高考英语阅读理解技巧指导—推理判断题、主旨大意题课件（40张ppt）

阅读理解技巧指导— 推理判断题、主旨大意题 解题策略—推理判断题 推理判断：从已知的事情中推测未知的事情。 要求：领悟作者的言外之意，得出符合作者 意愿的结论，推出合理的结论。 针对某个细节进行推断？ 还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进 行推断？ 解题策略点拨 解题策略点拨 正确选项设置特征： 1、符合原文主旨，含义深刻。 2、不包含绝对化的词。 3、来源于原文又高于原文。 4、逻辑的推理、得出的结 论符合作者意愿。 干扰选项设置特征： 1、只是重复文中的 某个细节。 2、包含绝对化的词 语。 3、和原文毫无关系。 4、在文中找不到相 关的信息而推出的结 论。 5、态度和观点与文 章相矛盾。 6、文中直接说明的 内容。 “And she has had fresh flowers in her hands for the last 150 years.” Karen Biery lives in Damascus, about five miles west of Hope Cemetery. She’s written a book based on the legend of Goldie Belle Taylor titled Believe. In 1886, at the age of two, young Goldie Belle used her hands to sop up (抹去) the left over elderberry juice from her father’s iron kettle. She died not long after from poisoning. She was the love of her dad’s life, and he was so upset that he sold the family farm to buy the Italian made statue, which today marks her grave. 1. It can be inferred from the third paragraph __________. A. her father was poisonous B. the iron kettle was poisonous C. elderberry juice was poisonous D. it was her father that hated her 【答案】C 【解析】考查推理判断。 根据文中young Goldie Belle used her hands to sop up (抹去) the left over elderberry juice from her father’s iron kettle. She died not long after from poisoning. 可知，小女孩用手抹去了父亲铁壶里溢出的残留物后 中毒死去。故可推知“接骨木汁”有毒。 Sample 1 In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition which she won last year. … 1. What do we learn from the first paragraph? A. A lot of amusements compete for children’s time nowadays. B. Children have lots of fun doing mindless activities. C. Rebecca is much too busy to enjoy her leisure time. D. Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing. 【答案】A 【解析】考查推理判断。 根据文中的In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied.可知这个时代充斥着网络聊天、电子游戏和电视真人秀，不缺少让一 个孩子有得忙的没意思的活动，故推出如今很多的娱乐活动抢占孩子们的时间。 Sample 2 A revelation (启示) came last week when I asked her, “Don’t you want to win again?” “No,” she replied, “I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.” I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it. 2. Why did Rebecca want to enter this year’s writing contest? A. She believed she possessed real talent for writing. B. She was sure of winning with her mother’s help. C. She wanted to share her stories with readers. D. She had won a prize in the previous contest. I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it. 3. The author took great pains to improve her daughter’s stories because _______. A . she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dreams of becoming a writer B. she was afraid Rebecca’s imagination might run wild while writing C. she did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so much D. she believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidance 【答案】D 【解析】考查推理判断。 根据文中的I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales.可知D正确。 解题策略—主旨大意题 主旨大意题要求学生掌握所读材料的主 旨和大意，它的范围是：基本论点 （argument）、文章标题(title)、主题 (topic)、大意(general idea)或段落大意 (main idea of paragraph)等。它要求学生 在理解全文的基础上对文章进行高度的概括 和总结。 主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种： 1）The general/main idea of the passage is about ____． 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily ____． 4）The passage is mostly about ____． 5）The passage is mainly concerned about ____． 6）What is the main topic of the passage？ 7）What is the best title for the passage？ 8）The subject discussed in this text is _____ 9）The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to … 10）The passage is meant to …. 11）The purpose of this article is to … 1、寻找主题句，从而抓住文章的中心思想。 解题策略点拨 如何寻找主题句 Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细 节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。 作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然 得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句 得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. （3）在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题 由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步 的解释, 支撑或发展。 2、 概括全文寻找文章的中心思想。 解题策略点拨 After moving to the United States, immigrant groups trying to fit in tend to choose high calorie fatty foods in an attempt to appear more American, a new study finds. That’s one reason why immigrants approach US levels of obesity within 15 years of moving to America. 1. The author wants to show that . A. more and more Asians enjoy high-calorie snacks B. immigrants tend to eat American junk food to fit in C. most Americans are at the risk of heart disease D. all the American people have a bad eating habit 【答案】B 【解析】考查作者意图题。 本段节选自一篇研究报道的第一段，是文章的中心 段，根据其内容可知作者意在说明移民倾向于食用高能量食物以便融入美国社 会。 Sample 1 Have you ever wished that you could make your little sister’s teddy bear talk to her? Or have you ever wanted to bring a puppet (木偶) to life? If so, you may be interested in learning the art of ventriloquism (腹语术). A ventriloquist can make an ordinary object seem to be alive by giving it a personality, movement, and speech. … Ventriloquism is fun. It also requires hard work to become good at it. The most important thing to do is practice. But if you are willing to take the time to give your friend an interesting personality, to practice lively movements, and to work on good mouth control, then you will be well on your way to becoming a ventriloquist! 1. What would be the best title for the text? A. How to tell jokes B. How to make puppets C. Secrets of ventriloquism D. Tips on making friends 【答案】C 【解析】考查文章标题。 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了什么是腹语以及练习 腹语的基本要领和过程，如果想练好腹语就要下功夫练习。 1．以偏概全 2．断章取义 3．主题扩大 1．“精” 2．“准” 3．“全” 4．“新” 巩固练习 A 1. From the text we learn that__________. A. by 1930 Olivetti produced 13,000 typewriters a year B. Olivetti earned more in the 1960s than in the 1950s C. some of Olivetti’s 700 staff regularly visited customers in Italy D. Olivetti set up offices in other countries from the very beginning 【答案】A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第二段第一句：By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13,000 machines a year.可知。 2. What was probably the direct result of Olivetti’s falling behind in electronic technology? A. Adriano’s death. B. A period of financial problem C. Its faster progress. D. Its agreements with other companies 【答案】B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第四段第一句：After Adriano died in 1960, the company had a period of financial problems. 可知。 4. The best title for the text would be___________. A. The Origin of Olivetti B. The Success of Olivetti C. The History of Olivetti D. The Production of Olivetti 3. What do we know about Olivetti ? A. It produced the best typewriter in the word. B. It designed the world’s first mainframe computer. C. It exported more typewriters than other computers. D. It has five independent companies with its head office in Ivrea. 【答案】D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第一段中：Today the company’s head office is still in Ivrea和第五段中： There are now five independent companies in the Olivetti group 可知。 【答案】C 【解析】考查主旨大意。通过阅读全文，可知，本文介绍了Olivetti公司的发 展历史。 巩固练习 B 2. Alice Pyne wrote her “Bucket List” to . A. catch people’s attention B. say goodbye to a few friends C. give comfort to two terminally ill men D. express her last few wishes 1. What happened after Alice Pyne wrote her“Bucket List”? A. People around the world sent messages to support her. B. People sent gifts to her from all over the world. C. A lot of people offered to donate bone marrow to her. D. The media called on people to help her. 【答案】A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中倒数第三段中：Messages of support and offers of help quickly flooded her webpage and it became one of the most talked about subjects on Twitter.可知帖子发布后，收到了世界各地的支持他的信息。 【答案】D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第一段中：after writing an online “Bucket List” of things she wanted to do before dying.可知 “Bucket List”表达的就是他最 后的愿望。 4. Which of the following is NOT on Alice Pyne’s “Bucket List”? A. To ask people to donate bone marrow. B. To get a cool computer. C. To swim with shark. D. To meet a boy. 3. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that AIice Pyne . A. is unaware of her own conditions B. is very sad to know that she will die C. is calm to know that death is approaching D. is still quite confident in fighting against cancer 【答案】C 【解析】考查推理判断。根据本段中：I know that the cancer is gaining on me and it doesn’t look like I’m going to win this one.可推断出她对自己的病情和结 果进行了平静的叙述，故C项符合语境。 【答案】D 【解析】考查细节判断。第四段介绍了“Bucket List”所有的内容，前三项 都在里面，但是里面的Take That 是个boy band，不是想见某一个男孩。所以 排除D项。 5. Take That will arrange to . A. meet Pyne in person B. help Pyne in any possible way C. donate money to Pyne D. invite Pyne to join the band 【答案】A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中最后一段中： revealed(透露 )the management of Take That had arranged for her to see the band after reading her blog.可知她想见的那家乐队已经安排亲自见她了。 巩固练习 C 1．The initial aim of starting the Children's Development Khazana is to _____． A．provide for jobs for homeless children B．help homeless families with emergencies C．sponsor homeless children to go to school D．safeguard homeless children's hard-earned money 2．What does the underlined part "The idea has caught on like wildfire" （in Paragraph 2） probably mean? A．The idea has become very popular B．The bank has been very successful． C．The bank has absorbs large deposits． D．More street children depend on the bank． 【答案】A 【解析】考查句意推测。根据文中第三段中：Today, Khazana has 12 branches all across New Delhi, with a total of Rupees 12lakh （about 22．000USD） in deposits．Not only that, there are now 77 affiliated branches可知 。 【答案】D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第二段中：to help the street children protect their hard-earned money from thieves．可知 。 3．The Children's Development Khazana is different from regular banks in that_____． A．all its workers are street children B．it pays its customers no interest C．customers can be made its managers D．it opens in the evening six months a year 4．According to the passage, the Children's Development Khazana _____． A．welcomes all money, however small it is． B．offers more and better service than before C．is run by a 14-year-old boy, Karan alone D．has more than 70 branches across India 【答案】C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第四段中： two volunteer managers are elected from the client base every six months．可知 。 【答案】B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中：…is today a well-developed bank, one where kids can not only deposit money which earns them 5% interest, but also, …to pay for school．可推断出B项符合语境。 巩固练习 D 1. The author wrote this article to ____________. A. announce the result of a research on spiders B. introduce the ways to get rid of the spiders C. report a new finding of the widow species D. warn readers against the brown widow 2. From the passage we can conclude that ____________. A. brown widows are possibly spreading northward B. brown widows originated from Africa C. brown widows now can be found in all countries D. there used to be no brown widows in North America 【答案】D 【解析】考查作者意图。文章从这种蜘蛛的渊源谈起，预测了它的蔓延范围， 进而介绍了它的生活习性、危害以及控制方法，所以作者意在警告读者当心这 种蜘蛛。 【答案】A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第一段中： The brown widow spider is continuing its expansion in Southern California and could possibly move northward into central California. 可知 它们可能会朝北方蔓延。 3. The third paragraph is mainly about ____________. A. the brown widow’s web building B. the characteristics of the brown widows C. the habitat preferences of the brown widows D. the brown widow’s threat to human beings 4. It can be inferred that ___________. A. brown widows can be killed with any farm chemicals B. at present people can only control brown widow spiders C. the brown widow has more poison than the black widow D. victims bitten by the brown widow needn’t see the doctor 【答案】C 【解析】考查段落大意。本段指出了这种蜘蛛经常选择的织网的地方，即主要 介绍这种蜘蛛的栖息偏好。 【答案】B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中：There is no specific information regarding the control of brown widows by farm chemicals. Most current advice is what is used for controlling spiders in general. 可推断出人们只能控制它们。 巩固练习 E 1. From the second paragraph, we can conclude that _______. A. mistakes are unnecessary for development B. we are afraid of trying new things C. it’s common for people to make mistakes D. mistakes are better than not trying 2. The underlined word “eliminate” means _______. A. avoid B. dismiss C. accept D. solve 【答案】D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段中： If you never try anything new, how can you improve? How can you expand? The simple answer is “You can’t”. 可总 结得知选D。 【答案】B 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据文章中句子的意思可知，此处eliminate意为： 排除，消除。故选B。 3. According to the article, one thing you should pay attention to about making mistakes is _______. A. avoiding making the same mistakes B. accepting the punishment willingly C. taking consequences into account D. trying things out one by one 4. The article is mainly about _______. A. how to deal with mistakes B. what benefits mistakes bring C. how to achieve success D. how to make use of your mistakes 【答案】C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据文中第六段中：But this all doesn’t mean that you should go ahead without considering the consequences of a mistake.可知， consider和pay attention to是同义表达。故选C。 【答案】B 【解析】考查主旨大意。根据文章主题句：mistakes are a clear sign that you are trying new things. It’s always good to try new things because when you are trying new things you are growing. If you never try anything new, how can you improve? How can you expand? The simple answer is “You can’t”.可知。 5. What would the writer probably suggest we say to ourselves when we make a mistake? A. Never mind, I can always try again. B. I’d better stay out of trouble. C. Great! Now I can learn something. D. Look at this mess. Anyone would be upset. 一、带着问题去读文章。 二、把握住五个“W”和一个“H”。 三、明确话题，掌握中心思想，吃透寓意，推出 结论。 四、统观全篇，前后照应。 做阅读理解题时遇到生词怎么办？ 1、利用构词法猜词：unforeseeable 2、利用同义、近义词猜词：Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night,but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night. 3、利用反义词猜词： Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 4、利用文意猜词。 1. The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. 2. Her body was carried in the hearse and people followed it to the grave yard. 5、利用定义解释猜词： Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tries to get the other down on the floor. 6、利用举例猜词： I’ve found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him. 7、利用词义重复变化猜词： My uncle was a nomad,an incurable wanderer who could never stay in one place. 8、利用词义搭配关联猜词：I wish this medicine may really cure my backache. 9、根据语义转折猜词： This boy is not stupid,on the contrary,no one could be more intelligent. 10、利用经验常识猜词。 Young Mr. Johnson died . Over three thousand people attended his funeral. All the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake. Thank you! See you again!