北京市2021届高三英语3月综合能力测试试题（Word版附解析）

2020-2021 学年北京市高三下学期综合能力测试英语试题 英语 本试卷共 12 页，100 分。考试时长 90 分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试 卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30 分) 第一节 完形填空(共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳 选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Ask 3-year-old Wolfy about his future plans, and you’ll quickly discover this kid's aspirations area lot more down to earth. His obsession? Garbage trucks and the men who drive and___1___them. Up until recently, due to a pandemic, Wolfy was spending most days at home. His favorite day of the week was Friday—trash collection day, of course. Every Friday morning, Wolfy___2___waited for his beloved garbage trucks to make their run up his street. Under his parents supervision, Wolfy became something of a _____3_____to the trash collectors. To Wolfy, these men are superheroes. Two of them, D. J. and Drew, became his particular pals, earning him and his trash team the nickname of the “Wolfpack.” Wolfy's parents knew they weren't able to throw him a big birthday party.___4___， they told him he could invite a couple of friends over for cake. Wolfy's ideal guest list was obvious. “Drew and D. J. ! he___5___. On the morning of September 9, four bright green garbage trucks, horns honking, rolled their way up the street to the delight of the ecstatic birthday boy and his stunned family. “The guys came___6___gifts, howling out their windows and took time to play with Wolfy, ”his mom posted to her Facebook page. “He even got to honk the horn! Does it get any better!?” The superheroes climbed down from their trucks to celebrate Wolfy's birthday. After they___7___the little boy with trash-related gifts, shared cake, and played with toy trucks, Wolfy's garbage collecting heroes drove off to their other appointed rounds. Wolfy's mom, more than a little impressed, ____8____ her feelings, saying, “These are really kind gentle___9___who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.” They're the next generation to come, so seeing them enthusiastic about something even as_____10_____as what we do in our everyday lives brings meaning and shows the importance of what everyone does in society. 1. A. clean B. load C. repair D. collect 2. A. eagerly B. hesitantly C. patiently D. naturally 3. A. joy B. pity C. desire D. trouble 4. A. Besides B. Further C. Instead D. Otherwise 5. A. complained B. ordered C. rejected D. declared 6. A. arranging B. bearing C. enjoying D. advertising 7. A. amused B. equipped C. prepared D. showered 8. A. put up B. made up C. broke up D. summed up 9. A. souls B. leader’s C. instructors D. colleagues 10. A. boring B. annoying C. simple D. significant 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述小男孩 Wolfy 对垃圾车和收集垃圾的人很着迷，他认为他 们就是超级英雄，收集垃圾的人也对 Wolfy 的热情给予了很大回应，并且在他生日的那天给了 他特殊的礼物和庆祝方式。 【1 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他所痴迷的是什么？垃圾车和开垃圾车装垃圾的人。A. clean 打扫； B. load 装载；C. repair 修理；D. collect 收集。根据下文“His favorite day of the week was Friday—trash collection day”可知，Wolfy 痴迷于开着垃圾车装垃圾的人。故选 B 项。 【2 题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫急切地等待着他心爱的垃圾车在他的街道上行驶。A. eagerly 急切地；B. hesitantly 犹豫地；C. patiently 耐心地；D. naturally 自然地。根据上文“His favorite day of the week was Friday—trash collection day”可知，Wolfy 最喜欢的是垃圾收集的那一天， 因此他等待收垃圾车在街上行驶的心情是急切的。故选 A 项。 【3 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他父母的监督下，沃尔夫成为了垃圾收集者的乐趣。A. joy 乐趣； B. pity 遗憾；C. desire 欲望；D. trouble 麻烦。根据下文“Two of them, D. J. and Drew, became his particular pals, earning him and his trash team the nickname of the “Wolfpack.””可知，垃圾收集者 们喜欢 Wolfy，因此他成为他们的乐趣。故选 A 项。 【4 题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们告诉他，他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。A. Besides 此外；B. Further 进一步地；C. Instead 相反；D. Otherwise 否则。前文的“Wolfy's parents knew they weren't able to throw him a big birthday party.”和下文的“they told him he could invite a couple of friends over for cake.”为转折关系，他的父母知道他们无法为他举办大的生日派对， 但是他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。故选 C 项。 【5 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫理想的宾客名单是显而易见的。“Drew 和 D.J.!”他宣称。 A. complained 抱怨；B. ordered 命令；C. rejected 拒绝；D. declared 宣布。根据“Wolfy's ideal guest list was obvious. “Drew and D. J. !””可知，当父母说他可以邀请几个朋友来吃蛋糕时，他宣布 了他的宾客名单。故选 D 项。 【6 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：大伙儿带着礼物来了，在窗户外叫着，花时间和沃尔夫玩。A. arranging 安排；B. bearing 携带；C. enjoying 享受；D. advertising 广告。根据上文“rolled their way up the street to the delight of the ecstatic birthday boy and his stunned family.”可知，Wolfy 的 朋友们来给他过生日，可以推断他们带着礼物。故选 B 项。 【7 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们给小男孩送了很多垃圾相关的礼物，分享了蛋糕，玩了玩具 卡车之后，沃尔夫的垃圾收集英雄们就开车去了其他指定的地方。A. amused 娱乐；B. equipped 装备；C. prepared 准备；D. showered 大量地给予。根据下文“the little boy with trash-related gifts, shared cake, and played with toy trucks,”可知，Wolfy 的朋友们对他的生日很重视，因此给他送 了很多礼物。故选 D 项。 【8 题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善 良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A. put up 张贴；B. made up 弥补；C. broke up 打碎；D. summed up 总结。根据下文“These are really kind gentle___9___who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.”可知，接下来是 Wolfy 的妈妈 在这些人对 Wolfy 做了这么多事情之后的感受，属于总结性的话语。故选 D 项。 【9 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善 良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A. souls 灵魂；B. leaders 领 导；C. instructors 讲师；D. colleagues 同事。根据下文“who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.”可知，Wolfy 的妈妈认为这些人充满正能量，所以他们是温柔善良 的灵魂。故选 A 项。 【10 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们是下一代人，所以看到他们对我们日常生活中所做的这么 简单的事情充满热情，就意味着意义，也表明了每个人在社会中所做的事情的重要性。A. boring 无聊的；B. annoying 令人恼怒的； C. simple 简单的；D. significant 有意义的。根据前文 “something even”可知，收垃圾是如此的简单的事情，他们却对此充满着热情，这给了人们 希望。故选 C 项。 第二节 语法填空(共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出 提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 A little girl ran to her bedroom and pulled out her piggy bank from a secret drawer in her closet. She___11___(break) the piggy bank，took the change and counted it cautiously. Three times， even. The total had to be exactly perfect as there shouldn’t be any chance for mistake here. She____12____(careful) placed the coins in a jar，twisted on the cap and then slipped out of the back door. She made her way six blocks to a drug store. She waited patiently for the pharmacist____13____(give) her some attention but he was too busy attending other customers at that moment.____14____ she tried several times to get his attention，she wasn’t successful. 【答案】11. broke 12. carefully 13. to give 14. Although/Though 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述一个小姑娘拿零花钱去买药的故事。 【11 题详解】 考查时态。句意：她打破了储蓄罐，拿了零钱，仔细数了数。根据空后“ took the change and counted…”可知，此处并列连词 and 连接并列的谓语动词，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时， 表示过去发生的事情。故填 broke。 【12 题详解】 考查副词。句意：她小心翼翼地把硬币放进一个罐子里，拧上盖子，然后从后门溜了出去。 空处需用副词作状语修饰动词 placed，careful 的副词为 carefully“小心地”。故填 carefully。 【13 题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：她耐心地等待药剂师的注意，但药剂师此时正忙于照顾其他顾客。 wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人做某事，固定搭配，此处动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填 to give。 【14 题详解】 考查连词。句意：虽然她试了好几次想引起他的注意，但都没有成功。根据前后句意可知， 空处需用从属连词 although/though“虽然”引导让步状语从句，句首单词首字母需大写。故填 Although/Though。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出 提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Chime bells, biān zhōng,are the most majestic and holy ancient instrument in China. As a symbol of power,they____15____(use) for sacrificial ceremonies or other crucial ceremonies. Starting 3,500 years ago,biān zhōng,were composed of bells____16____different scales. The bells are played by mallets (木槌) and create the sounds of seven musical scales, much like the piano. What's more amazing is that one bell can generate two notes when____17____(strike) at different spots. Its exquisite cast and pure sound revealed the high level of ancient Chinese civilization and wisdom. 【答案】15. were used 16. in 17. struck 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了古老乐器编钟的神奇之处。 【15 题详解】 考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：作为权力的象征，编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式。 根据句意可知，此处表示过去编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式，所以空处谓语动词需 用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，主语是复数 they，所以 be 动词需用 were。故填 were used。 【16 题详解】 考查介词。句意：从 3500 年前开始，编钟由不同音阶的钟组成。此处表示以不同的音阶构成， 所以空处需用介词 in，in different scales 以不同音阶，固定搭配。故填 in。 【17 题详解】 考查非谓语动词和省略。句意：更令人惊奇的是，一个钟在不同的地方敲击时能发出两个音 符。分析句子结构可知，空处 when 引导的时间状语从句省略了主语 one bell，此处表示被敲 击，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，因为 when 从句的主语和 主句一致，且含 be 动词，所以此处省略 one bell was，空处需用过去分词 struck。故填 struck。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出 提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 In the paper Power Gets You High by Gerben Van Kleef，he claims that high-power individuals tend to experience____18____(few) social restrictions and more resource-rich environments compared to their lower power counterparts. This means that people with a perceived high level of power are more likely to dismiss established social constructs. Whether it's intentional or not， high-power people place____19____(them) socially at a distance and tend to act on their own concepts，___20___they believe will help them gain control over valued resources. 【答案】18. fewer 19. themselves 20. which 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章给我们解释了为何高权力者的社会限制较少。 【18 题详解】 考查形容词的比较级。句意：在 Gerben Van Kleef 的论文 Power Gets You High 中，他声称，与 权力较低的人相比，权力较高的人往往经历较少的社会限制和资源丰富的环境。根据空后 “more resource-rich …”可知，空处形容词 few 需用其比较级形式 fewer，表示较少的社会限制。 故填 fewer。 【19 题详解】 考查代词。句意：不管是有意还是无意，高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，倾 向于按照自己的观念行事，他们相信这将帮助他们获得对宝贵资源的控制。此处指高权力者 都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，所以空处需用 them 的反身代词 themselves 作宾语。故 填 themselves。 【20 题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是 concepts，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，此处 they believe 是插入成分，所以空处需用关 系代词 which 引导非限制性定语从句。故填 which。 第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38 分) 第一节(共 14 小题；每小题 2 分，共 28 分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答 题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Constantly regret spending too much time on your phone but just cannot stop? You are not alone. Here are five tips from Prof. Mark Griffiths， psychologist and behavioral addiction expert at Nottingham Trent University to help you live well with your phone. Step it down gradually The urge to check your phone can become reflexive and habitual. For some， going a few minutes without checking their phone is difficult. If this sounds like you， try to go 15 minutes without doing it. Once you realize this is possible， increase the length of time you avoid checking to 30 minutes， an hour， and then a few hours， or a day. Monitor usage Download an app that will tell you how much time you're spending online. This could make you aware of a problem—the first step to a solution. Buy an alarm clock Don’t use your phone as an alarm， or you might be tempted(诱惑) to check texts and emails last thing at night and as soon as you wake up. Instead， ban phones from the bedroom. Designate bedtimes and mealtimes as smartphone-free zones. Consider buying a clock， so you're no longer tempted by emails and texts when you check the time. Spring clean your contacts How many online friends do you actually speak to? Reduce alerts and distractions by removing contacts on social networking sites， deleting unused apps， and unsubscribing from groups that offer little benefit. Consider deleting any games that are taking up a lot of your time. Learn to wait Be mindful of the benefits of not regularly checking your phone. People who react to messages as they arrive tend to write longer responses than those who wait and deal with them all as a block. Waiting will gain you time to spend on other activities. 21. According to the passage， which of the following can help ban phones from the bed ? A. Monitoring usage. B. Using a clock. C. Cleaning contacts. D. Learning to wait. 22. It can be learnt from the passage that_________. A. games take up more time than other apps B. reacting to messages in time is important C. people are often tempted to use cell phones D. people shouldn’t check emails by cell phones 23. The purpose of the article is to_________. A. introduce ways to manage phone usages B. emphasize the harm of using cellphones C. persuade readers to get rid of cellphones D. explain multiple functions of cellphones 【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克·格里菲斯 教授给出了五条建议，帮助我们更好地使用手机。 【21 题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章 Buy an alarm clock 中的“Consider buying a clock， so you're no longer tempted by emails and texts when you check the time.(考虑买个时钟，这样当你查看时间的时候就 不会被邮件和短信诱惑了。)”可知，使用闹钟有助于阻止你在床上使用手机。故选 B。 【22 题详解】 推理判断题题。根据文章第一段“Constantly regret spending too much time on your phone but just cannot stop?(总是后悔在手机上花了太多时间，又停不下来?)”、Step it down gradually 中 的“The urge to check your phone can become reflexive and habitual. (查看手机的冲动会变成条 件反射和习惯。)”和 Spring clean your contacts 中的“Reduce alerts and distractions by removing contacts on social networking sites， deleting unused apps， and unsubscribing from groups that offer little benefit. Consider deleting any games that are taking up a lot of your time. (删除社交网站 上的联系人、删除不用的应用程序、取消订阅那些没什么好处的群组，可以减少提醒和干扰。 考虑删除任何占用你大量时间的游戏。)”可推断，人们经常被诱惑使用手机。故选 C。 【23 题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Here are five tips from Prof. Mark Griffiths， psychologist and behavioral addiction expert at Nottingham Trent University to help you live well with your phone. (诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克·格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助你 更好地使用手机。)”及全文可推断，本文的目的是介绍管理电话使用的方法。故选 A。 B Paralympian Anastasia Pagonis’ remarkable success story began when she lost her vision at age 14. Granted, it’s a tough age for any teen, but dealing with a life-changing disability made things even more challenging. “It took me about eight months to regroup myself,” she told TODAY, “and then I got it in my head, ‘Okay, I’m blind. Now what am I going to do with my life?” A Long Island native, Pagonis practically grew up in the water. She’d taken up competitive freestyle swimming just a few months prior to going totally blind. While she excelled at the sport with limited vision, an “abusive team” atmosphere prompted her to quit competition. After months of therapy, however, the persistent teen was ready to get back in the swim-only swimming wasn’t enough for Pagonis. She wanted to compete. Now she was faced with another dilemma. “Nobody wanted to train the blind girl,” she recalled in an interview with TEAM USA. “I ended up after about eight months finding an amazing coach who was willing to train me and actually put on blackout goggles to try to figure out a way for me to swim.” By the age of 16, Pagonis was earning a reputation as a fierce competitor, taking two gold medals at the World Para Swimming World Series in Australia. When Pagonis realized her experiences and positive outlook might be a boon(益处) to others, she eagerly stepped up as a role model. “I want to help people the way I needed help,” Pagonis told TEAM USA. “I started doing Instagram and social media and was soon getting a bunch of replies saying, ‘Wow! You really helped me get through bad things,’ or, ‘I was getting bullied in school and you helped me get through that,’ or, ‘You let me know how much I was worth.’” Back in the water, Pagonis was truly in her element. “It’s my happy place,” she told TODAY. “It’s the place where I feel like I don’t have a disability and I feel like that’s the only place where I feel free. When I dive in the water, it’s just me in the pool and I feel such a connection with it. Sometimes you need to take a leap of faith because if you don’t try, you don’t know. Always follow your dreams.” 24. What difficulty did Pagonis face after she quit competition? A. She had to wear goggles. B. It was hard to find her a coach C. Her skills weren’t useful in darkness. D. She couldn’t do the freestyle anymore. 25. It can be learnt from the passage that Pagonis___________. A. stopped swimming for two years B. improved her vision by swimming C. helped many people through difficulties D. devoted herself to fighting against bullies 26. What does the underlined phrase in her element mean? A. In a very good mood B. Full of Confusion. C. Confident of winning. D. Happy to be special. 27. What does the story mainly tell us? A. Team spirit is vital for winning- B. Role models make us who we are. C. A good teacher is the key to success. D. Disability does not limit one’s success. 【答案】24. B 25. C 26. A 27. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅·帕格尼丝 14 岁失明， 但她身残志不残，最终通过不懈努力取得成功。 【24 题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第五段““Nobody wanted to train the blind girl,” she recalled in an interview with TEAM USA.(“没人想训练这个盲女，”她在接受“美国队”采访时回忆说。)” 可知，帕格尼丝退出比赛后面临着很难找到教练的困难。故选 B。 【25 题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第六段““I want to help people the way I needed help,”Pagonis told TEAM USA. “I started doing Instagram and social media and was soon getting a bunch of replies saying, ‘Wow! You really helped me get through bad things,’ or, ‘I was getting bullied in school and you helped me get through that,’ or, ‘You let me know how much I was worth. (“我想用我需要的方式 帮助别人，”帕格尼丝告诉“美国队”。“我开始刷 Instagram 和社交媒体，很快就收到了很 多回复，‘哇!你真的帮我度过了一些不好的事情，’或者‘我在学校被人欺负，是你帮我度 过的’，或者‘你让我知道了我的价值’。)”可知，帕格尼丝帮助很多人度过难关。故选 C。 【26 题详解】 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词后句““It’s my happy place,” she told TODAY. (“这是 （让）我快乐的地方，”她告诉《今日》杂志。)”可知，帕格尼丝回到水利心情很好。由此 推知，in her element 为“心情愉悦”之意。故选 A。 【27 题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Paralympian Anastasia Pagonis’ remarkable success story began when she lost her vision at age 14.(残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅·帕格尼丝非凡的成功故事始于她 14 岁失明时。)”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅·帕格尼丝 14 岁失明，但她身残志不残，最终通过不懈努力取得成功，即文章告诉我们残疾并不会限制一 个人的成功。故选 D。 C More often than I care to admit，I’ll walk from one room to another with a clear vision in mind of whatever I need to do once I get there,but then I get there and can't remember why l started. The only thing that happened between my first movement and my last is that I walked through a doorway. Surely that has nothing at all to do with forgetting something I knew just moments before， right? Wrong， says new research. As it turns out,walking through a doorway exerts an imperceptible influence on memory. In fact, merely imagining walking through a doorway can zap (影响) memory. Researchers in the latest study took their cue from an earlier study showing that passing through a doorway seems to insert a mental divider into memory,Our brains record memories in segments, or episodes, rather than as a continuous event. Walking through a doorway triggers memory segmentation, like a video editor inserting a momentary pause between scenes. Even more curious is that imagining walking through a doorway has a similar effect. The research team brought two groups of participants into a larger room, One group experienced the room as a continuous space； the other walked through it after divider curtains were set up to simulate a doorway. The groups were then shown a picture of an unusually shaped object before closing their eyes and imagining walking across the room they'd seen earlier. The first group imagined the room as a big space with no physical dividers；the other imagined walking through the draped doorway. They were then asked to jog their memories and pick out the picture of the object from a set often images. As predicted， the group that imagined walking through a doorway performed significantly worse on the memory lest than the other group. And this gets even weirder. If right now I started telling you a story about a boy and his dog, going on for a few paragraphs detailing all the things this boy and his dog do together， and then I suddenly inserted a phrase like “A few hours later...”——do you think your recall of what I just told you about the boy and his dog might be better or worse? Worse! Research has demonstrated that phrases which insert a temporal boundary between events in a narrative place the same sort of mental divider into memory as a doorway. What all of this tells us is that our brains operate with certain mechanical dynamics that we generally only glimpse when they hiccup. So the next time you can't remember why you walked from one room to another， don’t be alarmed. Just remind yourself that your brain simply misconstrued instructions from your environment and thought that doorway meant you needed a memory divider. 28 What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Research subjects. B. Research findings. C. Research process. D. Research significance. 29. It can be learnt from the passage that____________. A. an imaginary doorway harms the brain B. certain verbal language influences memory C. brains record memories as a continuous event. D. going back to a doorway helps regain I lost memory. 30. What is the passage mainly about? A. Approaches to improve memory. B. Factors that cause people's memory loss. C. Ways to handle memory loss regarding doorways. D. Reasons why people forget while entering a doorway. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们进门忘事的原因——大脑误解了来自环境的指 令。 【28 题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The research team brought two groups of participants into a large room， One group experienced the room as a continuous space； the other walked through it after divider curtains were set up to simulate a doorway.”（研究小组让两组参与者进入一个大的房间， 一组体验的房间是一个连续的空间；另一组在设置了分隔窗帘模拟门口后穿过房间。）可知， 本段是在介绍实验的过程。故选 C 项。 【29 题详解】 推 理 判 断 题 。 倒 数 第 二 段 “Research has demonstrated that phrases which insert a temporal boundary between events in a narrative place the same sort of mental divider into memory as a doorway.”（研究表明，在叙述的地方，在事件之间插入时间边界的短语，就像一道门一样， 在记忆中划分了精神分界线。）可推断，某些语言会影响记忆。故选 B 项。 【30 题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchers in the latest study took their cue from an earlier study showing that passing through a doorway seems to insert a mental divider into memory， Our brains record memories in segments， or episodes， rather than as a continuous event.”（这项最新研究 的研究人员从一项早期研究中得到了线索，该研究表明，穿过一扇门似乎在记忆中插入了一 个精神分割器，我们的大脑以片段或情节来记录记忆，而不是以连续的事件来记录。）以及最 后一段“So the next time you can't remember why you walked from one room to another， don’t be alarmed. Just remind yourself that your brain simply misconstrued instructions from your environment and thought that doorway meant you needed a memory divider.”（因此，下次当你记 不起为什么从一个房间走到另一个房间时，不要惊慌。只需提醒自己，你的大脑只是误解了 来自环境的指令，认为门口意味着你需要一个记忆分隔器。）及全文可知，本文主要是讲述了 我们进门忘事的原因。故选 D 项。 D Empathy can give purpose to our lives and truly comfort people in distress, hut it can also do great harm. While showing an empathetic response to the tragedy and trauma of others can be helpful, it can also, if misdirected, turn us into what Professor James Dawes has called “emotional parasites.” Empathy can make people angry — perhaps dangerously so — if they mistakenly perceive that another person is threatening a person they care for. For example, while at a public gathering, you notice a heavyset, casually dressed man who you think is “staring” at your pre-teenage daughter. While the man has remained expressionless and has not moved from his spot, your empathetic understanding of what he “might” be thinking of doing to your daughter drives you into a state of rage. While there was nothing in the man's expression or body language that should have led you to believe he intended to harm your daughter, your empathetic understanding of what was Probably “going on inside his head” took you there, Danish family therapist Jesper Juul has referred to empathy and aggression (攻击性) as “existential twins.” For years, psychologists have reported cases of overly empathetic patients endangering the well-being of themselves and their families by giving away their life savings to random needy individuals. Such overly empathetic people who feel they are somehow responsible for the distress of others have developed an empathy-based guilt. The better-known condition of “survivor guilt” is a form of empathy-based guilt in which an empathetic person incorrectly feels that his or her own happiness has come at the cost or may have even caused another person's misery According to psychologist Lynn O’Connor, persons who regularly act out of empathy-based guilt, tend to develop mild depression in later-life. Psychologists warn that empathy should never be confused with love. While love can make any relationship-good or bad — better, empathy cannot and can even hasten the end of a strained relationship. Essentially, love can cure, empathy cannot. Rehabilitation and trauma counselor Mark Stebnicki coined the term “empathy fatigue” to refer to a state of physical exhaustion resulting from repeated or prolonged personal involvement in the chronic illness, disability, trauma, grief, and loss of others. While more common among mental health counselors, any overly empathetic person can experience “empathy fatigue”. According to Stebnicki, “high touch” professionals like doctors, nurses, lawyers, and teachers tend to suffer from empathy fatigue, Paul Bloom, Ph.D., professor of psychology and cognitive science at Yale University, goes so far as to suggest that due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more. 31. Empathy and aggression are regarded as “existential twins” because___________. A. empathy can make people angry B empathy can be easily misunderstood C. aggressive people often show more empathy D. empathy and aggression always come together 32. According to the passage, what might be an example of empathy-based guilt? A. People give away their savings to charity B One feels sorry for not paying off the debt. C. One feels guilty for his/her own happiness. D. Patients feel bad for having to be attended. 33. What might be the author’s attitude towards showing empathy? A. Approving. B. Neutral. C. Optimistic. D. Critical. 34. Which of the following would the author most likely agree with? A. It might be better if we show less empathy. B. Empathy and love both help boost happiness. C. Empathy fatigue leads to illness and disability. D. Well-meant empathy won't damage a relationship. 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了同理心带来的危害以及由同理心衍生出来的一些心 理问题。 【31 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Empathy can make people angry — perhaps dangerously so — if they mistakenly perceive that another person is threatening a person they care for.(同理心会让人生气 ——也许是危险的——如果他们错误地认为另一个人正在威胁他们关心的人)”可知，同理心 和攻击性被认为是“存在双胞胎”因为同理心会让人生气。故选 A 项。 【32 题详解】 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 五 段 “The better-known condition of “survivor guilt” is a form of empathy-based guilt in which an empathetic person incorrectly feels that his or her own happiness has come at the cost or may have even caused another person’s misery.( 众所周知的“幸存者内疚 感”是一种基于同理心的内疚感，在这种情况下，有同理心的人错误地认为自己的幸福是以 牺牲或甚至可能导致他人的痛苦为代价的)”可知，同理心负罪感的一个例子是一个人为自己 的幸福感到内疚。故选 C 项。 【33 题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Essentially, love can cure, empathy cannot.(从本质上说，爱可以 治愈，同理心不能)”以及最后一段“due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可推知，作者对于表 现同理心是批评的态度。故选 D 项。 【34 题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可知，我们应该少点同理 心。故选 A 项。 第二节(共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有 两项为多余选项。 The Flynn Effect The Flynn effect， first described in the 1980sby researcher James Flynn， refers to the finding that scores on IQ tests have increased in the past century. One research paper， published by psychologist Lisa Trahan and her colleagues， combined the results of other published studies and found that IQ scores have indeed increased since the 1950s.___35___Trahan and her colleagues observed， “The existence of the Flynn effect is rarely disputed.” ____36____One explanation has to do with improvements in health and nutrition. For example， the past century has seen a decrease in smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy， improvements in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases，and improvements in nutrition. As Scott Barry Kaufman writes for Psychology Today， “The Flynn effect serves as a reminder that when we give people more opportunities to prosper， more people do prosper.” ____37____In a TED talk， Flynn explains that the world today is “a world where we've had to develop new mental habits， new habits of mind.” Flynn has found that IQ scores have increased the most rapidly on questions that ask us to find similarities between different things，and more abstract types of problem solving， both of which are things that we need to do more of in the modem world. Several ideas have been brought up to explain why modern society might lead to higher scores on IQ tests. For example， today， many more of us have demanding， intellectually rigorous jobs. Schools have also changed：whereas a test at school in the early 1900s might have been more focused on memorization， a recent test might be more likely to focus on explaining the reasons for something.____38____Family sizes tend to be smaller， and it has been suggested that this may allow children to pick up on new vocabulary words while interacting with their parents. I's even been suggested that the entertainment we consume is more complex today. ____39____ Therefore， both the education we receive and the society we live in shape our IQ in a way that we cannot imagine. A. In other words， there is a lot about IQ that we may not know yet. B. Another explanation for the Flynn effect has to do with societal changes C. Researchers have put forward several theories to explain the Flynn effect. D. Trying to understand and anticipate plot points may actually be making us smarter. E. Although there have been exceptions， IQ scores have generally increased over time. F. Additionally， more people today are likely to finish high school and go on to college. G. The Flynn effect shows that human mind is more adaptable than we might have thought. 【答案】35. E 36. C 37. B 38. F 39. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了弗林效应的定义以及人们的智商测试分数不断提高 的原因。 【35 题详解】 根据后文“Trahan and her colleagues observed， “The existence of the Flynn effect is rarely disputed.”（特拉汉和她的同事观察到，“弗林效应的存在很少有争议。”）说明尽管也有些 例外，但总体智商是提高的。E 选项“Although there have been exceptions， IQ scores have generally increased over time.”（虽然也有例外，但智商分数通常会随着时间的推移而提高。） 符合题意，故选 E 项。 【36 题详解】 根据后文“One explanation has to do with improvements in health and nutrition.（一种解释与健康 和营养的改善有关。）”可知，本段是解释弗林效应的。C 选项“Researchers have put forward several theories to explain the Flynn effect.”（研究人员提出了几种理论来解释弗林效应。）符合 题意，故选 C 项。 【37 题详解】 根据前一段“One explanation has to do with improvements in health and nutrition.（一种解释与健 康和营养的改善有关。）”可知，本段是另一种解释弗林效应的理论。B 选项“Another explanation for the Flynn effect has to do with societal changes”（弗林效应的另一种解释与社会 变化有关）符合题意，故选 B 项。 【38 题详解】 根据前文“Several ideas have been brought up to explain why modern society might lead to higher scores on IQ tests.（人们提出了一些观点来解释为什么现代社会可能会导致智商测试的高分。）” 可知，本段是解释人们智商高的原因。F 选项“Additionally， more people today are likely to finish high school and go on to college（此外，更多的人今天可能完成高中和继续大学）”符合 题意，故选 F 项。 【39 题详解】 根据前文“I's even been suggested that the entertainment we consume is more complex today.（甚 至有人建议说，我们今天消费的娱乐更加复杂。）”可知，如今娱乐也可以提高我们的智商。 D 选项“Trying to understand and anticipate plot points may actually be making us smarter.”（试 图理解和预测情节点实际上可能会让我们更聪明。）符合题意，故选 D 项。 第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32 分) 第一节 阅读表达(共 4 小题；第 40、41 题各 2 分，第 42 题 3 分，第 43 题 5 分， 共 12 分)。 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 When you type CEO， CFO or CTO on your computer， notice what comes up. It is an emoji of a man in a suit. Shocking， right? Even an emoji can strengthen gendered stereotypes. However， most of us wouldn’t even notice. The hidden biases and stereotypes feed into such designs， and these images in turn encourage such biases， Unconscious biases are everywhere. From the neighborhood we choose， the close friends we have， to the people we date. Though most of us have difficulty acknowledging it， we all do it. Gender， ethnicity， disability， profession etc.， all influence the assessments we make of people and form the basis of our relationship with others， and the world at large， A Yale University study found that male and female scientists were more likely to hire men and pay them ＄4，000 more per year than women. Other research has shown that a science faculty rated male applicants for a laboratory manager position as significantly more competent and hirable than female applicants， Faculty also selected a higher starting salary and offered more career mentoring to the male applicant. When this was explicitly pointed out to them， the faculty members were often shocked， as they hadn't realized their own internalized biases. In a 2003 study， Sendhil and Marianne Bertrand， at the University of Chicago， mailed thousands of identical resumes to employers with job openings and measured which ones were called back for interviews. They randomly used stereotypically African-American names on some and stereotypically white names on others. They were shocked to find that roughly 50 percent were more likely to result in a call back for an interview if it had a “white” name. This is what confirmation bias is， where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do. This bias happens in a split-second， so while to an outsider， the bias maybe evident， the one holding this bias may or may not be doing so intentionally， Even when we say that we are all open-minded and not prejudiced， it is clear these biases still creep upon us. This is why we need to examine our biases and be mindful of our hidden prejudices and the way they manifest themselves in words and actions. 40. Why does the writer use the example of “CEO， CFO， CTO” in Para， 1? 41. What does Para. 3 mainly tell us? 42. What is confirmation bias? 43. Do you consider yourself biased? Why or why not? (About 40 words) 【答案】40. To lead in the topic (of gendered stereotype/bias). 41. Gender-related biases are everywhere. Sometimes we may not even realize that we are biased. 或 People generally give males more benefits in the job market. 42. Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.或 Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people regard someone more similar to themselves as superior human beings. 43. Sadly, I am biased in certain ways, although I never thought of it this way before. For example, I sometimes associate women with weakness, or think girls are not in general good at math or science. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了偏见和刻板印象存在于生活中各个角落，而很多人 没有意识到自己怀有偏见。 【40 题详解】 考查推理判断。根据第一段“The hidden biases and stereotypes feed into such designs， and these images in turn encourage such biases（隐藏的偏见和刻板印象形成了这种设计，而这些图像反过 来又助长了这种偏见）”可知，作者在第一段中使用“CEO， CFO， CTO”的例子是为了引出 本文关于偏见的主题，故答案为 To lead in the topic (of gendered stereotype/bias). 【41 题详解】 考查主旨大意。根据第三段内容（耶鲁大学的一项研究发现，男性和女性科学家雇佣男性的 可能性更大，而且他们的年薪比女性高 4000 美元。其他研究表明，一个科学系的教师对实验 室经理职位的男性申请者的评价明显高于女性申请者，教师也选择了更高的起薪，并为男性 申请者提供更多的职业指导）可知，本段主要讲的是人们通常给男性好处更多的就业市场， 也说明性别偏见无处不在/有时我们甚至意识不到我们有偏见，故答案为 Gender-related biases are everywhere. Sometimes we may not even realize that we are biased. 或 People generally give males more benefits in the job market. 【42 题详解】 考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“This is what confirmation bias is，where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.（这就是确认性偏见，即人们更有可能选择或将积极的品质与更像 自己的人或与自己属于同一个社会和种族的人联系起来）”可知，confirmation bias 指的是人 们喜欢和自己相似的人联系，故答案为 Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do. 或 Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people regard someone more similar to themselves as superior human beings. 【43 题详解】 主观题。本题为主观题，答案不唯一，供参考：Sadly, I am biased in certain ways, although I never thought of it this way before. For example, I sometimes associate women with weakness, or think girls are not in general good at math or science. 第二节(20 分) 44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国笔友 Jim 给你写信探讨“读书”的话题。请你给 他回信，内容包括： 1.你的阅读经历； 2.你的阅读收获； 3.你对阅读的看法。 注意：1.词数 100 左右： 2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim， ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 【答案】Possible Version 1： Dear Jim, I’m so glad to know that you also love reading and I am more than happy to share my experience and thoughts on reading with you. When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations. I would unconsciously burst out laughing or frown with concern about the character in the book. Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe. While reading, I even got a new insight into myself. Even though I encountered difficulties sometimes, nothing swayed my enthusiasm about reading. Frankly, I have really harvested a lot from reading. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely. With books in hand, I’ve really got a colorful world belonging to myself. Through that world, I get courage in times of challenge, and I feel love and warmth in the midst of adversity. Further, I have found my role model and a goal I decide to pursue in my future life. Reading is a best friend. You need to treat it patiently with your sincere love. In return, reading will bring you a whole new world to get along with, which makes you a complete person. This is my experience and understanding of reading. What about yours? So looking forward to your sharing. Yours, Li Hua Possible Version 2： Dear Jim, How is everything going? Having heard that you are interested in reading, I’m writing to share my reading experience and feelings with you. I used to be impatient with reading. I often skipped some parts of a story, which I thought weren’t attractive to me at first. As a result, I got very little believing reading wasn’t so beneficial. To solve this problem, I urged myself to read carefully and try to follow the plot. Then I astonishingly found that I could read the whole book smoothly and even learned a moral lesson from it. This is big progress as well as great relief to me. From this experience I have learned that every word “counts”. Besides, I get an opportunity to approach literature and appreciate the beauty of words. It was this experience that helped change my reading attitude and improved my reading skill. So we need to pay attention to every paragraph and read with full patience, which allows us to get the complete meaning and be truly involved and educated. Reading deserves our patience and deep thinking. This is my point of view about reading. What do you think of it? I am looking forward to hearing from you. Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给英国笔友 Jim 回信探讨“读书”的话题。 【详解】第一步：审题 体裁：应用文 时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般过去时和现在完成时,少量一般现在时。 结构：总分总法 要求： 1.你的阅读经历； 2.你的阅读收获； 3.你对阅读的看法。 第二步:列提纲 （重点词组） more than；share…with…；burst out；be absorbed in；get a new insight into；provide…with…； far away；range from；in hand；belong to；in return；get along with；look forward to 第三步：连词成句 1. I’m so glad to know that you also love reading and I am more than happy to share my experience and thoughts on reading with you. 2. When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations. 3. I would unconsciously burst out laughing or frown with concern about the character in the book. 4. Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe. 5. While reading, I even got a new insight into myself. 6. Even though I encountered difficulties sometimes, nothing swayed my enthusiasm about reading. 7. Frankly, I have really harvested a lot from reading. 8. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely. 8. With books in hand, I’ve really got a colorful world belonging to myself. 9. Through that world, I get courage in times of challenge, and I feel love and warmth in the midst of adversity. 10. Further, I have found my role model and a goal I decide to pursue in my future life. 11. Reading is a best friend. You need to treat it patiently with your sincere love. 12. In return, reading will bring you a whole new world to get along with, which makes you a complete person. 根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。 第四步：连句成篇（衔接词） 1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last(供参考) 2.表并列补充关系：Further, not only…but (also) 3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…(供参考) 4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result (供参考) 连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰， 【点睛】[高分句型 1] When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations.(when 引导时间状语从句) [高分句型 2] Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe. (where 引导非限制性定语从句) [高分句型 3] Frankly, I have really harvested a lot from reading. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely. (not only…but also…连接并列句)