上海静安区2016-2020年五年高考二模英语试题汇编-概要写作专题 含答案

1 上海静安区 2016-2020 年五年高考二模英语试题汇编-概要写作专题 2020 届上海市静安区高三二模英语试题 IV. Summary Writing 51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. When Everything Gets Smart It still feels magical to light up your living room by saying “Alexa, turn on the lights.” Tech companies are adding internet connections to just about everything you can imagine. Cars, door locks, toasters, refrigerators, toothbrushes, motorcycle helmets. More and more technology powers are taking part in this trend — known by “the internet of things.” There is no denying that smart technology will lead to conveniences. You can use voice commands to turn on the lights, coffee maker and music. You can get reminders from your toothbrush to brush and tips on how best to do it. Thanks to the internet of things, you could live like the Beast in the Disney movie, with animated objects around taking care of your every need. That’s the appeal of smart homes for most people, and why they are supposed to be a $27 billion market by 2021. However, the facts are not always so rosy. The smart objects in your home can be a source of annoyance. Usually people have to download dozens of different apps to a smartphone to control everything, which means creating an account for each one of those apps. The fantasy of the smart home is that it will save us time and effort. But the trouble involved in getting various devices from different companies to work together means that many things may take longer to do. Worse still, there may be security risks. Smart home systems are part of a larger suite ( 套 ) devices, apps, websites and spaces that collect and analyze personal data about users. To get the full benefits of smart home systems, users must share their locations, routines, tastes in music, shopping history and so forth. It might manage your digital life quite well. On the other hand, however, providing so much personal information benefits 2 companies like Amazon. As they gain access to users’ personal information, they may capitalize on ( 获 利 ) it in the form of targeted advertisements. Perhaps that’s why Wired magazine says, “Amazon’s next big business is selling you.” Smartened everything comes with broader security concerns. Unsecured devices connected to the “internet of things” can be targets for hackers. Access to smart devices might provide hackers a well-spring of useful data, including information about when users are home — or not. Considering the disadvantages, why not slow down a bit as we head toward an uncertain future? 【 答 案 】 Connecting everything to the internet brings people conveniences. However, users can’t ignore the disadvantages. （要点 1）Firstly, the seemingly smart home is time-consuming and troublesome. （要点 2） Secondly, technology powers benefit from users’ personal data.（要点 3）Thirdly, smartened everything makes it easy for hackers to target users. （要点 4）Therefore, smart technology should be applied with caution.（要点 5） 【解析】 【分析】 本书面表达是一篇概要写作。 【详解】概要写作是将阅读与写作有机结合，要求考生既能读懂文章信息，又要依据要求规范连贯地表达 内容，总的来说，遵循以下步骤：确定主题句；寻找关键词；重构主题句；重组支持句。本篇文章为总分 总结构，第一、二段通过举例引出话题：智能家庭给人们带来了方便。第三段讲述用户不能忽视它的缺点。 其中之一是智能的家庭既耗时又麻烦。第四段讲智能设备存在安全风险。第五段讲优化后的一切让黑客很 容易锁定用户。最后总结，指出应用智能技术要谨慎。书写时注意使用适当的连接词连接这些要点，使上 下句之间具有连贯性。概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握 与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，就可以写出很好的概要。 2019 届上海市静安区高三二模英语试题 IV Summary Writing 71.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words, Use your own words as far as possible. 3 Peter woke up one morning with all the usual signs of a nasty cold: severe headache and blocked nose. Then he did what almost everyone does on a day like this. He got up and went to work. Such is the state of what the human resources industry has come to call presenteeism. Many experts claim that presenteeism is now a bigger problem in the UK than absenteeism and could even help explain the country’s weak productivity growth. A growing number of companies are realizing presenteeism and doing something about it. This generally takes the form of programmes full of once unimaginable sweets: cheap gym membership, veggie salads in the canteen, stand-up desks and the odd massage. of course, there’s nothing against lunchtime dentistry or free workout. They do more good than harm. But such welfares alone won't do much to stop people from presenteeism. The chief reasons why people soldier on have nothing to do with how fit they are. They work for leaner, more stressed companies where dismissals are common. This makes some people worried that they will be targeted in the next round of job cut if they have taken a lot of time off. Others worry about troubling stretched colleagues with more work in their absence. How annoying it is to be faced with cold faces when you return to office after two days' rest at home. There is not much to be said for "silly things" like ping-pong tables and office bean bags. The key to dealing with presenteeism lies in training managers to be better at spotting swifly when employees are under too much stress or ill, and dealing with the situation sensibly---putting the sick employee to sick leave although he is reluctant. Of course, work has to be done to eliminate employee's concern about his job prospect thereof. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ 【答案】Presenteeism, going to work when ill, though common in the UK, harms productivity. The responsive staff benefits companies offer are of no avail to solve the problem. The real reasons lie in sick employees’ fear of potential layoff and concern about additional workload on colleagues. The solution depends on management’s timely detection of presenteeism and strategic compulsory leave mechanism. 4 【解析】 【分析】 本文是一篇社会类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了出勤主义的危害、原因及解决办法。 【详解】第一段讲“出勤主义(presenteeism)”是一种什么情况即人们在生病的情况下还要上班的情况；第二 段讲出勤主义的危害，以及公司提供的福利对解决出勤主义的问题并没有什么帮助；第三段讲存在出勤主 义主要原因，第四段讲了根本性解决问题的办法。总结需要围绕这四方面展开，抓住要点，缺一不可。故 答案为 Presenteeism, going to work when ill, though common in the UK, harms productivity. The responsive staff benefits companies offer are of no avail to solve the problem. The real reasons lie in sick employees’ fear of potential layoff and concern about additional workload on colleagues. The solution depends on management’s timely detection of presenteeism and strategic compulsory leave mechanism. 2018 届上海市静安区高三二模英语试题 IV. Summary Writing 51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. African elephants are in trouble. Their numbers have fallen violently from as many as ten million a hundred years ago to as few as 400,000 today. Losses are largely from poaching（偷猎）for the illegal ivory trade, and also because of the smaller living space for elephants, as people open up land for farming and development. Killing some elephants to help save the species is one suggested strategy for preserving them. Here’s the thinking: Invite rich hunters to pay generous fees to shoot specified numbers of elephants, and use that money as sources for various conservations. Some people claim that trophy hunting can provide generous financial support for people to conserve and restore wild elephant numbers, protect wildlife from poaching, and to help give local communities a boost in economy. Doing that, the theory goes, poor villagers won’t need to poach elephants to feed their families. To look into the new business closely, the trophy hunting industry does not provide significant benefits to the communities where it occurs. Across Africa, there are only about 15,000 hunting-related jobs created by the 5 business—a tiny number, especially considering that the six main game-hunting countries alone have a population of nearly 150 million. Besides that, it is true the total income from trophy hunting is substantial. Take an unnamed area for example, the total income to wild conservancies from trophy hunting, amounted to $165,000. Six years later, this is expected to increase almost tenfold to $1,330,000. Yet after various kinds of processing fees and expenses are reduced, the local communities make an average of only ten cents a hectare (25 cents an acre) from trophy hunting. The return is so small that it justly explains locals’ lack of interest in preserving hunting areas and their continued poaching. 【答案】African elephants are endangered with greatly reduced numbers due to unlawful poaching and shrinking habitat. Trophy hunting, legal elephant shooting for conservation fund, is considered a solution. According to some, it helps maintain elephant population and benefits local economy. However, it turns out the business employs few people and hunt fee trickling down to local villagers and communities is minimal. 【解析】 【分析】 本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括非洲象由于非法偷猎和栖息地缩小而濒临灭绝的现象，以及对这一现 象的解决办法和实行过程中存在的问题。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。 【详解】1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。 2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。 3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。 4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。 2017 届上海市静安区高三二模英语试题 I. Summary Writing Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 6 Wearable technology can reportedly tell you a lot more than just the number of calories you’re burning or how many steps you’ve walked… That clever smartwatch can actually tell that you’re about to get a cold, days before you start feeling poorly. As New Scientist reports, researchers at Stanford University in California have discovered that wearable tech can now detect when you’re about to fall prey to (感染) a frightening winter bug, simply by tracking your vital statistics. After monitoring 40 smartwatch users for up to two years, the team has demonstrated that the devices can be used to detect the first signs of coming illness. The participants’ pulse and skin temperature were continuously monitored throughout the period, with the scientists noting that their smartwatches recorded unusually higher heart rates and skin temperatures up to three days before the volunteers began displaying symptoms of cold or flu. Study leader Michael Snynder said: “Once these wearables collect enough data to know what your normal baseline readings are, they can get very good at sensing when something goes wrong. We think that if your heart rate and skin temperature are elevated for about two hours, there’s a strong chance you’re getting sick.” “Continuous tracking of your vital signs is more informative than having a doctor measure them once a year and comparing them with population averages,” he added. The team now hopes to create an algorithm (算法) that will let smartwatches notify you when you’re about to get sick. Well, at least that might give us the chance to stock up on vitamins and wrap up warm before the germ attacks! 【答案】 A smart watch can forecast its users’ potential illness by recording their essential data. Having followed some users for 24 months and monitored their pulse and shin temperature constantly, the team draws a conclusion that a constant record of necessary data is superior to a regular check-up . Thus, users can take some measures to prevent disease. 2016 届上海市静安区高三二模英语试题 Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. 7 Employers in some unlikely places say they’re having trouble filling jobs. Factory managers in Ho Chi Minh city report many of their $62-a-month workers went home for the Tet (越南春节)holiday in February and never came back. In Bulgaria, computer experts are in such demand that they can’t be bothered to answer the want ads of a Los Angeles movie studio. And in Peoria, Caterpillar Inc. is struggling to train enough service technicians. The problem in each case: not enough people who are both able and willing to do the work for the posted pay. “We’ve got a global problem and it’s going to continue to get worse,” says Stephen Hitch, a human resources manager at Caterpillar. A global labor shortage, already being felt by some employers, appears to have worsened in recent months. That’s in spite of widely publicized layoffs, including Citigroup’s plans to dismiss as many as 15,000 staff. In fact, U. S. unemployment remains low --- just 4.5% in February --- and even companies in countries with higher jobless rates are feeling under great pressure. “It’s not just a U. S. phenomenon,” says Jeffery A. Joerres, CEO of Manpower Inc., the staffing agency. On March 29, Manpower was to release the results of a survey of nearly 37,000 employers in 27 countries. The study found that 41% of them are having trouble hiring people they need. What’s going on here? With global growth running at a strong 5% a year since 2004, the strategies that companies developed to hold down labor costs --- including offshoring (境外生产) work to low-wage countries --- are running out of gas far sooner than many expected. The seemingly inexhaustible pools of cheap labor from China, India, and elsewhere are drying up as demand exceeds the supply of people with the needed skills. “Companies were hoping they wouldn’t have to worry about human resources at all.” says Peter Capelli, director of the Center for Human Resources at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School. “Now they do.” Corporations are determined to keep labor costs under control, so they’re reaching deeper into their bag of tricks. Some are doing more in-house training, so they don’t have to hire high-priced talent on the open market. Some are lowering their standards for new hires or moving operations to undeveloped territories other outsourcers (外包商) haven’t discovered, such as the Belarusian capital, Minsk, or smaller cities in Bulgaria and Romania. ( Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.) 78. It can be inferred that the Los Angeles movie studio 79. Why won’t the able people go to fill the jobs ? 8 80. What did western companies think of the cheap labor market from Asian countries? 81. More in-house training in some companies aims at ________________. 【答案】 78. lacks / is short of computer experts; needs / wants computer experts badly 79. Because they’re dissatisfied / Because they aren’t satisfied ( pleased ) with the posted pay. 80. It would last long / would be inexhaustible. 81. controlling the labor cost / keeping ( having, bringing ) the labor cost under control.