定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句.
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词.
引导定语从句的关系代词有 who, whose, whom, which, that, as ;
引导定语从句的关系副词有 when, where, why;
关系代词在定语从句中做主语,宾语,定语.
关系副词在定语从句中做状语.
一.由 who, 引导的定语从句,who 在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语),
修饰表示人的先行词. 例如:
This is the man who helped me.
Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?
The boy who//whom we saw yesterday is John’s brother.
二.whom 引导的定语从句,whom 在从句中作宾语,修饰表示人的先行词,
口语中可以省略.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
The person (whom) you just talked to is Mr. Li.
=The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (介词后 whom 不能省
略)
The babies whom the nurses are looking for are very healthy.
(固定短语中的介词一般不省略,介词仍放在动词之后)
三.whose 引导的定语从句,whose 在从句中作定语,修饰表示人或物的先行词.
Do you know the woman whose name is Mary.
Pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.
四.that 引导的定语从句,that 在从句中做主语或宾语,修饰表示人或物的先
行词,
作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语.
The letter (that//which) I received was from my father.
I can’t find the letter that//which came this morning.
Do you still remember the days (that//which)we spent together ?
This is the man that//who helped me.
The house (that//which) we live in is not large.
=The house in which we live is not large.
The doctor (that//whom //who)you are looking for is in the room.
五. which 引导的定语从句,which 在从句中做主语,也可做宾语,或介词的宾
语,
修饰表示物的先行词. 先行词可以是词、短语、句子。
This is the book (which/that ) you want.
The building which//that stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.(介词后面的 which
不能省略)
The house (which/that) we live in is not large.
This is the watch (which/that ) he was looking for.
(在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在动词之后,不能放在 which 之
前 )
六、that 和 which 都可以修饰表示物的先行词, 但是下列情况只能用 that.
1 . 先行词为不定冠词 all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等.
All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.
There isn’t much (that) I can do.
2 . 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时.
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen.
3 . 先行词被 all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时.
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
4 . 先行词被 the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时.
The white flower is the only one that I really like.
This is the very book that I want to read.
This is the same book that I want to read. (同一本书)
----This is the same book as I want to read.
5 . 当主句以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句 that 引导.
Who is the man that is standing there ?
Which of us that knows something about physics doesn’t know this ?
⑥先行词既有人又有物时。
We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.
⑦time 做先行词，前面如果有序数词或 last 来修饰时，定语从句用 that 来
引导或省略；如果没有序数词或 last 来修饰时，既可用 when 也可用 that
来引导。
This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.
The first time ( that ) I saw him was in 1972.
It’s time ( that ) we got up.
七、as 引导的定语从句，
as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语、定语、
表语、或状语，常与 the same … as; such… as , so… as , as… as 连
用。
I like the same book as you do.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
I shall do it in the same way as you did.
He is the same age as you ( are ).
He will give you such information as will help you.
Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized.
=Students such as you have mentioned should be criticized.
在 the same…后也可用 that 引导定语从句，但意义有所不同：
that 引出的定语从句，指的是与先行词同一事物；而 as 引出的定语从句是
与先行词相似的同类事物。
I want to use the same tool that I used yesterday.
I want to use the same tool as I used yesterday.
八、由 when 引导的定语从句，修饰表示时间的先行词，when 为关系副词，
做定语从句的时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
( 介词＋which 可以代替 when)
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
[I remember the days which//that we spent together.]
九、由 where 引导的定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词，where 为关系副词，
做定语从句的地点状语。
This is the place where we lived for five years.
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
The factory in which his father works is in the west of the city.
( 介词＋which 可以代替 where)
[ This is a place which//that I wanted to visit. ]
十、Why 引导的定语从句，why 做原因状语。
I know the reason why he came late.
The reason why he was late was that he was ill.
=============================================================
非限定性定语从句
1. who 指人，做主语。
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
2. whom 指人, 作宾语.
He had many friends, many of whom had been in the universities.
3. whose 指人, 作定语.
The Chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave Tom a smile.
4. which 指物, 做主语,宾语.
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The speech, which he had written on the paper, seemed endless.
5. where 指地点, 作状语.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about
180 feet high.
6. when 指时间,作状语.
The meeting will be put off till next month, when we will have made all
the preparations.
7. as 做主语,表语,宾语; 先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
As we all know, he studies very hard.
As 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经
构成固定搭配.
As everybody can see as was usual
As can be seen as I expected
As is known to all， as may be imagined
as you know as is expected
as has been said before as is reported
as is often said as is announced
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：
限定性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意
思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说
明，如果去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，
一般不用 that 引导。
* * * * * * *
as 和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比较：
1. 非限定性定语从句位于句未，而且 as 和 which 在从句中作主语、宾语、
表语时
可互换。
He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner.
This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.
2.which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未，而 as 引导的非限定性定语
从句
可放在句未，也可放在句中、句首。 放在句首时不能用 which 替换。
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as 引导非限定性定语从句时，意为“这一点、这件事”，常与 see， hope，
expect，know，guess 等动词搭配；而 which 引导非限定性定语从句时与主句
有一种因果关系，可译为“所以……”。
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
4. as 引导非限定性定语从句并在从句中作主语时，其后面的谓语动词大多数
必须是连系动词。如果从句谓语动词是行为动词，则必须用 which。
He married her, as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented her from going to Shenyang.
He is absent, as is often the case.
The end
Choose the best answers:
1. Carol said the work would be done by October, _____personally I doubt
very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
2. _______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high
school is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D.
It
3. The fence in our garden, ______ my father built many years ago, has
lasted for a long time. A. that B. which C.
what D. where
4. There’s still much ______ can be improved about it.
A. which B. that C. if D. what
5. When lost in work, ____ he often was, he would forget all about eating
and sleeping. A. what B so C. just like D. as
6. Mr Johnson’s son, ______ lives in Chicago, is a doctor.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
7. We had to delay the party till next week, ______ we should have
something important to do. A. when B. which C.
at which D. in that
8. We traveled together as far as Chicago, ______ we said goodbye to
each other.
A. which B. when C. why D. where
9. I’ll never forget the years ______ I lived in the country with the
farmers ______ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
10.He arrived in New York in 1896, _______, some time later, he became
a writer.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
11.She may have missed her train, in ______ case she won’t arrive for
another hour.
A. what B. that C. which D. this
12.He has made a wonderful discovery, _______ of great importance to
science.
A. which I think is B. which do I think is
C. I think which is D. which I think it is
13.I’ll remember the time _____ we spent together in the country.
A. that B. when C. during which D. at which
14. I don’t believe the reason ______ he has given for his being late.
A. why B. that C. how D. what
15.There were two small rooms in the house, ______ served as a kitchen.
A. the smaller of which B. the small of which
C. the smaller of them D. the smaller one
16.He lived in London for 3 years, during _____ time he learned some
English.
A. this B. which C. that D. same
17.Will you please show me the way to the only tall building _______
stands near the post office. A. x B. in which C.
that D. where
18.Alice has a large collection of photos, ______ was taken in London.
A. none of them B. no one of which C. all of which D. none
of which
19.His sister had become a teacher, ______ was what he wanted to be.
A. who B. what C. that D. which
20.Next winter _____ you’ll spend in Harbin, I’m sure, will be another
exciting holiday.
A. which B. when C. in which D. where
21.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _____ village
I taught before have lived a happy life. A. who B. whose
C. in whose D. in which
22.The boss, _____ restaurant I am serving, is a kindhearted man.
A. in which B. in whose C. where D. which
23.I fell most angry about the way ______ I’ve been treated.
A. when B. that C. where D. how
24.He was rude to the Customs officer, _____ of course made things even
worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
25.There is a mountain _____ the top is always covered with snow.
A. whose B. of which C. it’s D. that
26.He has had the same life ______ his father lived.
A. where B. as C. that D. when
27.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____,
of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B.
which C. this D. what
28.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese Vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price
of whose
29.The Chicago Bulls was made up of the best basketball players in the
States, and ____ were black Americans.
A. most of them B. most of whom C. most of that D. most of which
30.“ ______ break the law should be punished,” the judge shouted.
A. Someone B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Those who
31.Is there a gas station around ______ I can get some petrol.
A. which B. what C. where D. that
32.Is there anything else______ you require ?
A. which B. that C. who D. what
33.The last place _______ we visited was the Great Wall .
A. which B. that C. where D. it
34.He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him
greatly in the school. A. which B. that
C. who D. when
35.The railway tunnel, through _____ the train goes will be completed
soon.
A. which B. that C. it D. whom
36.There is no dictionary _______you can find everything.
A. that B. which C. where D. in that
37.Next month, ______ you’ll spend in your hometown, is coming.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
38.Next month, ______ you’ll be in your hometown, is coming.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
39.He wanted to know the time ______ he needed to know.
A that B. when C. where D. what
40.There isn’t so much noise in the country _______ in big cities.
A. that B. which C. where D. as
41.They could only read such stories ______ had been rewritten in simple
English.
A. that B. which C. as D what
42.Crusoe’s dog became ill and died, _______ made him very lonely.
A. as B. which C. that D. this
43._______ we know now, bats comes out only at night.
A. As B. Which C. That D. What
44.John got beaten in the game, ______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
45._______ has been said above, grammar is a set of dead rules.
A. Which B. What C. That D. As
46.I have bought two ballpens, ______writes well.
A. none of which B. neither of which C. none of them D.
neither of them
47. There are two thousand students in our school, ________ are girls.
A. of whom two-thirds B. two-third of them
C. two-third in them D. two-thirds in which
48. Do you know the man _________?
A. whom I spoke B. to who I spoke C. I spoke to D. that I
spoke
49. This is one of the best films ________ this year.
A. have been shown B. that have shown
C. that have been shown D. which has been shown
50. Is _______ some German friends visited last week ?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this
school where
51.I’ll tell you _______ he told me last month.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
52. I still remember the day _____ she first wore that pink dress.
A. which B. in which C. on that D. on which
53. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn ?
A. that B x C. which D. it
54.I’ve read all the books ______ were borrowed from the library.
A. that B. x C. which D. they
55. You can take any seat _______ is free .
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
56. A child ______ parents are dead is called an orphan.
A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which
57. Please pass me the dictionary ______ cover is black.
A. which B. which of C. its D. whose
58. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday ?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
59. He has two sons, _______ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom
60. I , ______ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
61. The radio I bought yesterday is quite different from _____ you bought
last month.
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
62. China has hundreds of islands, ________ the largest is Taiwan.
A. in which B. at which C. of which D. which
63. This is the most important chapter ______ we should pay attention.
A. to whom B. in which C. at which D. to which
64. Last summer we visited the West Lake ______ Hangzhou is famous in
the world.
A. in which B. for that C. in that D. for which
65. Gone are the days ______ Shanghai was a paradise for imperialist
adventures.
A. that B. which C. when D. during
66. The children climbed the hill, ______ they picnicked.
A. on its top B. on the top of it C. on whose top D. on the
top of that
67. At the school gate stands a blackboard, ______ reads“Welcome back”.
A. which B. that C. on which D. where
68. _________, the compass was first in China.
A. It is known to all B. It is known that C. We all know D. As
is known to all
69. Jack is the only one of my friends who ______ helping me paint my
house.
A. is B are C. was D. were
70. They turned out 600 washing machines, ______ are good quality.
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of that D. most of
where
71. We grow all our fruit and vegetables, ________ saves money, of
course.
A. which B. as C. that D. what
72. The people there slept on ____they called “ kang”, _____was very
strange to Jenny.
A. what; which B. where; as C. which; it D. that; which
The End
Keys: 1---5.DBBBD 6---10. AADBB 11---15. CAABA 16---20. BCDDA
21---25. CBBDB 26---30.BBBAD 31---35.CBBBA 36---40.CACAD
41---45.CBAAD 46---50.BACCB 51---55.DDAAC 56---60.CDDBB
61---65.CCDDC 66---70.CADAB 71---72. A A
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