高考英语:篇章模式视角下的高中英语概要写作
2018 年 11 月浙江省迎来新高考政策推行后的首次高考概要写作。在能力考查上,概
要写作是一种“阅读+写作”,或称为“输入+输出”的复合型写作任务,是有效并真实测试
考生语言综合运用能力的项目,因此对中学生的阅读理解能力、概括归纳能力和书面表达
能力等均提出了很高的要求:其一,考生需要通过阅读,准确把握不同体裁文章的主旨大
意,这考查了阅读者通过快速阅读获取信息的能力;其二,考生需把握好文章内部的逻辑关
系,区分主要观点和用以支撑观点的细节信息,这考核了阅读者对所获信息进行整理、加
工与概括的能力;其三,考生需用自己的语言,精准、连贯地写出文章的主旨大意,要求结
构完整合理、语言表达规范,这考量了写作者的输出能力和书面表达能力。
通过讲练结合的形式谈谈概要写作四种常见篇章模式中的“问题解决模式”及其五个
科学步骤。
一 问题解决模式
主要特点:宏观结构一般由情景(situation)、问题(problem)、反应(response)、评
价(evaluation)或结果(result)四个部分组成。
基本结构:1.展示问题现状及其严重性;2.分析其产生的原因;3.提出怎样解决(多种方
案 /不同解决方案的优缺点)。
常用句式:1. ... should never be underestimated. 绝不能低估……
2. unshakable duty 不可推卸的義务
3. make joint efforts 做出共同努力
4. reach an absolute consensus on... 就……达到绝对的一致
5. ... should never be sacrificed to make way for...
不应当牺牲……来实现……
6.Mastering the approaches to...is of vital significance.
掌握……的方法具有重要的意义。
7.We cant emphasize the importance of...too much/enough.
我们再强调……也不为过。
8.It takes the endeavor of both... and... to do...
需要……和……的努力来……
9.It is a win-win strategy that benefits both... and...
这是双赢的策略,对……和……都有利。
10.Weighing the pros and cons, its better to... instead of...
权衡利弊,最适宜的方法应当是……而不是……
11.Recently the problem/ phenomenon has been brought into focus.
最近,该问题/现象已经得到了关注。
12. Despite the concern that..., we are convinced that...
尽管存在……的担忧,但我们相信……
13. In view of the actual situation, we adopt some indispensable measures and find out a
suitable method.
针对实际情况,我们采取了一些必要的措施,找到了适合的方法。
二 写作步骤
1.浏览全文,抓住短文大意,分析体裁特点
材料是说明文,分为四个段落。第一段是分析本篇文章的难点,首句提出问题“因为
网上信息大同小异,所以申请大学之前要参观校园”,尾句呼应首句“(因为参观校园)做
出大量调查研究,(在申请大学之前)你可以做出正确的选择”,其中“do all the research”
与首句中的“visit colleges”构成因果关系,“making the right decision”与首句中的“before
you apply to colleges”构成条件关系。从而,第一段形成一条完整的信息链“before you apply
to colleges→visit colleges→do all the research→make the right decision”,既导出全文的主题
句(Topic sentence),提出问题“申请大学之前,应如何调查研究从而做出正确决策”,又
推出支撑信息的支持句(Supporting sentences)“要亲自参观才有切身感受”。
接下来的三段要关注语篇信息的逻辑结构,三个 if 条件句表明选择关系:第二段说如
果附近有大学,必须就近参观;第三段说如果时间不允许,在申请之后和接到通知书之前这
个时间段去参观;第四段说如果时间、金钱都不允许,就通过专业网站咨询查看。文章层层
深入,脉络清晰,针对不同情况和条件,作者给予读者不同的解决策略或具体方法。
把握了篇章类型与模式,我们就能较快锁定文章主旨,理清文章脉络,确定需要纳入
概要写作的主要信息。
2.再次快读,明确段落主旨,画出思维导图
思维导图作为一种可视化的思维工具,可直观反映篇章的组织形式,在有限的时间里
加速阅读材料理解,处理文本要点,搭建写作支架,提升写作效率。材料结构为“总→分”
形式,思维导图如下:
3.最后细读,定位概写要点,划出关键词句
各段的要点分析如下(下划双线的句子为主题句,下划单线的句子为次要点,加边框
的词为表示总起、转折、过渡、总结等功能的连接性词汇和过渡性词汇):
材料有两条文脉线索:一条明线,用三个 if 条件句实现逻辑条件的判断,达到解决问
题的目的;一条暗线是各段的语气和情感态度的变化,也是考生必须关注的,表明了段际之
间的关系和四个要点的重要性。第一段“Nothing will give you the sense...”是上上策,第二
段“Theres no excuse not to visit...” 是上策,第三段“at the very least you should...”是中
策,第四段“While visiting an online college fair...”是下策。
4.转换表达,整合要点成句,初步连句成篇
要点 1:根据上文分析,材料主旨句为“申请大学之前,如何调查研究做出正确决策”。
文本原句:keep in mind that you are making decision about the next four years of your life,
and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
高分表達①→ Applying to colleges is a crucial decision in your life. (近义词替换)
高分表达②→Since colleges websites are unable to provide unique information, doing
research is the key point to make proper decision of your ideal college before applying.(调整词
类,句子重构)
高分表达③→Its essential for senior students to do research to make wise selection of the
colleges they will apply for. (特殊句式 it 做形式主语和正常语序句式的转化)
高 分 表 达 ④ → The senior students face a critical crossroad upon the college they will
attend, which is bound to influence the next four years. (同义替换)
【技巧点拨】 英语语篇通常属于演绎型的直线型思维模式,这种思维模式对语篇的
影响直接体现在段落结构和篇章结构上。常见的语篇形式图式是:主题段/句→支持段/句
→结论段/句。
概要写作表现为将语篇浓缩成一个段落,通常由三个部分组成:主题句(Topic sentence)
+支持句(Supporting sentences)+结论句(Concluding sentence),各句与语篇文本中的各段
落相对应,建立英语思维模式与篇章段落形式图式的关系。
在概要写作时,我们一定要强化主题句和结论句的提炼和呈现,让写作更有层次感,
也能保证在写作时思想明确,中心突出,观点统领材料,材料服务观点,言之有理,言之
有据,结构连贯,浑然一体。
要点 2:此要点按因果关系展开,“因为网上信息难以甄别,所以务必亲自参观,结果
会有亲身体验”,对“亲自参观校园”既说明了理由,又表明了结果。具有因果关系的句子
若要确定要点,需根据文章作者的写作意图,分清主次信息。为了简明扼要,突出重点“亲
自参观校园的确是好主意”,此处可省略理由“because their websites can all start to look and
sound the same”。
文本原句:Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites
can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually
be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself.
高分表达①→Visiting colleges before applying is of great necessity, which can get you
immersed in authentic campus life. (长句压缩)
高分表达②→Visits to colleges before application, though consuming time and money,
deserve consideration for fruitful school life,since in-person experience helps us make a proper
decision for university. (合并结构相似的信息)
高分表达③→Visiting colleges before application is perceived as the best idea as it will
bring you authentic experience. (主动与被动适时转换)
高分表达④→Visiting colleges in advance is highly recommended which enriches your
sufficient sense and ensures a satisfying four-year college life.(次要点作定语从句,补充信息,
使要点更为完整、丰满和连贯)
要点 3:此要点按解释关系展开,即一个句子说明一种情况,其他句子对这种情况进
行解释、说明。在这种关系中,被解释的句子“Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your
local area”应视为主要点。
文本原句:Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. …and obviously, if
you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go
check it out!
高分表达①→Dont hesitate to make a visit if the college is near where you live. (正话反
说或反话正说)
高分表达②→It is necessary to visit your local area school. (多用概括性词语,少用具体
的描述性词语)
高分表达③→If there are colleges which arent remote to you, dont miss the visit. (正话
反说或反话正说)
高分表达④→It constitutes an indispensable way to visit your local school. (同义替换)
要点 4:此要点与要点 3 呈递进关系,段内按解释关系展开,“It can save you a lot of
heartache if... ”起解释说明作用,但相对全文主旨和本段主题句来说是冗余信息,可删除。
文本原句:If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you
should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools
youd like to attend.
高分表达①→If its not practical, you should set aside some time to visit the schools
during the time between applying and being admitted. (同义转换)
高分表达②→For the sake of decreasing vexation, finding time to visit in the interval of
applying and acceptance is essential. (次要点作状语,使要点更为完整、丰满和连贯)
高分表达③→At least youd better spare time between submitting and receiving your offer,
which will alleviate your anxiety and render your abundant useful information. (次要点作定语
从句,使要点更为完整和丰满)
高分表达④→if you dont visit before applying, youre supposed to do so before being
admitted. (合并結构相似的信息)
要点 5:此段与要点 2 “visit in person”存在并列关系,提取要点时,“if time and money
are making it impossible”尽管是次要点,但体现段际语意衔接和逻辑关系。段内按转折关
系展开叙述,“While... , it can be a very useful tool...”两句若有转折关系,通常要点在转
折部分“it can be a very useful tool”。
文本原句:if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college
fairs at CollegeWeekLive. …While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual
campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you
make an informed decision ...
高 分 表 达 ① → Searching the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive can be another
opportunity to make your decision without any cost or time-consuming.(用非谓语动词短语代
替句子)