a teacher who lives in Atlanta. “I'm still very grateful — he was so kind.” She said the man's name is Reid, and she learned that he also has a son named Luke. Andrea Byrd said she was particularly touched by the scene because she has two children of her own and could put herself in the mom's shoes. Now their story has touched thousands of people across the world, reminding people how powerful a simple act of kindness can be. “It's good to know the world is not all bad，” Monica Nelson said. “There are some really great people out there.” 1．How did the man help the mom on the flight? A．He helped the baby to feel relaxed. B．He gave his own seat to the mom. C．He carried the baby up and down in the air. D．He posted a photo of the mom on the website. 2．What was the result after Andrea Byrd posted the photo online? A．The man suddenly became successful. B．So many people were touched by the story. C．The mom decided not to take a flight again. D．The mom and the man became good friends. 3．What does the underlined word “soothing” mean in Paragraph 4? A．To please somebody to make him sleep for long. B．To ease somebody to make him feel comfortable. C．To force somebody to be quiet and silent soon. D．To sing songs to make him feel happy slowly. 4．What do we know about the man? A．His son's name is Luke. B．He is kind to Andrea Byrd. C．He prefers to post photos online. D．He loves helping pregnant women. B [2020·惠州市高三第一次调研] Being “young” is associated with all the good things in life — beauty, hope, and energy. But youth also has negative associations — impulsiveness, troublemaking, and irresponsibility. This negative side seems to be what society focuses on more, which is why young people have mostly been considered as idle and difficult. But when it comes to Generation Z — those born between 1995 and 2010 — this_stereotype doesn't seem to apply anymore. In Japan, for example, Gen Zers are less likely to buy on impulse, but take into consideration more a product's true value. “They're looking at the companies, not just the products，” Masahiko Uotani, CEO of Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, told Bloomberg. “They're asking, ‘Are they really delivering value to the society? Are they promoting diversity and inclusiveness？’” Gen Zers are also more grounded than we've expected them to be. According to a recent survey by Bank of America, more than half of young adults aged between 18 and 23 said they were planning to buy a house within five years. And they're not just saying it — they are willing to make sacrifices for it, including getting a second job and saving money for a down payment instead of spending it on a vacation. “Despite their young age, this group is pragmatic and actively planning for their future，” D. Steve Boland, head of Consumer Lending at Bank of America, told USA Today. “They have a clear vision of how they are willing to help themselves in order to make it happen.” Social issues are also at the center of concern of Gen Zers, who take themselves as a changing force of the world. In India, for example, young people who have just reached the voting age are eager to vote for a new leader who is capable of solving problems that matter the most to them, including pollution, unemployment and women's safety. As a Gen Zer yourself, what is your plan for the future? 5．What do the underlined words “this stereotype” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Being young is good. B．Gen Zers are born after 1995. C．The traditional poor impressions on the youth. D．The associations with young people. 6．We can infer from the third paragraph that ________. A．Gen Zers in Japan are picky B．Gen Zers are selfcentered C．Gen Zers care little about products D．Gen Zers are wise when shopping 7．What's D. Steve Boland's attitude to the Gen Zers? A．Approving. B．Negative. C．Indifferent. D．Critical. 8．Which of the following words may best describe the Gen Zers? A．Confident and independent. B．Visionary and responsible. C．Persistent and downtoearth. D．Active and creative. Ⅱ.完形填空 When I was young, my understanding of life was simple. This made it __1__ for me to deal with the world around me. As I grew up, things seemed more __2__， which made life more challenging. Now, middleaged, I find my __3__ of the world is returning to the simple. When I try to teach my daughter important __4__ about life, I will break complicated things down into small pieces. One of those basics is __5__， for yourself, and for others. I teach my daughter to try. To fail feels bad, __6__， but not to have tried feels worse, because you can't respect yourself for it. And as the saying __7__， “If you don't respect yourself, no one else will.” When I was seven or eight, I played at my cousin's house with his toys, and he had many more toys. There was one in particular that I'd always wanted, and I __8__ it into my pocket. But a moment later, I __9__， even at that age, that I would never enjoy playing with the toy. I would always know I had __10__， and my opinion of myself would suffer. When his mother dropped me off later that day, I shamefacedly __11__ out the toy and gave it back. I hope to help my daughter avoid similar __12__. She first has to gain selfrespect __13__ she can start respecting others. I believe in respect, because __14__ it we're all enemies. I'm not __15__ in this regard, far from it. But I try my best, and I respect others for trying their best in this changing world. 1． A.funnier B．easier C．safer D．deeper 2． A.important B．reasonable C．fragile D．complex 3． A.view B．experience C．aim D．expectation 4． A.basics B．facts C．subjects D．choices 5． A.passion B．love C．respect D．desire 6． A.certainly B．eventually C．personally D．willingly 7． A.runs B．goes C．writes D．follows 8． A.fetched B．arranged C．slipped D．fitted 9． A.doubted B．promised C．questioned D．sensed 10．A.lied B．stolen C．changed D．cheated 11．A.gave B．left C．pulled D．handed 12．A.accidents B．mistakes C．results D．habits 13．A.before B．until C．in case D．now that 14．A.upon B．beyond C．without D．despite 15．A.honest B．casual C．curious D．perfect 良好的人际关系与社会交往(A) 参考答案： Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 体裁：记叙文 题材：个人经历 主题：助人为乐 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。在飞机上，一位男士帮助邻座陌生的女士带孩子，让孩子放松下来。 这一幕被飞机里的乘客拍照上传到网上，感动了许多人。 【难句分析】 Now their story has touched thousands of people across the world，reminding people how powerful a simple act of kindness can be. 分析：该句为主从复合句。句中“reminding people how powerful a simple act of kindness can be”为现在分词短语作状语，其中“how powerful a simple act of kindness can be”为 how 引 导的宾语从句，作及物动词 remind 的宾语。 译文：现在他们的故事感动了世界上成千上万的人，这提醒人们，一个简单的善举是 多么的强大。 1．答案与解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“When one man offered to take a woman stranger's baby so that she could rest on a recent flight，many people on the plane watched it”可知，这名男子主动提出帮助照看陌生女子的婴儿，让她休息，故 A 项正确。 2．答案与解析：B 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“‘I was in tears，’Andrea Byrd wrote in the post，which has been shared almost 100,000 times”可推知，照片被分享了近十万次，许 多人被感动了，故 B 项正确。 3．答案与解析：B 考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“When he grew annoyed and wouldn't rest，the man seated next to them surprised her by offering to help”“He walked up and down the aisle holding the boy，soothing him to sleep”可知，当孩子变得烦躁不安时，他抱着孩子在通 道上走来走去，哄他入睡。B 项意为“让某人放松，感到舒服”，符合语境，故 B 项正确。 4．答案与解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第六段第一句“She said the man's name is Reid， and she learned that he also has a son named Luke”可知，这个男子的儿子名叫卢克，故 A 项正 确。 B 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与社会——社会文化——Z 一代 【文章大意】 Z 一代是指在 1995 年和 2010 年之间出生的人，这一代人在消费方面比较理智。他们比 我们想象中更理性、务实，他们对未来有清晰的设想，这颠覆了人们对年轻人的传统看法。 【难句分析】 According to a recent survey by Bank of America, more than half of young adults aged between 18 and 23 said they were planning to buy a house within five years.(Para.4) 分析：According to a recent survey by Bank of America 是介词短语作状语；主句主 语是 more than half of young adults，谓语是 said; they were planning to buy a house within five years 是省略了 that 的宾语从句，作 said 的宾语。 译文：根据最近美国银行所做的一项调查，一半以上的 18 岁到 23 岁的年轻人说他 们正计划在五年之内买房子。 5．答案与解析：C 考查指代关系。根据第一段第二、三句可知，社会更关注与年轻 人相关的负面情况，通常，年轻人被认为是懒散的和难相处的。结合画线部分所在句可知， 此处表述这种刻板印象不再适用于 Z 一代。故画线部分指的是上文提到的人们对年轻人的 传统的、糟糕的印象，故选 C。 6．答案与解析：D 考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Gen Zers are less likely to buy on impulse...They're looking at the companies, not just the products”可知，Z 一代不太可 能冲动购物，他们会更多地考虑产品的真正价值，由此可推知，Z 一代在购物时是明智的， 故正确答案为 D。A 项意为“日本的 Z 一代很挑剔”，第三段是讲述日本的 Z 一代在消费中很 理性，并无信息表明他们挑剔。 7．答案与解析：A 考查推理判断。根据题干中的关键词 D. Steve Boland 定位到文章 第五段，根据该段内容可知，D. Steve Boland 认为尽管 Z 一代很年轻，但这代人务实且积极 地规划他们的未来，他们有清晰的设想并愿意努力去实现它；由此可推知，D. Steve Boland 对于 Z 一代是持赞同的态度的，故正确答案为 A。 8．答案与解析：B 考查推理判断。根据文章倒数第三段可知，Z 一代会积极规划他们 的未来并努力实现自己的设想，由此可知，他们是有远见的；又根据倒数第二段的内容，尤 其是第一句“Social issues are also...of the world”可知，社会问题也是 Z 一代关注的中心，并 且他们认为自己是改变世界的力量，由此可推知 Z 一代是有责任感的。故正确答案为 B。C 项意为“执着且务实的”，文中体现了 Z 一代是务实的，但没有相关信息表明他们是执着的。 Ⅱ.完形填空 体裁：记叙文 题材：个人经历 主题：尊重自己，尊重他人 【文章大意】 我年幼时偷拿了别人的玩具，由于羞愧我将玩具还了回去，这段经历使我认识到尊重自 己的重要性。于是，我教女儿要尊重自己、尊重他人。 1．答案与解析：B 根据上文中的“my understanding of life was simple”可知，那时我对 生活的理解很简单，所以应付周围的事情就更加容易一些。故选 B。 2．答案与解析：D 根据空后的“more challenging”可知，随着我不断地长大，事情似 乎更复杂(complex)了，这让我的生活更具挑战性。fragile 意为“易碎的”。 3．答案与解析：A 根据本文第一句中的“understanding”可知，进入中年以后，我发现 我对世界的看法(view)重归简单。 4．答案与解析：A 根据第 5 空前的“basics”可知，此处表示当我在教女儿一些重要的 生活基本原则(basics)时，我将复杂的东西分解成一个个小块。 5．答案与解析：C 根据第 6 空后的“you can't respect yourself for it”和下文多次重复出 现的关键词“respect”可知，我教女儿的基本原则之一便是尊重(respect)，尊重自己，尊重他 人。 6．答案与解析：A 根据下文中的“not to have tried feels worse”可推知，失败的确让人 感到很糟糕，但是没有尝试过会让人感觉更加糟糕。 7．答案与解析：B 该空后面的“If you don't respect yourself, no one else will”表示如果 你不尊重自己，没有人会尊重你，这是一句俗语，故用“as the saying goes”表示“常言道”。 8．答案与解析：C 根据第 11 空后的“and gave it back”可知，我一直特别想要其中的一 件玩具，于是我就将它悄悄塞进我的口袋里。slip 意为“悄悄塞”。 9．答案与解析：D 根据下文中的“that I would never enjoy playing with the toy”可知， 但是过了一会儿，即使在那个年纪，我也能感觉到(sensed)，我再也不会喜欢玩这个玩具了。 10．答案与解析：B 根据上文及第 11 空前的“shamefacedly”可推知，我会一直记得自 己偷(stolen)了东西，这让我对自己的看法变差。 11．答案与解析：C 根据空后的“gave it back”可推知，我羞愧地将玩具拿出来归还了。 pull out 意为“拿出，掏出”。 12．答案与解析：B 从文章第三段可知，我年幼时犯了一个小的错误，即拿走了别人 的玩具，因此我希望自己能帮助女儿避免类似的错误。 13.答案与解析：A 根据空前的“first”可知，她应该在学会尊重他人之前，首先学会尊 重自己。 14．答案与解析：C 根据文章最后一句可知，我尽我最大的努力，而且我尊重那些在 这个变化的世界里奋斗的人。由此可推知，如果没有尊重，人与人之间就都变成了敌人。 15．答案与解析：D 根据上文可知，在尊重他人方面，我不是完美的，且远远达不到， 但是我会尽最大努力去做。故选 D。