阅读理解
Ⅰ.阅读理解题策略
一、先看题干，带着问题读文章。
即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。其
次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定
位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
二、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟 40 词左右。必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技
巧快速搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
速读全文对于主旨大意题的解决尤其有效，能快速抓住主干，确定好答案。
三、详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。
文章绝不是互不相干的句子的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间
为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举
例来阐述观点。
四、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(中心思想，加标题等)和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解
是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不
能凭空想像，随意揣测；读者要对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。
推理题在提问中常用的词有：conclude，infer，imply，suggest，indicate 等。
五、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语阅读的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且
要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法，语法，定义，
同位语，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
Ⅱ.阅读理解常见问题及原因分析
问题一：已经找对了题干与原文对应处，为何还做错？
原因：
①精确定位：要看清真正的问题，即用信息词定位之后，要看清句子逻辑关系，弄清意思。
②学会看选项的方法：
a．找最贴近原文意思的选项；
b．去除选项间的相同信息，专门关注区别点；
c．分清褒贬；
d．分清程度大小，强烈关注选项中表内容的单词；
e．看清范围，分清是整体还是局部。
高频考点一 正确选项特征
在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读
理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：
关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位
即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。
对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，
观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。
一、同义转述
从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息
与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。转述的
主要方式有以下三种：
1．同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。
2．词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述
原文信息。
3．语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。
例 1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers
type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could
be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.
The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is
mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near
future.
30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A．It’ll be environmentfriendly.
B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near
future.”可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选 B。
二、正话反说
正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：
1．It looks/sounds like/as if 类：表示看/听起来好像是，实际上并不是。
2．虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。
3．让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者
观点的正确性。
4．反问句。
例 2.(2019·北京卷)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to
pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be
scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing
a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.
Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely
available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going
to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether
the voice you’re hearing is actually real.
38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A．Panicked. B．Confused.
C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据上段中的“By the time these ‘solutions’(解决方案) become widely
available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使
用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望，D 项
意为“失望的”，故选 D。
3. 理解概括
阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外， 还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使
之系统化、条理化。
例 3.(2019·浙江卷)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study
to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,
000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected,
from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.
In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts
of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the
lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the
woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that
compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one
between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees
that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.
The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water
trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as
rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have
been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt,
which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
30．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
【答案】A
【解析】标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并
分析了其原因。因此 A 项能很好地概括全文。故选 A。
高频考点二 干扰项特征
高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，
挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能基本读懂文章，也不能轻松做对
题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生
会因为对干扰项的辨别能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高辨别错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分
析干扰项的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。
一、偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句
意的改变。
例 1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D 片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed
sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of
the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the
ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others,
among whom I soon found myself.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A．Unkind. B．Lonely.
C．Generous. D．Cool.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I
enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作
者在小学时乐于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤独的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷
的”，故选 C。
二、张冠李戴
干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依据， 但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。不注意动作主语
的差异， 张冠李戴， 极易造成误选。
例 2.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK and her
private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs.
Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W．45th
St.2122396200.)
2．Who is the director of The Audience?
A．Helen Mirren. B．Peter Morgan.
C．Dylan Baker. D．Stephen Daldry.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执导了 The Audience？”。根据该部分中的“Stephen Daldry
directs.”可知答案。
三、绝对化表达
干扰项中出现如 all, none, everyone, each, everything, impossible 等绝对化的表达， 一般不符
合客观事实和原文信息。
例 3.(2019·江苏卷)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich
countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between
the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money
to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however,
is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those
less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more
affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a
laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things
are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without
carefully assessing the relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________．
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing
countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging
wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages.”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠
者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。
故选 A。
四、颠倒逻辑
干扰项中出现语义逻辑的混乱， 即原文中出现的是 A 引起 B, 而选项中是 B 引起 A，考生可能看到了
文中出现过的词语， 没有细研究其逻辑意义， 从而造成误选。
例 4.(2019·江苏卷)It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s
opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a lack of confidence in technology
B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict or public opinions
D．a waste of limited resources
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据上段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided
use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用，故选 D。
【高考题型解读】
题型一、主旨大意题
1．主旨大意题常分为两类：(1)选出文章最佳标题；(2)概括文章或段落大意。
2．主旨大意题主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思
想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作
者的情感倾向。研读近几年高考阅读理解，可以发现对主旨大意类的考查占有相当重要的地位。
【方法技巧】主旨大意题的三种思路：
①寻找主题句，确定文章大意。在许多情况下，尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我
们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。
主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(或在开头结尾同时出现首尾呼应的主题句)，
因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法，即浏览文章的首段和
尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句，重点搜索主题信息。
②抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心句的基础
上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落，而
应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔的“重心”，考虑文章的材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么，
分析故事情节围绕什么发展，最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。
③抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句隐含在段落中。
阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，继而概括出段落的主题，推导出文章的主旨。分析
的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成
主题。
例 1、(2019·江苏卷·D)The 65yearold Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early
Alzheimer’s(阿尔兹海默症). He was losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician
in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep
each night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her
father.
Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed
willingness to help.
“Why do this？” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares，” Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tears in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved
to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano. Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart
sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
“It was beautiful，” Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth
saving.”
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin.
It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily
on the piano, and then she’d take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.He
stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by
someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end
a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn’t play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write
one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss
and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower.”
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts. Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called
him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was
quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal, songs. With Naomi’s
help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought
that would be the end. But it wasn’t.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told
the director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower.”
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing
list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission. He considered it an honor.
After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional.
It needed to be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day
of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew
the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded.
Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，叙述了 Steve 在家人、朋友的帮助下与病魔赛跑及众人努力拯救
可能失传的“独家音乐”的感人故事。
65．Why did Melissa want to save her father’s music?
A．His music could stop his disease from worsening.
B．She wanted to please her dying old father.
C．His music deserved to be preserved in the family.
D．She wanted to make her father a professional.
【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，父亲 Steve 是一位钢琴爱好者，是家里唯一
一位音乐家，再根据第三段中的“felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell
asleep each night when she was young”可知，父亲 Steve 的音乐陪伴了 Melissa 的成长，因此 Melissa
觉得它对于这个家庭来说有着特别的意义，值得被保存，故本题答案为 C。
66．After hearing Steve’s playing, Naomi ________．
A．refused to make a comment on it
B．was deeply impressed by his music
C．decided to free Steve from suffering
D．regretted offering help to her friend
【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第十段“‘It was beautiful，’Naomi said after listening
to the recording.‘The music was worth saving.’”可知，听完他的演奏之后，Naomi 对他的音乐很是
赞赏，故本题答案为 B。
67．How can the process of Steve’s recording be described?
A．It was slow but productive.
B．It was beneficial to his health.
C．It was tiresome for Naomi.
D．It was vital for Naomi’s career.
【答案】A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第十二段中的“Naomi and Steve met every other week and
spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his
place.”及第十四段中的“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the
belief he could write one last song.”可知，音乐的录制过程缓慢，但是有成效，故本题答案为 A。
68．Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower，” his wife Joni ________．
A．thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B．didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C．didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D．brought her husband’s music career to perfection
【答案】C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第十五段中的“Steve struggling, searching while his wife
Joni called him‘honey’ and encouraged him.The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset,
said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.”
可知，在 Steve 进行音乐创作时，他泄气过，甚至说过要放弃，而他的妻子 Joni 仍然鼓励他和表扬他，并
称这会是他的“签名之作”。由 signature 一般表示“(文件结尾的)签名”可推知，Joni 认为这会是她丈
夫最后的创作，她之前并没有想到丈夫的音乐会有被公开演奏的一天。再结合下文中 Steve 的音乐在音乐
会上被演奏并得到认可及其对 Steve 的影响的内容可知，Joni 之前并没有完全认识到 Steve 的音乐的价值
或其积极作用。故本题答案为 C。
69．How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland?
A．He felt concerned about his illness.
B．He sensed a responsibility for music.
C．He regained his faith in music.
D．He got into a state of quiet.
【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后两段的内容尤其是倒数第二段中的“He told his family
he was at peace.”可知，在音乐会上，他心情很平静。故本题答案为 D。
70．What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A．The Kindness of Friends
B．The Power of Music
C．The Making of a Musician
D．The Value of Determination
【答案】B 【解析】标题归纳题。音乐让 Steve 在家人、朋友的帮助下展开了一场与病魔赛跑的接力
赛，因此 The Power of Music 适合作文章的标题。
题型二、细节理解题
1．此类题型一般分两种情况；直接事实题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常见的类型有对号入座题、是
非判断题、语意转换题、表格理解题等)以及间接事实题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转
换)。
2．细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些问题，考生可以直接从文
中找到明确的答案，但有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。
【技巧归纳】
做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和
分析，便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。
【特别提醒】细节理解题的三个步骤：
①浏览全文，了解信息。快速通读全文，大致了解不同信息间的差异，为解决问题做好信息储备。
②抓关键词，快速寻读。根据题目要求，从题干中抓住关键性词语，以此为线索，通过略读和寻读的
方法快速而准确地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的信息，找到后仔细阅读，反复品味，认真比较选项和文中
细节，在准确理解该细节的前提下，排除干扰项，从而确定答案。
③回读信息，验证答案。确定答案后，必须回读原文，再一次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。
总之，对于细节理解题，我们要恰当地运用略读、查读等技巧，在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、
语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。
例 2.(2019·江苏卷·A)Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to
make your visit truly memorable.
High_energy
If you desire physical activities, you can choose activities from swimming to horse riding.
Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the
earth at Poole’s Cavern. And don’t forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect
for walking, caving, climbing and cycling.
High_minded
Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes
with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and
Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved,
including workshops and events.
Keeping_the_kids_happy
Children love the small train and playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and there’s plenty
more to explore at the Buxton Museum. There’s a new indoor play centre, plus the special events
and workshops, and others during school holiday periods.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了巴克斯顿(Buxton)令人难忘的景点及活动。
56．If you want to take an underground journey, which place is the best choice?
A．Poole’s Cavern.
B．Pavilion Gardens.
C．Buxton Museum.
D．Green Man Gallery.
【答案】A 【解析】细节理解题。根据 High_energy 部分中的“Explore the heights with Go Ape,
the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern.”可
知，如果你想进行地下之旅，可选择 Poole’s Cavern。
57．Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.
A．rides in small trains
B．courses in modern arts
C．artistic and cultural activities
D．basic courses in horse riding
【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据 High_minded 部分中的“Buxton is justifiably proud of its
cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes...There are plenty of opportunities for
the creative person to become involved”可知，Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre 很特别
的原因是它提供多种文化艺术活动。
题型三、词义猜测题
1．词义猜测题的常见形式：
(1)直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；
(2)对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象；
(3)对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义；
(4)对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。
2．词义猜测题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解和处理生词的能力，它包括对词、词组和句意的理
解。词义猜测不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面。
【方法技巧】词义猜测题的三大突破
1．根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有 or，similarly，that is to say，
in rather words，namely，or rather，say 等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内
容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。
2．根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我
们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，
in spite of，in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while 引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语
主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as 等。
3．通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。
注意
①不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；
②不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
例 3. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you
should...should...” Chris trips on the “ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative
English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...Vote
for...me...” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech
to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Improper pauses. B．Bad manners.
C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中 Chris
Palaez 的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，
故选 A。
【举一反三】(2018·北京卷)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that
replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems
could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation
infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound
pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as
liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase
as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Employed. B．Replaced.
C．Shared. D．Reduced.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field 常用作名词， 表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，
引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available
driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become
comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上
市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选 A。
【变式探究】 (2019·北京卷)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon
dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury
carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But
phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics
of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon
dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
43．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.
C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can
affect phytoplankton growth...but also nutrients.”可知，温度变化对 phytoplankton 有很大的影响；
由此可推知 phytoplankton 对海洋的温度很敏感。故选 A。
【举一反三】(2019·江苏卷·B)In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone
National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone
before：he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone
was volcanic in nature—that’s what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features.
But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji
or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably
quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his
land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years
it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether
there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.
There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building.
These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a
vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn’t
find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new highaltitude cameras by taking photographs
of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on
the assumption that they might make a nice blowup for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon
as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the
whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles
across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone
must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。20 世纪 60 年代，Bob Christiansen 在研究黄石国家公园的火山
历史时，对一件以前从未困扰过任何人的事情感到困惑：他找不到公园里的火山。
58．What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?
A．Its complicated geographical features.
B．Its everlasting influence on tourism.
C．The mysterious history of the park.
D．The exact location of the volcano.
【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something
that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn’t find the park’s volcano”可知，Bob
Christiansen 对黄石国家公园的火山位置感到困惑。
59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
【答案】A 【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Most of us, when we talk about
volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of Fuji or Kilimanjaro”和“a second less
known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building...a vast hole”可知，该段主要讲
两类火山的形状。
60．What does the underlined word “blowup” in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A．Hotair balloon. B．Digital camera.
C．Big photograph. D．Bird’s view.
【答案】C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“NASA decided to...by taking paragraphs of
Yellowstone”和本段中的“As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed
to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera.”可知，NASA 拍摄了
黄石国家公园的照片，Christiansen 在照片上看到公园的全景。由此可推知，blowup 意为“放大的照片”。
题型四、推理判断题
1．推理判断题的考查形式通常为：
推断隐含含义；推断作者的观点和态度；推断写作目的和意图；推断文章的出处；推断文章中人物的
性格态度等。
2．推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同
时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。
【方法技巧】推理判断题的五大技巧：
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，
利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，
综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理
和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑
判断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断
过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论
据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内
涵。
例 4.(2019·江苏卷·C)Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more
important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed
by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However,
they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution
represented by the internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things
is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “postindustrial society”
has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业), with negative consequences
for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved
the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and
the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries
to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what
the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things
such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines
would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting
up internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more
important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the
relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent
changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now
we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have
come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological
progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a
world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on crossborder
flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic
policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices
at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our undervaluation of
what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
【解题导语】 对新科技作用的误判可能会误导人们对已有的技术的认识和使用，影响对社会的认知。
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a lack of confidence in technology
B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict or public opinions
D．a waste of limited resources
【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result
in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用。故选 D。
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
【答案】A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what
the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things
such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages”可知，作者想通
过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会
产生巨大飞跃。故选 A。
63．What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B．Believing that the world has become borderless.
C．Ignoring the power of economic development.
D．Overemphasizing the role of international communication.
【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段可知，随着通信和交通运输技术的发展，人们认为我们
生活在一个“无国界的世界”，由此许多政府取消了一些必要的规则。故选 B。
64．What can we learn from the passage?
A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.
【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段中的“However, our
fascination...wrong directions.”可知，我们对最新技术的入迷，和对已经普遍存在的技术作用的低估
会将我们引向错误的方向，即传统的技术在当今仍有着重要的作用。故选 B。
专题 05 阅读理解
I.应用文
1. 【2019·全国卷 I，A】
Need a Job This Summer?
The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer
jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.
Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available
to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.
Jobs for Youth
If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合
条件)for this program. Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).
Summer Company
Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000
to start and run their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in the fall.
Stewardship Youth Ranger Program
You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management
projects for eight weeks this summer.
Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December
31 this year.
Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)
Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety
of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community
groups.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24
or up to 29 for persons with a disability.
21. What is special about Summer Company?
A. It requires no training before employment.
B. It provides awards for running new businesses.
C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.
D. It offers more summer job opportunities.
22. What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?
A. 15-18. B. 15-24. C. 15-29. D. 16-17.
23. Which program favors the disabled?
A. Jobs for Youth. B. Summer Company.
C. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program. D. Summer Employment Opportunities.
【语篇解读】本文为应用文。本文叙述了省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生暑期在找到
工作。
21.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据 Summer Company 部分中的“Summer Company provides students
with ...awards of up to ＄3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses” 可知“Summer Company
为学生提供高达 3000 美元的奖励，来开始和经营他们自己的暑期业务”。“start and run their own summer
businesses”即“为开办新的业务”，这对应 B 项中的“runn new businesses”，二者是词义之间的转述
关系。故选 B。
22.D【解析】细节理解题。根据 Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 部分中的第二段“Who is eligible:
Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可
知“符合条件的学生：16 岁或 17 岁的学生，但在今年 12 月 31 日之前未满 18 岁”。由此得出，这个项目
要求年龄在 16-17 岁之间。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意，故选 D。
23.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据 Summer Employment Opportunities 部分中的最后一段最后一句“Who
is eligible: ...Some positions require students to be 15to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a
disability”,可知 Summer Employment Opportunities 有些职位是给残疾人的。分析选项可知，D 项符合
题意，故选 D。
2. 【2019·全国卷 II，A】
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of
lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me
a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda's battles with her cruel me parents
and the bossy headmisres，Miss Trunchbull，are equally fumy and frightening，but they're also
aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It’s about two sisters-Eri，a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping，and Mari,
a young student . In trying to connect to her sister. Mari starts changing her life and discovers
a world of diverse ”night people” who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Fynn
There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did but
the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy
battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going
on is horribly enjoyable
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious
flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil
among those let. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
21. Who does "I" refer to in the text?
A. Stephen King. B. Gillian Flynn.
C. Jo Usmar. D. Roald Dahl
22. Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?
A. Cosmopolitan. B. Matilda.
C. After Dark. D. The Stand.
23. What kind of book is Gone Girl?)
A. A folk tale. B. A biography.
C. A love story. D. A horror story.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了作家 Jo Usmar 最喜欢的书籍。
21.C
【解析】细节理解题。由 Matilda 中的“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on
Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words”
可知，我曾经写过一篇关于童话故事对罗尔德·达尔写作有影响的论文，这篇论文让我对他奇怪而有趣的
文字有了新的认识。所以 Jo Usmar 在介绍 Matilda 这本书，用第一人称“I”口吻来说明自己曾经写过一
篇关于童话故事对罗尔德·达尔写作有影响的论文。所以“I”指的是 Jo Usmar。故 C 选项正确。
22.C
【解析】细节理解题。由 After Dark 中的“It’s about two sister-Eri,a model who either won’t
or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari,a young student”可知，故事讲的是两个姐妹---Eri 是一个突然一
觉不醒的模特。玛丽，是一个充满青春活力的学生。所以 After Dark 中讲述了 Eri 和 Mari 的故事。故 C
选项正确。
23.C
【解析】细节理解题。由 Gone Girl 中的“......but the horror story is brilliant”可知，但是
这个恐怖的故事很精彩。所以 Gone Girl 讲述的是一个恐怖故事。故 D 选项正确。
3. 【2019·全国卷 III，A】
OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS
Animals Out of Paper
Yolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph，in which an origami(折
纸术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio. Merri Milwe directs. In
previews. Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church，165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her
private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs.
Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld，236 W.45th
St.212-239-6200.)
Hamilton
Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America
is presented as an immigrant story. Thomas Kail directs. In previews. Opens Feb.17.(Public，
425 Lafayette St.212-967-7555.)
On the Twentieth Century
Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph
Green，about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star's love during a cross-country train
journey. Scott Ellis directs，for Roundabout Theatre Company. Previews begin Feb.12.(American
Airlines Theatre，227 W.42nd St.212-719-1300.)
21. What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?.
A. A type of art. B. A teenager's studio.
C. A great teacher. D. A group of animals.
22. Who is the director of The Audience?
A. Helen Mirren. B. Peter Morgan.
C. Dylan Baker. D. Stephen Daldry.
23. Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?
A. Animals Out of Paper. B. The Audience.
C. Hamilton. D. On the Twentieth Century.
【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文。这篇文章对一些话剧的开幕和新剧首映进行了介绍。
21.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据话剧 Animals Out of Paper 的 Productions and the Great Griffon present
the play by Rajiv Joseph, in which an origami artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher
into her studio.可知，Rajiv Joseph 创作的的话剧是关于折纸的一种艺术。故选 A。
22.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据话剧 The Audience 的 Stephen Daldry directs.可知，本剧是 Stephen Daldry
导演的。故选 D。
23.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据话剧 Hamilton 的 Li-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander
Hamilton in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story.可知，话剧 Hamilton
的主题是美国的诞生，由此可知，如果你对美国历史感兴趣，你可以看这部话剧。故选 C。
4. 【2019·北京卷，A】
Want to explore new cultures，meet new people and do something worthwhile at the same time?
You can do all the three with Global Development Association(GDA).Whatever stage of life you're
at，wherever you go and whatever project you do in GDA，you'll create positive changes in a poor
and remote community(社区).
We work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are aged 17-24.Now
we need volunteer managers aged 25-75.They are extremely important in the safe and effective
running of our programmes. We have such roles as project managers，mountain leaders，and
communication officers.
Depending on which role you choose，you could help to increase a community's access to safe
drinking water，or help to protect valuable local cultures. You might also design an adventure
challenge to train young volunteers.
Not only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally，you'll also learn new skills
and increase your cultural awareness. You may have chances to meet new people who'll become your
lifelong friends.
This summer we have both 4-week and 7-week programmes:
Country
Schedule
4-week programmes 7-week programmes
Algeria 5 Jul.- 1Aug. 20Jun. -7Aug.
Egypt 24 Jul-20 Aug. 19Jun.-6 Aug.
Kenya 20 Jul.-16Aug. 18 Jun.-5 Aug.
South Africa 2Aug.-29 Aug. 15 Jun.-2Aug.
GDA ensures that volunteers work with community members and local project partners where our
help is needed. All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.
There is no other chance like a GDA programme. Join us as a volunteer manager to develop your
own skills while bringing benefits to the communities.
Find out more about joining a GDA programme:
Website:www.glodeve.org
Email:humanresources@glodeve.org
31. What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers?
A. To seek local partners B. To take in young volunteers
C. To carry out programmes D. To foster cultural awareness
32. The programme beginning in August will operate in__________.
A. Egypt B. Algeria C. Kenya D. South Afria
33. The shared goal of GDA’s projects to __________.
A. explore new cultures B. protect the environment
C. gain corporate benefit D. help communities in need
【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文，这是一篇招聘志愿者的广告。
31. C
细节理解题。题干问管理人员的主要职责是什么。根据第三段中 Depending on which role you choose,
you could help to increase ...,or help to project....You might also design...可知，根据岗位不
同，管理人员可以帮助增加小区的饮用水，可以规划地方文化，可以设计挑战项目培训年轻的志愿者，从
这些内容上可以判断出其主要职责是执行项目计划。故选 C。
32. D
细节理解题。题干问八月份开始的这个项目将在哪里开展。根据这个表格中 4-week programmes 中的
最后一个，可知答案选 D。
33. D
细节理解题。题干问 GDA 的所有项目的共同目的是什么。根据倒数第二段中 All our projects aim to
promote the development of poor and remote communities 可知，其目标就是促进偏远贫穷区域的发展，
即帮助有需要的小区。故选 D。
5. 【2019·天津卷，A】
History Fair Competition
Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.
History is much more than the study of dusty old objects and events long past. It is an essential
part of who we are today and who we will become. Thornton fiddle School History Fair Competition
makes understanding history exciting，engaging，and fun！
This Year's Theme
All participants must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted
the quality of life for Americans throughout history. To many people，technology means computers，
hand-held devices，or vehicles that travel to distant planets. However，technology is also the
application of scientific knowledge to solve a problem，touching lives in countless ways.
Individuals or groups may enter one of the following categories：
·Performance
·Documentary（纪实作品）
·Essay Writing
Category Requirements
Performance: A dramatic presentation of the topic no more than 10 minutes long. If special
clothes are used，they should truly represent a given period.
Documentary: A visual presentation（such as a video，slide show，or computer project）no more
than 10 minutes long. A desktop computer，screen，projector，and loudspeakers will be available.
Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday，March 23.
Essay Writing: An academic paper of 2，000 to 2，500 words. No illustrations（图解）are allowed.
Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included.
Important Dates
January 5 Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher. The teacher may require a
second proposal if the first is off-topic or unclear.
February 5 Submit a first draft of your essay，performance script（剧本），or documentary
highlights.
February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions. Students
then have an opportunity to improve their products.
March 9 Submit a final draft of your essay.
March 15 Performance and documentary committee preview
March 24 Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition
7：00A. M-9：00A. M Participants signing in at the gym
10：00A. M. -6：00PM. Competition and judges' review
7：00P.M. Awards ceremony and picnic
36. According to Paragraph 1，what is the major goal of understanding history？
A. To preserve national traditions.
B. To prepare for a history competition.
C. To better know the present and future.
D. To further explore historical mysteries.
37. What is the theme of this year's competition？
A. Technology advances science.
B. Science interacts with technology.
C. Science has made the study of history easy.
D. Technology has improved the life of Americans.
38. Among the items provided by the school for a visual presentation are__________.
A. special clothes and a screen
B. a desktop computer and a CD
C. a projector and special clothes
D. a desktop computer and loudspeakers
39. What would a participant have to do with an essay of 1,500 words to meet the category
requirement?
A. Include more information in the essay.
B. Remove the references.
C. Provide a cover for the essay.
D. Explain the details with illustrations.
40. What will the committee of teachers do on February 19?
A. Preview performances and documentaries.
B. Make comments on the materials.
C. Improve the participant's first draft.
D. Collect a second proposal from the participant.
【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了桑顿中学举办的历史展览竞赛的相关信息。
36. C
【解析】细节理解题。由第一段“It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will
become”可知，历史告诉了今天我们是谁，将来我们要成为谁，它是我们重要的组成部分。所以根据第一
段，了解历史的主要目地是更好地了解现在和未来。故 C 选项正确。
37. D
【解析】细节理解题。由 This Year’s Theme 中的“All participants must address how communication
or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history ”
可知，所有的参与者都必须要说明通信或运输技术如何在整个历史过程中如何提高了美国人的生活质量。
所以今年竞赛的主题是：技术提高了美国人的生活。故 D 选项正确。
38. D
【解析】细节理解题。由 Documentary 中的“A desktop computer, screen, projector, and loudspeaker
will be available”可知，将提供台式电脑、屏幕、投影仪和扬声器。所以学校提供的视觉展示设备包括
台式电脑和扩音器。故 D 选项正确。
39. A
【解析】细节理解题。本题采用排除法。由 Essay Writing 中的“An academic paper of 2,000 to 2,5000
words ”No illustration are allowed。Please do not include covers. A list of references must be
included”可知，要求一份 2000 至 25000 字的学术论文。不允许有插图。请不要包括封面。必须包括一份
参考文献列表。所以通过排除法，可以看出 B，C，D 选项都被排除，故一个参与者需要在文章中列入更多
的信息才能使一篇 1500 字的论文满足类别要求。故 A 选项正确。
40. B
【解析】细节理解题。由 Important Dates 中的“February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate
materials and give opinions ”可知，2 月 19 日，教师委员会将对材料进行评估并发表意见。所以在 2
月 19 日。教师委员会将对材料做出评论。故 B 选项正确。
6. 【2019·江苏卷，A】
Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to make
your visit truly memorable.
High energy
If you desire physical activities,
you can choose activities from swimming to
horse riding.
Explore the
heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure
course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole's
Cavern. And don't forget: we are surrounded by a
natural playground just perfect for walking, caving,
climbing and cycling.
High minded
Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you' ll find much to
suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera
House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of
opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops
and events.
Keeping the kids happy
Children love the small train and
playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and there’s
plenty more to explore at the Buxton Museum.
There's a new indoor play centre, plus the
special events and workshops, and others during
school holiday periods
56. If you want to take an underground journey, which place is the best choice?
A. Pole's Caven. B. Pavilion Gardens.
C. Buxton Museum. D. Green Man Gallery.
57. Buxton Open House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.
A. rides in small trains B. courses in modern arts
C. artistic and cultural activities D. basic courses in horse riding
【语篇解读】这是一篇说应用文。短文向游客介绍了去布克斯顿旅游可以去的一些景点的相关信息。
56.A
【解析】细节理解题。由 High energy 中的“...... journey beneath the earth at Poole's Cavern”
可知，在 Poole's Cavern，可以在地下旅行，也就是乘坐地铁旅行。所以如果你想乘地铁旅行，Poole's
Cavern 是你最好的选择。故 A 选项正确。
57.C
【解析】细节理解题。由 High minded 中的“Buxton is justifiably proud of it’s cultural life
and you will find much to suit all tastes with art ,music,opera,and the performing arts at Buxton
Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery”可知，Buxton 以其丰富的文化生活而自豪，
在 Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery，您将发现许多适合各种品味的艺
术、音乐、歌剧和表演艺术。所以 Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center 特别是因为它提供艺术和
文化活动。故 C 选项正确。
II.记叙文
1. 【2019·全国卷 I，B】
For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day ,and right now
it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes,
he seems like the of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he’s, nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…”Chris trips on
the“-ld,”a. pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher ,Thomas
Whaley ,is next to him, whispering support.“…Vote for …me …”Except for some stumbles, Chris
is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ,Whaley invites the rest
of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley
recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse
himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great
teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains，
“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough
to say，‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the
children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer
broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in
public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities,” Whaley says，“is very difficult for
a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
24. What made Chris nervous？
A. Telling a story. B. Making a speech.
C. Taking a test. D. Answering a question.
25. What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Improper pauses.B. Bad manners. C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.
26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.
A. help students see their own strengths
B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs
D. inspire students’ love for politics
27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A. Humorous. B. Ambitious. C. Caring. D. Demanding.
【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述 Thomas Whaley 为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一
个演讲课程。
24.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段 today is speech day 和本段最后一句 with shining dark eyes, he
seems like the kind of kids who would enjoy public speaking. 以及第二段第一句 But he’s nervous.
可知，Chris 眼睛黑亮，似乎是那种喜欢公共演讲的孩子，但是他却很紧张，故可知 Chris 是因为做演讲紧
张，故选 B。
25.A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第二段 “I’m here to tell you today why you should…should…” Chris
trips on the “-ld”, a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. 以及后
文 except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well 可知, Chris 发 ld 比较困难，这对于英
语不是母语的学习者来说都是一个困难，总体来说 Chris 做得出奇的好。根据前文可知，ld 发音不准，因
此有些结巴，停顿得不准，故选 A。
26.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 Whaley says the project is about more than just learning
to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.以及最后
一段 “boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for
a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以
及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可
知，Whaley 老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选 A。
27.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential
campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they
could never be a president.和最后一段 He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves
可知，当他有一天问学生认为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树
立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。humorous 幽默的， ambitious 有雄心壮志的；
caring 关心的；demanding 要求高的。故选 C。
2. 【2019·全国卷 II，B】
“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.”
This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids
lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping
up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug
at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about
the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks
up,“Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer
responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails,
and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up
becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other
parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to
bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That
relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:
Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides
a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like
to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really
matter where my motivation lies?
24. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph l？
A. She knows little about the club.
B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer.
D. She's unable to meet her schedule.
25. What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean ?
A. Encourage team work.
B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds.
D. Provide advice.
26. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?
A. She gets interested in lacrosse.
B. She is proud of her kids.
C. She’ll work for another season.
D. She becomes a good helper.
27. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?
A. It gives her a sense of duty.
B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her to work hard.
D. It brings her material rewards.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文中讲述了作者成功说服了一个家长参加志愿者团队，作为一名志
愿者作者发挥了自己的作用，并获得了快乐。
24.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的 You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody
else volunteers，then I will do it.可知，你可以当我是最后的候选人，如果没有其他的志愿者，那么
我就做。由此可推断出，她不想做自愿者。故选 C。
25.B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线前句 she may just need a little persuading.和下面的一句话 I mention
the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that
his kids aren't even on ...可知，作者为了劝服这位家长，举了两个例子。故可知，划线句此处应是“煽
情”之意。故选 B。
26.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中这位家长作出的贡献及 the same parent ends up becoming an
invaluable member of the team 可知，她最终成为了志愿者队伍中的重要的一员，也即是说，她成了一个
好帮手。故选 D。
27.B
【解析】细节理解题。题干问作者为什么喜欢做志愿者工作。根据第四最两句 Connecting to the
community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.
Volunteering just feels so good.可知，为社区做贡献可以带来真正的快乐， 参加志愿者活动活动能让
人感觉快乐。故选 B。
3. 【2019·全国卷 III，C】
Before the 1830s
,
most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually
$8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts
were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people
in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to
a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place
in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available
to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers
that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single
copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's
office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street
sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies
was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers
charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there
would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early
ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners
of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring
businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。
28.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before1830s，... Accordingly newspapers were read almost
only by rich people. In addition ,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to mass
audience. They were dull and visually forbidding.”可知，在 19 世纪 30 年代之前,只有富人才能读
报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，，视觉上令人望而却步。由此可得出
那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A . Academic 学术的；B. Unattractive 没有吸引力， 无魅力的；
C. Inexpensive 廉价的，不贵的； D. Confidential 机密的，保密的。可知 A、C 和 D 是错误的，只有 B
符合题意，故选 B。
29.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以
买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”
可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知 C 符合题，
故选 C。
30.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’—a term referring
to papers made widely available to the public. perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that
could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众的，在街上可以
买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项 B 符合题意，故选 B。
31.A
【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend
of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were
immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers,
had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get
the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商
业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断
出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A 项符合题意，故选 A。
4. 【2019·北京卷，B】
Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy.
By the time she was 13，her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet
treat that could save kids' teeth，instead of destroying them.
It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she
was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats
were bad for her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she
desired to get round the warning, "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's
good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it?" With that in mind,
Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company. He recommended
that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.
With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting
trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached dentists to
learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using
natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.
Moore then used her savings to get her business of the ground. Afterwards, she and her father
secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moore's
product-Cancandy.
As CanCandy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young entrepreneur. Moore is
enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also positive about what the future might
bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.
Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life.
Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven primarily by profit. Moore
wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. She donates 10% of AilicCandy's
profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and determination, it appears that the sky could be the
limit for Alice Moore.
34. How did Moore react to her dad's warning?
A. She argued with him. B. She tried to find a way out.
C. She paid no attention. D. She chose to consult dentists.
35. What is special about CanCandy?
A. It is beneficial to dental health. B. It is free of sweeteners.
C. It is sweeter than other candies. D. It is produced to a dentists' recipe.
36. What does Moore expect from her business?
A. To earn more money. B. To help others find smiles.
C. To make herself stand out. D. To beat other candy companies.
37. What can we learn from Alice Moore's story?
A. Fame is a great thirst of the young.
B. A youth is to be regarded with respect.
C. Positive thinking and action result in success.
D. Success means getting personal desires satisfied
【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了 Alice Moore，一个年轻有为的创业者的故事，故事告诉我
们：积极的思考和行动会带来成功。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she desired
to get round the warning, "Why can’t I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that
my parents can't say no to it? "及下文她想方设法最终制作出了叫 CanCandy 的糖果可知，她对父亲的
警告的反应是：她试图找到一条出路。故选 B。
35.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的 Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only
using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.可知，因此，这种糖只使用天然甜味剂，
可以减少口腔细菌，因此它对牙齿有利。故选 A。
36.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的 Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find
their smiles.可知，Moor 想用她独特的才能帮助别人找到他们的笑容。故选 B。
37.C
【解析】推理判断题。文章主要讲述了 Moor 的创业故事，她之所以能成功源于面对问题和困难时，她
乐观的看待问题，积极的想方设法去解决问题。因此，通过她的故事让我们懂得积极的思考和行动会带来
成功。故选 C。
5. 【2019·天津卷，B】
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a
child deal with books. There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook
by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say," I can't believe what's
printed in the newspaper this morning," made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself.
I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and
each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs,
and then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that
knowing how to read could open many doors. When mom said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top
shelf," I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to
know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read
all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for
knowledge, and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned,
but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything
abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex,
I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter
into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become
anyone. I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he
or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a
vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the
possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
41. Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？
A. She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B. She was anxious to know what had happened.
C. She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D. She couldn't help but stop mom from reading.
42. According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates___________
A. her unique way to locate herself
B. her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C. her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D. her growing desire to know the world around her.
43. What was the author's view on factual reading？
A. It would help her update test-taking skills.
B. It would allow much room for free thinking.
C. It would provide true and objective information.
D. It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
44. The author takes novel reading as a way to___________.
A. explore a fantasy land
B. develop a passion for leaning
C. learn about the adult community
D. get away from a confusing world
45. What could be the best title for the passage？
A. The Magic of Reading B. The Pleasure of Reading
C. Growing Up with Reading D. Reading Makes a Full Man
【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。
41.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句 I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.和 Hearing
mom say … made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself 可知，作者一直想知道妈
妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选 B。
42. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段 My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to
know everything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步
引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选 D。
43.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句 Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school
was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A’s on my test.可知，小学和中学阶段的
阅读都是事实性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得 A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选
C。
44. D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段 By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter
into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become
anyone.( 打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在
这个世界上，我可以成为任何人。) 可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中
去，故选 D。
45.C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成
长，故选项 C 符合题意。
6. 【2019·江苏卷，D】
The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer’s(阿尔楚海默症). He
was losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician
in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep
catch night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her
father.
Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed
willingness to help.
“Why do this?” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares.” Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tears in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved
to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano, Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart
sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
“It was beautiful." Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth
saving.”
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was still in Steve Goodwin.
It was bidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily
on the piano, and then she’d take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.
He stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played
by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end
a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn’t play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write
one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss
and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower”.
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts, Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called
him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was
quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal songs. With Naomi’s
help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought
that would be the end. But it wasn’t.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told
the director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower”
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing
list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission. He considered it an honor.
After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional.
It needed to be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day
of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew
the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded.
Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.
65. Why did Melissa want to save her father’s music?
A. His music could stop his disease from worsening.
B. She wanted to please her dying old father.
C. His music deserved to be preserved in the family.
D. She wanted to make her father a professional.
66. After hearing Steve’s playing, Naomi ________.
A. refused to make a comment on it
B. was deeply impressed by his music
C. decided to free Steve from suffering
D. regretted offering help to her friend
67. How can the process of Steve’s recording be described?
A. It was slow but productive.
B. It was beneficial to his health.
C. It was tiresome for Naomi.
D. It was vital for Naomi’s career.
68. Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower," his wife Joni _______.
A. thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B. didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C. didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D. brought her husband’s music career to perfection
69. How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland？
A. He felt concerned about his illness.
B. He sensed a responsibility for music.
C. He regained his faith in music.
D. He got into a state of quiet.
70. What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A. The Kindness of Friends B. The Power of Music
C. The Making of a Musician D. The Value of Determination
【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，主要讲述一个钢琴师帮助一个患老年痴呆症的老人录制音乐的故事，
其录制过程比较艰苦，但是录制的音乐很成功，也让老人对音乐充满了信心。
65.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Steve 的专业软件工程，还是一个钢琴的热爱者，是家里唯一
的音乐家，音乐是他真正热爱的东西，尽管没有在家以外的地方弹奏过钢琴。根据第三段 Melissa, his
daughter ,felt it more than worthwhile to save his music.可知他的女儿 Melissa 觉得保存他的音乐
很有价值，故选 C。
66.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第十段 “it was beautiful,” Naomi said after listening to the
recording. “ the music was worth saving.”可知，听了录音之后 Naomi 说很美，值得保存，故可以得
出 Naomi 对 Steve 的音乐印象深刻，故选 B。
67.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第十二段 He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d
take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.以及第十三段 Steve and Naomi
spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a new key.
Steve heard it. All of it, he just couldn’t play it.可知，Steve 会笨拙地把手指放在钢琴上，然
后 Naomi 把手指放在他放的地方，并且 Steve 努力解释脑海里的内容，所有的这些，都是 Naomi 在弹奏，
而 Steve 在听，故可知这个录制过程很慢。根据第十六段 Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s
favorite, and most personal songs.可知作品很多。故选 A。
68.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第十六段 Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn’t. 以及
后文 Steve 取得的成就可知在完成 Melancholy Flower 之前，他的妻子还没完全意识到丈夫的音乐的真正
价值，故选 C。
69.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 He knew the path his life was now taking. He told his family
he was at peace.可知，他知道自己一生要选择的路，告诉家人他很平静，故可知，家乡的音乐会让他重
新坚定了对音乐的信念，故选 D。
70.B
【解析】标题归纳题。本文主要讲述一个钢琴师帮助一个患老年痴呆症的人录制音乐的故事，其录制
过程比较艰苦，但是录制的音乐很成功，也让老人对音乐充满了信心。B 项“音乐的力量”概括了全文内容，
是最佳标题。故选 B。
7. 【2019·浙江卷，A】
Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military(军队的)medals for sale in antique
stores and on the Internet.But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals’ rightful owners,
and returns them.
His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother,
a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning
of a Purple Heart-he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the
medal, he knew right away what he had to do.
Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrado’s sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally
reached her, the woman flooded him with questions: "Who are you？What antique shop？" However,
when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and
apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown, N.Y. "At that point, I knew she meant business,
" Zac says. "To drive eight hours to come to see me."
The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown. Corrado, a translator
for the Army during WWII, was killed in action in Europe.
Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadn’t realized the medal was missing. Like many military
medals, the one Zac’s mother had found was a family treasure." This medal was very precious to
my parents. Only on special occasions(场合)would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands,"
Adeline says.
As a child, Adeline couldn't understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew
older,” Adeline says, "and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing
we had left." Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic
Association in Watertown.
Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama. Since he first reunited
Corrado’s medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5.
21. Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself？
A. In the army.
B. In an antique shop.
C. From his mother.
D. From Adeline Rockko.
22. What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him？
A. She was very impolite.
B. She was serious about the medal.
C. She suspected his honesty.
D. She came from a wealthy family.
23. What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?
A. Her parents’ advice.
B. Her knowledge of antiques.
C. Her childhood dream.
D. Her memory of her brother.
【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。Zachariah Fike 有一个不同寻常的业余爱好：他在网上和古董店里寻
找旧的军队勋章，然后将这些勋章归还它们的合法主人。文章主要叙述了他这一爱好的起源。
21.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart—he earned one
himself in a war as a soldier”可知，当 Zac 还是一名士兵的时候，在一次战争中他获得了一枚 Purple
Heart。故 A 选项正确。
22.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“To drive eight hours to come to see me”可以推知，Adeline
为了那枚 Purple Heart 开车八个小时来见 Zac，由此可知，她对于这件事是认真地。因此，At that point,
I knew she meant business 应该指的是 Zac 意识到 Adeline 对这枚勋章是认真的。故 B 选项正确。
23.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Corrado, a translator…was killed in action in Europe”
和倒数第三段中的“as I grew older…and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the
only thing we had left ”这枚勋章寄托了 Adeline 对于去世的哥哥 Corrado 的回忆和思念，这是他们家
留下的唯一关于哥哥的东西了。因此她很珍惜这枚勋章。故 D 选项正确。
8. 【2019·浙江卷，B】
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station
in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign
that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need."
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to
the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and
took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We even had a bride in
her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars." Most of the bills on the board
were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片段)shows one
man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges
said. “There’s a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that
gave the most." Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number
took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to
show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar
projects and post their own videos on the Internet.
“After all, everyone has bad days and good days," he said. “Some days you need a helping
hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”
24. What does the expression "money with no strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
25. What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?
A. Women tended to be more sociable.
B. The activity attracted various people.
C. Economic problems were getting worse.
D. Young couples needed financial assistance.
26. Why did Bridges carry out the project?
A. To do a test on people’s morals.
B. To raise money for his company.
C. To earn himself a good reputation.
D. To promote kindness and sympathy.
【语篇解读】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站,一块牌子上别针别满了美元，
上面写着“给予你所能给与的，拿走你所需要的”。这样的活动吸引了各种各样的人，组织者希望通过这
样的活动来提倡仁慈和同情。
24.C
【解析】词义猜测题。由第一段“But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went
up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What
You Need.”可知，但是上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站，一块牌子上别针别满了美元，上面写着“给予你所能
给与的，拿走你所需要的”。所以通过下文的语境，判断出第 1 段中的 money with no strings attached
是“无条件提供的钱”的意思。故 B 选项正确。
25.B
【解析】推理判断题。由第二段““People of all ages, races, and socio-economic（社会经济的）
backgrounds gave and took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We
even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.”可知，发
起该项活动的泰勒·布里奇斯说:“所有年龄、种族和社会经济背景的人都会付出和索取。”甚至有一位穿
着婚纱的新娘来到了牌子前，拿走了一些钱。所以通过泰勒·布里奇斯所说的，可以判断出，他提到新娘
就是想说明这项活动吸引了各种各样的人。故 B 选项正确。
26.D
【解析】细节理解题。由倒数第二段“While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign,
Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy”可知，尽管这段视频看起来像是
一项新的广告活动的一部分，但是布里奇斯说这次活动唯一的目标是表现出慷慨和同情。所以布里奇斯实
施这个活动是为了提倡仁慈和同情。故 D 选项正确。
III.说明文
1. 【2019·全国卷 I，C】
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生
物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present,
these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that
gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节
奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a
strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between
key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's
identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected
to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with.
Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word
“touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to
recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The
researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly
made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然
是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给 e-space 用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
28.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
和第二段的 Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that
gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低 e-space 保护
的成本。故选 D。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的 The key board could offer a strong layer of security by
analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns
are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities 可知，因为每
个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选 C。
30.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的 The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选 B。
31.D
【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给 e-space 用户带来安全，由此
可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选 D。
2. 【2019·全国卷 I，D】
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which
allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens
and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking
cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of
clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.
The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start
interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s
the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable
behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant
consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in
elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring
the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).
“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their
classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability
can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play
date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate
and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is
likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too.
"Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help
somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有
深远的有益影响。
32.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段 During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing
my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜
欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的
女孩。unkind 不友善的；lonely 寂寞的；generous 慷慨的；cool 冷静的，故选 C。
33.A
【解析】主旨大意题。第二段 Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular
into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授 Mitch Prinstein 将受
欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对 the likable 和 the
status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选 A。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy
adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授 Mitch Prinstein 的
研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选 B。
35.A
【解析】主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜
欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项 A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选
A。
4. 【2019·全国卷 II，D】
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies
grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours
cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to
a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class,
like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in
Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two
years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think
they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to
do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades,
other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this
product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person
review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life
skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.”
And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about
the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication
skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school
education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了 HUNCH 项目就是通过 Gordon 的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细
菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The
microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station,
so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问
题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它
们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A 项符合题
意。
33.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with
NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”
可知，Hunch 旨在把高中教室和 NASA 的工程师联系起来。Gordon 的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细
菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the
problem,...”可知，学生每天都给 NASA 的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）
这个问题。由此可推断出 HUNCH program 的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知 D 项符合题
意。
34.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end
of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s
not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA 的工
程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知 A 项符合题意，故选 A。
35.D
【解析】主旨大意题。本文介绍了 HUNCH 项目把如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术引入 Gordon 学校
的课堂，从而最终影响了大学入学。尤其是最后一段“HUNCH program has an impact on college admissions
and practical life skills.”可知，本题的最佳答案为 D。
5. 【2019·全国卷 III，D】
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols
consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The
researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described
the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the
screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For
example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and
8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops
of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17
in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher
values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just
memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys
tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in
value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was
systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two,
and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr.
Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the
big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论
做了介绍和分析。
32.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The
researches then tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故 C
选项正确。
33.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch
screen…If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven
drops…; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边
时，它们会得到 7 滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到
17 滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。B 选项正确。
34.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half
the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of
each combination”和第五段中的“When adding two numbers…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择
更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A 选项正确：猴子能够
进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除 C 选项。
35.D
【解析】推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家 Margaret Livingstone
领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的
“科学”板块。故 D 选项正确。
6. 【2019·北京卷，C】
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from
numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are
finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，
apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too
little，too late. By the time these “solutions"(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will
have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see
on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing
is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 处理 ) and automation
technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O
Conference ,a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human
–sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without
detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The
reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data
breaches(数据侵入)of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn
your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed with this knowledge. they're able to carry out
individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for example，that a scammer could
call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly
like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card
number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still
done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation
technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers
need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean
either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made
by. or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps
like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from
here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。语音操
作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。
38. D
【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem
by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers
from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”
become widely available, scammers will have moved onto clever means”可知，最后，我们通过支持
和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和方法，认识到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努
力太少了，也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，
作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故 D 选项正确。
39.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do
with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation
where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge,
they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example,
that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a
voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address,
mother’s name, and card number”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不如说与精
确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至
更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新的技术，
欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故 A 选项正确。
40.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似
的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述
可知，欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可
能为坏人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故 B 选项正确。
41.C
【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：robocalls（机器人电话: 自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在
未来变得会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音
是否是真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍
了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些
问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话
题展开的。故 C 选项适合作标题。
7. 【2019·北京卷，D】
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks
to a warming climate，according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton.
Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns
at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration
of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing
it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the
ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，
an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable
to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect
phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also
nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate
model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by
3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects
that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，
such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these
areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean
changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”
42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial C. Significant D. Unnoticeable
44. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这
一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六
色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游
植物的生长。
42. B
【解析】段落大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will
be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，
一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At
the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light
reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，这种现
象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海
洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋
生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知 B 符合题意，故选 B。
43. A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can
affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but
also nutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But
phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖
趋势的影响。可知 A 项正确。
44. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming
will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知 Dutkiewicz
的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖
会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加
成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意。
45. C
【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's
oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知
到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。
再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warning trendWarming changes key
characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易
受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释
气候变化对海洋的影响。故选 C。
8. 【2019·天津卷，C】
How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work？What makes the populations of different species the
way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have
built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most
food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator
（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物），the two species are strongly linked；
when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by
many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can
eat several species，it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a predator can
move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch
allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another
to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes
of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists
proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size
of populations of other species---including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to
be true. In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on
land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the
ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally，the system
would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown
or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists
says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（临界点），it is remarkably difficult for
them to return.
46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator______
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？
A. By getting illegal practices under control.
B. By stopping us from killing large predators.
C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运
营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何
时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是
关键。
46.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 With such models, scientists have found out some key principles
operating in food webs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选
B。
47. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single
prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked 可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种
是紧密相连的。故选 C。
48. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top
of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species
they did not directly attack 可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群
数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历
意想不到的变化。故选 D。
49.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的 Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities
that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back
from the borderline 可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动
极大地破坏了生态系统。故选 A。
50. D
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的 Scientists have built an early-warning system based on
mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are
pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from
the borderline.可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选 D。
9. 【2019·江苏卷，B】
In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen
became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the
park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's
what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find
the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji
or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remarkably
quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his
land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years
it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether
there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.
There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building.
These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a
vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't
find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs
of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on
the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as
Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole
park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles
across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone
must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone？
A. Its complicated geographical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.
C. The mysterious history of the park.
D. The exact location of the volcano.
59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph. D. Bird's view.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代 Bob Christiansen 在研究黄石公园的火山历史
时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状
的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。
58.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句 But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano
anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选 D。
59.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的
圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞，故选 A。
60.C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句 Just at this time NASA decided to test some new
high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some
of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for
one of the visitors’ centers.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄
了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会
将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选 C。
10. 【2019·浙江卷，C】
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published
Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,
000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected,
from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.
In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts
of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead
author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods.
Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete
with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one
between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees
that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.
The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water
trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as
rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have
been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt,
which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
30. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自 20 世纪 30 年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大
树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。
27.A
主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸
免或不受影响，故选 A。
28. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句 Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests
crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控
制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利
的影响，故选 D。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段 the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have
been rising temperatures, …, and earlier snowmelt, …可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气
温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选 C。
30.A
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自 20 世纪 30 年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分
析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项 A 符合题意。
IV.议论文
1. 【2019·全国卷 II，C】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her
e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s
“me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53
percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at
dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up
from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，
but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her
to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，
I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the
bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom
he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how
my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection,
You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when
people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，
we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may
have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit， whose company provided the
statistics for the report.
28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A. Food variety. B. Eating habits.
C. Table manners. D. Restaurant service.
29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A. To meet with her coworkers.
B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own.
D. To collect data for her report.
30. What do we know about Mazoleny?
A. He makes videos for the bar.
B. He’s fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar.
D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛
围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
28.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有 46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃早餐，
46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有 74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故选 B。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段 A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her
on the shoulder. Today, I just wanted some time to myself.可知，Bechtel 一个人吃午饭可以让她逃
离老板的关注，给自己留一些自由时间，故选 C。
30.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 he likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat
up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.
可知 Mazoleny 喜欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员
名字和他聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选 D。
31.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃
离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选 A。
2. 【2019·全国卷 III，B】
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western
creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says
Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of
the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140
pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of
exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled
the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that
there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and
fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are
not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's
top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion
are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc
Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.
"The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says.
"China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk
about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking
clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模
特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。
24.B
【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段 The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there
is huge interest in Chinese influences.（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国
影响的浓厚兴趣。）由此可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选 B。
25.A
【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段 Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion
campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just
consumers of fashion-they are central to its movement . （中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的美
和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，
Hill 说中国女性开创了新时尚，故选 A。
26.D
【解析】词义猜测题。下文 and beating them hands down in design and sales 说并在设计和销售
上击败他们。由此推断出上文 Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Mare
Jacobs 的意思是 Vera Wang、Alexander Wang 和 Jason Wu 正在与 Galliano、Albaz 和 Mare Jacobs 竞争。
taking on 意思是“竞争”，故选 D。
27.D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 china and its culture have long been an inspiration for
western creations.以及最后一段 If you talk about fashion today , you are talking about China -
its influences , its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are
finally acknowledging that in many ways."（如果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它
的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可
知这篇文章最恰当的题目是“中国文化助力国际时尚潮流”，故选 D。
3. 【2019·天津卷，D】
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been
a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，
and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a
book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That
former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses
an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of
their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not
talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people
who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions
that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field
of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder.
But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with
the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to
please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually
relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important
it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment
to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，
to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching
and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.
People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make
the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable
lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity.
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B
【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身
陷囹圄，在 53 岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡
他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选 B。
52.D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段 I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing
because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing
years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知 run out
of steam 可知，停止学习，故选 D。
53.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn,
the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，
故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选 C。
54. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn
to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to
love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法
改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起
初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，
故选 D。
55.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的
目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选 A。
4. 【2019·江苏卷，C】
Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than
the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However,
they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution,
represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things
is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society"
has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences
for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved
the international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and
the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries
to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what
the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things
such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines
would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up
Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important,
but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative
long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent
changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now
we live in a "borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have
come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological
progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a
world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border
flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic
policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices
at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of
what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利
的影响。
61.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段 However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided
use of scarce resources. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，
故选 D。
62.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such
as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would
have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet
centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but
many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term
costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑
或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。
作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐
赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选 A。
63.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people
to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are
so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及 Believing in such a world, many
governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of
capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通
的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界
的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选 B。
64.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段 The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication
Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude
that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in
"post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造
业) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很
多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而
对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故
选 B。
【2018·全国 I】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
Duration Tour
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful
flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous
monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry
blossoms—disappear!
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour
Duration:3 hours (4 miles)
Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore
the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history
at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.
Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.
Duration:3 hours
Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking
to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will
entertain you with the most ,interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.
Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线）make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration:3 hours(7miles)
Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C.
Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National
Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.
Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and
safety lights.
21. Which tour do you need to book in advance?
A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C.
B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D. C.
D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?
A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park.
C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories.
23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?
A. City maps. B. Cameras.
C. Meals D. Safety lights
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D
【解析】本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到 Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行
程及注意事项。
21. 细节理解题。根据文章 Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.中的 Reserve your spot
before availability 可知，这个骑行项目需要提前预约。故选 A。
22. 细节理解题。根据文章 Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.中的 Knowledgeable guides
will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and
parks.可知，在这个活动中，你可以享受有趣的故事。故选 D。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章 Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour 中的 All riders are
equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.可知，所有骑行者都要装备反光背心和安全手电筒。
故选 D。
B
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,
but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious
and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef
Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5
per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of
what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and
Jack, 11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,"
she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they
are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware
how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "
The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s
Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of
health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different
family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some
delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration
with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.
C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a light budget for her
family.
25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.
C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.
26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. C 27. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及
如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道 Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling
guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role 可知，她开
辟了一个新的节目。故选 B。
25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each
week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while
preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在 Matt Tebbutt 的帮助下，提供
如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于 5 英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选 C。解题关键词：同义词表达
with the help of 和 help。
26. 写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的 which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast
range of health products on the market.可知，Save Money: Good Food 节目是 Save Money: Good Health
节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从市场上众多的健康产品中获取价值。也就是给这个节目补充背景信息，
故选 C。
27. 主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据
文章中的 prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.（在资金紧张的情况下，准备可
口且有营养的饭菜）；how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a
day. 如何减少食物浪费同时花费低于£5 的一个家庭一整天的食谱；how cheaply we can make this food
ourselves. 我们自己做这种食物有多便宜；less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵但仍然可口
的食谱。故 D 项 Cooking Well for Less 是最佳标题。
C
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has
been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by
hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech
independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world
had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their
languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation.
the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially
glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages
to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking
over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely
uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many
people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200
Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of
which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers
is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than
that.z.x.xk
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with
only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining
speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu
in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
28. What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times?
A. They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected
29. Which of the following best explains"dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Complex. B. Advanced.
C. Powerful. D. Modem.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?
A. About 6 800 B. About 3 400
C. About 2.400 D. About 1-200
31. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
28. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的 When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,
small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each
other... when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages
between them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独
立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了 12000 种。由此推知，当时的语言种
类很多。故选 B。
29. 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的 dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese
are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知 dominant
languages 意为：强有力的语言。故选 C。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的 At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和 The
median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages
are spoken by fewer people than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有 6800 种语言，但是讲的人数少于 6000
人的占一半即 3400。故选 B。
31. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句 Languages have been coming and going for thousands
of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产
生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选 C。
D
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something
shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they
go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated
devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at
the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product
throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This
method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were
grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992.
Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered
homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room
television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV
in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose
from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we
continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box
TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution
to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers
also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve
more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more
on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy
consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所
以作者主张使用新电子设备。
32. 观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的 That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets
– as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备
更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选 A。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie
Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the
environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team 研究的目的是
弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选 D。
34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on
tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电
脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低 44%的耗能。故选 B。
35. 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止
使用旧的电子设备。故选 A。
【2018·全国 II】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Summer Activities
Students should read the list with their parents/careers, and select two activities they
would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their
choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/careers will be asked to
sign to confirm their child’s choices.
Activity Description Member of staff Cost
Outdoor Adventure
(OUT)
Take yourself out
of your comfort zone for
Mr. Clemens £140
a week, discover new
personal qualities, and
learn new skills. You
will be able to take
part in a number of
activities from
canoeing to wild
camping on Dartmoor.
Learn rock climbing and
work as a team, and
enjoy the great outdoor
environment.
WWI Battlefields
and Paris
(WBP)
On Monday we travel
to London. After
staying overnight in
London, we travel on Day
2 to northern France to
visit the World War I
battlefields. On Day 3
we cross into Belgium.
Thursday sees us make
the short journey to
Paris where we will
visit Disneyland Paris
park, staying until
late to see the parade
and the fireworks. Our
final day, Friday, sees
us visit central Paris
Mrs. Milson £425
and tour the main
sights.
Crafty
Foxes
(CRF)
Four days of
product design centred
around textiles. Making
lovely objects using
recycled and made
materials. Bags,
cushions and
decorations...Learn
skills and leave with
modern and unusual
textiles.
Mrs. Goode £30
Potty about Potter
(POT)
Visit Warner Bros
Studio, shop stop to buy
picnic, stay overnight
in an approved Youth
Hostel in Streatley-on
-Thames, guided tour of
Oxford to see the film
locations, picnic lunch
outside Oxford’s
Christchurch, boating
on the River Cherwell
through the University
Parks, before heading
back to Exeter.
Miss Drake £150
21. Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping?
A. OUT. B. WBP. C. CRF. D. POT.
22. What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson?
A. Travel to London.
B. See a parade and fireworks.
C. Tour central Paris.
D. Visit the WWI battlefields.
23. How long does Potty about Potter last?
A. Two days. B. Four days.
C. Five days. D. One week.
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. A
【解析】本文是一篇广告布告类说明文。文中讲述了家长和孩子一起挑选可以参加的活动。文中分别
对这些活动的名称，活动内容，活动特色和活动组织工作人员还有活动的价格进行了详细的描述。
21. 细节理解题。根据题干中的 go camping，我们可以迅速浏览到第一个活动当中的 wild camping (野
外露营)这个关键信息。故选 A。
22. 细节理解题。根据题干中的 with Wilson，我们可以锁定第二个活动。根据 On Monday we travel
to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the
World War Ⅰ battlefields.可知，星期一是去往伦敦并在伦敦住一夜，第二天也就是星期二到法国北部
去参观一战的战场。故选 D。
23. 细节理解题。根据题干中的信息 Potty about Potter last 我们从最后一种活动来寻找答案。关
键信息 overnight 意为“一夜的逗留”。故这个活动是持续两天。故选 A。
B
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in
abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses
of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds,
raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much
protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange
stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are
antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich
in vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base
for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas
for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers
and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning
brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature
of the freezer.zx.x.k
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.
Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for
a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine
and watching the ice cream come out below.
24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.
25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A container. D. A machine.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的 7 月，这时候各种水果营养
丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。
24. 细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中 As for cherries (樱桃), they are
so delicious who cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选 C。
25. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的 If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will
prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁
是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选 B。
26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中 they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top
of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below 可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香
蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出 a juicer 就是一台机器。故选 D。
27. 文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出
我们可以用 a juicer 为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A 项意为：生
物教科书；B 项意为：一本健康杂志；C 项意为：一篇研究论文；D 项意为：一本旅游手册。故选 B。
C
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media
report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report
shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might
help encourage more reading.
According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’
read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to
22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain
largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer
to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.zxx.k
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents
looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that
many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples
and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who
do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books
purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents
might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip
to the library or bookstore.
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality.
B. It could be a waste of time.
C. It may harm children’s health.
D. E-readers are expensive.
31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them.
B. Ask then to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them.
D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】据本周一公布的 a Common Sense Media report 报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐
趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的
内容。
28. 推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出这篇报道
讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。A 项意为：孩子
们的阅读习惯；B 项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C 项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D 项意为：父母与孩子
的关系。故选 A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的 the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for
fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent
and 27 percent respectively today.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从 1984 年的 13 岁的
8%和 17 岁的 9%上升到现在的 22%和 27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选 B。
30. 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句 many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly
due to concerns about increased screen time 可知，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一
些电子屏幕的时间越来越多，也即是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故选 C。
31. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段 The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence
of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.
可知，有明显的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，
父母可以通过给孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选 A。
D
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people
who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable
silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.
It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging,
or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers,
consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice
that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships
wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social
communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana
University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small
talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,
not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people
on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its
waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with
their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop
experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says
Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our
well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of
belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with
small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，
陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，
而且也有很多好处。
32. 主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，
或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌
生人之间缺乏沟通。A 项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B 项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C 项意为：陌生人
之间缺乏沟通。D 项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选 C 项。
33. 推理判断题。题干问得是对于 Carducci 来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句
“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate
with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断 C 符合题意。A
项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B 项意为：与他人有关的。C 项意为：专注于一个话题。D 项意为：做商业交
易。故选 B 项。
34. 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些
与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D 项符合题意。A 项意为：闲聊改
善了家庭关系。B 项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C 项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D 项意为：闲聊
让人感觉很好。故选 D 项。
35. 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺
乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什
么样的好处。A 项意为：谈话很重要。B 项意为：闲聊的方法。C 项意为：闲聊的好处。D 项意为：不舒服
的沉默。故选 C 项。
【2018·全国 III】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How to Get to Holker
By Car： Follow brown signs an A590 from JB6, M6.Approximale travel times: Windermere-20
minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-I hour 30 minutes.z.x.xk
By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston
for connections to major cities & airports.
Opening Times
Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday)11:00 am-4:00pm,30 March-2nd November.
Admission Charges
Hall & Gardens Gardens
Adults: £12.00 £8.00
Groups £9 £5.5
Producers: Market 13th April
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some
excellent recipe ideas.
Holker Garden Festival 30th May
The event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making
it one of the most popular events in gardening.
National Garden Day 28th August
Holker once again opens is gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation
you can take a tour with our garden guide.
Winter Market 8th November
This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifs while enjoying
a live music show and nice street entertainment.
21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?
A. 20minutes. B. 25 minutes.
C. 45 minutes. D. 90 minutes.
22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens?
A. £l2.00. B. £9.00.
C. £8.0 D. £5.50
23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?
A. Producers' Market. B. Holker Garden Festival.
C. National Garden Day. D. Winter Market.
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. D
【解析】文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去 Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，
开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。
21. 细节理解题。根据第一段 How to Get to Holker 中 By car 里 Approximate travel times 后面内
容可知，从 Manchester 到 Holker 要用 1 hour and 30 minutes，即 90 分钟，故选 D。
22. 细节理解题。根据 Admission Charges 可知，团体中的一员去 Hall & Gardens 需要支付 9 英镑。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 Winter Market 中最后一句 Wander among a variety of shops
selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.可知，如果想去看
现场表演需要去 Winter Market。故选 D。
B
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People
settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications
and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.
Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities
develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896,
Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two
years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People
went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up
icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without
warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson,
however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,
4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and
wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city
was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there
were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today,
people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief
industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small population.
C. Its geographical position.
D. Its favourable climate.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded.
B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter.
D. They were short of food.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 Dawson 这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。
24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中 Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are,
like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and
naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour
at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而
纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故 C 正确。
25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句 Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got
rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万
人中有 4000 人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故 B 正确。
26. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中 and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in
Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人们离开 Dawson 的主要原因是听
说在 Alaska 发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故 B 正确。
27. 主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出 Dawson 这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城
市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕 Dawson 这个城市的发
展起伏。故 A 正确。
C
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China
such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese
architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the
2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture
— on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His
office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province.
Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors
were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of
the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers
to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation
attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元
素).
Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of
traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao
Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence
that traditions once existed," he said.
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old
things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and
that are still being created, " he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing
on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really
are, " said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of
traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.
28. Wang’s winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are ___________.
A. following the latest world trend
B. getting international recognition
C. working harder than ever before
D. relying on foreign architects
29. What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?
A. Its hilly environment.
B. Its large size.
C. Its unique style.
D. Its diverse functions.
30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?
A. The mixture of different shapes.
B. The balance of East and West.
C. The use of popular techniques.
D. The harmony of old and new.
31. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?
A. Spread them to the world. B. Preserve them at museums.
C. Teach them in universities. D. Recreate them in practice.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. D
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，
获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。
28. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的内容可知，王澍获得 2012 年普利策奖，而普利策奖相当于建筑界
的诺贝尔奖，他是第一个获此奖的中国人，故推知中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。故 B 项正确。
29. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段对 CAA 校园的描述可知，它的设计风格独特，与大多数中国大学的
校园很不同，许多游客感对复杂的建筑空间和丰富的建筑类型感到吃惊，故 C 正确。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第六段 1995 年普利策奖的获得者 Tadao Ando 的评语可知，王澍设计的成
功之处是把中国传统元素融入现代设计，并保持两者的和谐，故 D 正确。
31. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段和倒数第三段中 In fact, tradition also refers to the things
that have been developing and that are still being created 可知，传统的研究要与实践相结合，在
实践中进行再创造，否则就会是人工的和空的，故 D 正确。
D
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that
more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own
kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things,
and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of
toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose
to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into
her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them?
And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with
my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only
one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention
for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available.
We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it,
throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and
it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and
I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl
C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea
B. To show a parent's love
C. To train his attention
D. To help him start a hobby
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐
的做法。
32. 词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how
to live more with less 可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选 A。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中 She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often
used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具
的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选 C。
34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句 My little experiment to find joy in a single object
worked for both of us.表明，跟 Shepherd 玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选 A。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子 how to live more with less，而二三段
是作者的尝试，故 C 作标题适合。
【2018·浙江卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题
纸上将该项涂黑。
A
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People
had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in
1719—
but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its
early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared
without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most
part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher,
famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership
and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today
Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature
would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature
is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were
published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name
a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences
from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and
scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself
at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens
such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible —
and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
21. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?
A. They were difficult to understand.
B. They were popular among the rich.
C. They were seen as nearly worthless.
D. They were written mostly by women.
22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.
A. his reputation in France
B. his interest in modern art
C. his success in publication
D. his importance in literature
23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To remember a great writer.
B. To introduce an English novel.
C. To encourage studies on culture.
D. To promote values of the Victorian age.
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A
【解析】本文写于 Charles Dickens 诞辰 200 周年前夕，介绍了 Charles Dickens 在英国小说方面的
重要贡献和深远影响。
21. 细节理解题。根据第一段对当时情况的描写 nobody wanted to do it professionally. The
steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字）rate in England
was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors... Novels, for
the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.印刷技术落后，人们识字率
低，作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的不正常的，毫无价值可言。故选 C。
22. 推理判断题。根据第二段 Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged.和列举的 Charles Dickens 小
说的影响可知，把他和 Mona Lisa 相比是为了说明 Charles Dickens 在英国小说方面的重要性和 Mona Lisa
在绘画方面的重要性是一样的，故选 D。
23. 写作意图题。根据文中对 Charles Dickens 及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后
But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our
own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于 Charles Dickens 诞
辰 200 周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选 A。
B
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider
that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that
fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one
of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree
branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收
银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing
these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that
their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper
bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while
plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the
ground today
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable
shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use
it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reus able bags often require more energy to make. One
study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than
plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned
someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
A. Help increase grocery sales.
B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks.
D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.
25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Bans on plastic bags.
B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.
D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.
B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags.
D. Producing them requires more energy.
27. What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither
B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away
D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. D 27. A
【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和
运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24. 细节理解题。根据第一段 one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic
shopping bags.和第二段 plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case
that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用
Steven Stein 是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和
争论。故选 D。
25. 词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven
Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处
指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即 Bans on plastic bags，故选 A。
26. 细节理解题。根据第四段 However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more
energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选 D。
27. 标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的
能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither 既
能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选 A。
C
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the
Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配
线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry
Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting
aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.
For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward
at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American
ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the
largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every
garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed
America from a farm-based society into an industrial
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.
In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth
have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but
hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The
ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and
healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
28. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
29. What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.
30. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolera
【答案】28. B 29. B 30. C
【解析】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。
28. 推理判断题。根据第二段 Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped
some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel,
even the hamburger.可知，现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger
就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选 B。
29. 细节理解题。根据第四段 The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global
ecological disaster.可知，美国汽车的迅速发展，导致全球生态灾难，也就是造成环境问题。故选 B。
30. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的 He fears the worst, but hopes for the best. 和最后一段
中的 Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength.
可见 Friedman 虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法。可见 Friedman 对未
来是充满希望的，故选 C。
【2018·天津卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Fire Prevention Information
The University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals. They
inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems fire alarms
and fire extinguishers (灭火器). They also provide educational programs or fire safety in the
residence hall. Whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations
and the two exits nearest your room.
Fire Alarms
The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的）fire alarm systems which
include fire alarm pull stations and pipes. Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems
consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers. For your safety, never tamper with(胡
乱摆弄）these systems. False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.
Fire Drills
A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill,
please do the following:
·Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.
·Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.
·Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.
Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher
only if you have been trained to do so. Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a
dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.
Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.
Smoke Detector
A smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room. Some buildings also have heat detectors on
the ceilings. Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector:
·If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light
is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.
·Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.
·If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.
36. What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals?
A. To provide part-time jobs for students.
B. To lead the students to the nearest exits.
C. To check and maintain fire prevention equipment.
D. To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.
37. What do the automatic fire alarm systems include?
A. Pipes and smoke detectors.
B. Smoke detectors and sprinklers.
C. Fire alarm pull stations and pipes.
D. Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations
38. In a fire drill, the students should ________.
A. rush quickly to a lift
B. gather at the nearest exit.
C. shut the door and leave at once
D. wait for instructions in the hall
39. What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers?
A. Using them wrongly results in punishment.
B. Irresponsible use of them can damage them.
C. Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.
D. Using them without a trainer present is forbidden.
40. To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should_________.
A. contact the hall staff regularly
B. cover the things that burn easily
C. start the smoke detector in a fire
D. make certain the red light is working
【答案】36. C 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从火警、消防训练、灭火器和烟雾探测器的使用等方面介绍了
一些防火信息。
36. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段 They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all
sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems fire alarms and fire extinguishers (灭火器).可知，专职消防人
员主要职责是检查、测试和维护所有的校园建筑物防火装备。故选 C。
37. 细节理解题。根据文章 Fire Alarms 中的句子 Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm
systems consisting heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.可知，火灾自动报警系统由热
探测器、烟雾探测器和喷头组成。故选 B。
38. 细节理解题。根据文章 Fire Drills 中的句子 Take your room key and ID, close and lock the
door to your room.和 Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.可知，
在消防演习中，学生锁好门并立即从最近的紧急出口离开。故选 C。
39. 细节理解题。根据文章 Fire Extinguishers 中的句子 Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result
in fines.可知，误用灭火器会导致罚款。故选 A。
40. 细节理解题。根据文章 Smoke Detector 中的句子 If your smoke detector is working properly,
the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff
immediately.可知，烟雾探测器是否安全运行，看红灯是否闪动。故选 D。
B
When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of
a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon
her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have
the address? ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stop. There it is!”
The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking
and stared at us.
"May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.
What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in? Sally had gone
upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.
What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing
behind me. "Where do you think you are? " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!"
He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What’s this place?”
I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase
and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! "
"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped down, looking confused. I
pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you
have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing.
She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso.
This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter
a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?"
"Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone."
"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized
what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My
feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."
41. What do we know about Marian McNay?
A. She was a painter.
B. She was a community leader.
C. She was a museum director.
D. She was a journalist.
42. Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house?
A. She disliked people who were nosy.
B. She felt nervous when talking to strangers.
C. She knew more about art than the man.
D. She mistook him for a tour guide.
43. How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall?
A. Puzzled. B. Concerned.
C. Frightened. D. Delighted.
44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?
A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D. The event happening in the house was more significant.
45. What could we learn from the last paragraph?
A. People should have good taste to enjoy life.
B. People should spend more time with their family.
C. People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.
D. People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.
【答案】41. A 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. C
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者和朋友原想参观 McNay 博物馆，到了之后参观的时候，发现很
多人奇怪的看着她，最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成 McNay 博物馆。30 年后，一位女士认出误撞入
自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。
41. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段 When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called
the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.可知，Marian McNay 是一名水彩画
家。故选 A。
42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段"May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.”
Tour guides got on my nerves.可知，导游令作者心烦，作者误认为屋子里的男人是位导游。故选 D。
43. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段 The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their
eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem?（大厅的人看起来都非常爱窥探的，眼睛不停的
好奇的看着我。他们有什么问题？）可以推断出，作者当时感到困惑不解。故选 A。
44. 推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者着墨点主要在叙述参观误当成 McNay 博物馆的私人住宅上，故
这才是文章的重心，所以将真正的 McNay 博物馆叙述一带而过。故选 D。
45. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place
I lived in.可知，在作者未造访她家之前，这位女士从未意识到自己住的地方多么美丽，从而可以推断出，
人们往往对周围的美而不见。故选 C。
C
There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent
development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And
the industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces
for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but
a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces”
of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant,
all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate
that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability
is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts
believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类)
and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and
emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up
shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at
Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized
nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the
supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.
Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them,
and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other
in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry
ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about
3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end
restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了 3D 打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目
前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
46. 推理判断题。根据文章 Food production 中叙述了没有经验的人可以用 3D 打印机做出复杂的巧克
力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用 3D 打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出 3D 打印的优势
是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选 B。
47. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段 Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解
胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹
饪原料).可知，3D 打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选 D。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段 Food printing could allow consumers to print food with
customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而
可以推断出 3D 打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选 B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry
ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止 3D 打印食物进一步广泛
使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于 3D 打印因为很容易坏。故选 C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了 3D 打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面
的挑战。所以用标题 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选 A。
D
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be
seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble
answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with
fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that
were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的）to new stimulation(刺激), new
ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice
and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel
before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains
with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began
complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead.
They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d
felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw
bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a
"ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never
learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many
hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark.
It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked
them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter
where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you
will open a new dimension to your life.z.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________.
A. anxious to do wonders
B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits
D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions.
B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice.
D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they __________.
A. are very patient in their observation
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds
D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇散文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：
放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段 Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults.
可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选 D。
52. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的
时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传
递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选 A。
53. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句 Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷)
many of us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。
故选 C。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段 I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant
camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander
a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，
而很少关心周围的事物。故选 B。
55. 推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带
着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
【2018·北京卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡
上将该项涂黑。
A
My First Marathon（马拉松）
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running
for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us
to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂
not athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂ stuck with me for years. When I started running in my
30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I
was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn’t even find the finish line. I woke
up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to
readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain,
I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never
minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got
the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.z
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now
call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
36. A month before the marathon, the author ____________.
A. was well trained B. felt scared
C. made up his mind to run D. lost hope
37. Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.
B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.
C. To show he was not talented in sports.
D. To share a precious memory.
38. How was the author’s first marathon?
A. He made it. B. He quit halfway.
C. He got the first prize.
D. He walked to the end.
39. What does the story mainly tell us?
A. A man owes his success to his family support.
B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.
C. Failure is the mother of success.
D. One is never too old to learn.
【答案】36. C 37. C 38. A 39. B
【解析】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故
事。
36. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句 Yet, I was determined to go ahead.可知，马拉松赛前
一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选 C。
37. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段 I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂
not athletic＂可知，作者提到 7 年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。故选 C。
38. 细节理解题。根据文章第 10 段 I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And
I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。故
选 A。
39. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段 Determined to be
myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂
marathon winner＂.可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选 B。
B
Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center
If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place
to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots
of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering,
aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting
to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications
for what they’re studying in the classroom.
For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space
Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn
about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.
The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn
the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of
flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn
about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂
pilot.
With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and
being part of a bigger task.
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too,
with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
For more details, please visit us online at www.oursac.com.
40. Why do people come to SAC?
A. To experience adventures.
B. To look for jobs in aviation.
C. To get a degree in engineering.
D. To learn more about medicine.
41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .
A. fly to space
B. get an Aviation badge first
C. study the principles of flight
D. build and fire model rockets
42. What is the most important for trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
【答案】40. A 41. D 42. B
【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目的相关信息，包括训练内容、受训者参加
的条件和益处等。
40. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句 If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and
Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.可知，人们来 SAC 是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选 A。
41. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段 At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge
as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to
space with the crew from all over the world.可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，
学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选 D。
42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段 With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the
importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，
故团队精神是最重要的，故选 B。
C
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.
Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12
million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to
get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs
of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of
the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team
left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed
and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone
was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊
状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass —
apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published
in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their
everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture,
but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂
The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in
the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared
with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step,
DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the
worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to
break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial
process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future
46. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C
【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决
塑料污染提供了新的途径。
43. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段 Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’
ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.
可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选 C。
44. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段 The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of
the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物
产生的。故选 B。
45. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial
process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini
希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选 D。
46. 写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句 So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but
a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的
方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of
industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可知，
Bertocchini 希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选 C。
D
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years
away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California
Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving
cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving
cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t
leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country.
It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it
takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for
better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully
so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic
jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival
of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly
and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine
a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys
to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the
ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set
the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few
blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience
even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have
already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered
private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon
emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施)
and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first
commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services,
considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责
任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people
become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless
vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have
today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop
transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future
is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affordability. D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B
【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47. 推理判断题。根据第二段 While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of
driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving
vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable
mobility options.可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更
方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选 A。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段 But however long it takes, the technology has the potential
to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how
the transformation is regulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我
们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话 The car of the future
is coming. We just have to plan for it.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种
转变的管理规范，故选 D。
49. 词义猜测题。根据第四段 The first commercially available driverless cars will almost
certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology
as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题).可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任
和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed
被应用；B. Replaced 被取代；C. Shared 被分享；D. Reduced 被减少。故选 A。
50. 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段 The coming technological advancement presents a chance for
cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more
affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.中的 advancement，move
more people, and more affordably.以及 plan for it 可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选 B。
微信/支付宝扫码支付