2021届高考英语备考精选专题复习：新题型概要写作专项训练（一）

2021 届高考英语备考精选专题复习：新题型概要写作专项训练（一） 一、写作示例 【原文呈现】 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Regular exercise can reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, U.S. researchers said on Monday. The study involving 5,968 women in Maryland confirmed previous findings that people who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer. But when the researchers looked at the women ages 18 to 65 who were in the upper half in terms of the amount of physical exercise they got per week, they found that sleep appeared to play an important role in cancer risk. Those who slept less than seven hours nightly had a 47 percent higher risk of cancer than those who got more sleep among the physically active women, the researchers reported at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. “We think it’s quite interesting and intriguing. It’s kind of a first look into this. It isn ’ t something that has been widely studied, ” James McClain of the National Cancer Institute, part of the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health, said in a telephone interview. McClain, who led the study, said it is unclear exactly how getting too little sleep may make one more susceptible（易受感染的） to cancer. “Getting adequate sleep has been long associated with health,” McClain said. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls sleep loss an under-recognized public health problem, saying Americans are getting less and less slumber. The CDCP said the percentage of adults reporting sleeping six hours or less a night increased from 1985 to 2006. Sleep experts say chronic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking. In addition, research had shown that people who get regular exercise have a reduced risk of breast, colon and other types of cancer. Experts think the effects of exercise on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight may play an important role. 思维路径 1 核心内容 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项科学研究发现。第一段科技报道类文章的中心所 在，该段告诉我们文章主要说明的要点：经常锻炼可以降低妇女患癌症的风险，但是如果睡 眠不足，锻炼的这种好处也将不存在。文章的第二、三、四段讲述了该项研究中的具体的方 法与数据统计。文章的第五、六段讲述了研究者对这个研究结果的看法与评论。文章的第七 段讲述了美国疾病控制与预防中心对睡眠不足的看法。第八段进一步引证有关睡眠专家对睡 眠不足带来的负面影响的看法。最后，第九段又回到该项研究发现上，告诉我们经常锻炼可 以降低患那些癌症的风险及其原因。 2 写作思路 （1）熟悉文本类型，把握表述特征。通过文章第一段中的“U.S. researchers said on Monday”可知，本文是一篇科研报告。科研报告类的写作一般会在文章的开头部分交代文 章的中心，然后具体介绍研究的设计、实施以及数据分析等，最后会根据相关研究发现进一 步展开说明研究可能会带来的影响等。通过分析文本类型及其表述特征，我们可以准确地筛 选文章的中心及其各个部分的分论点。 （2）理清文章结构，概括段落大意。根据（1）部分的分析，我们可以进一步的梳理文 章的层次结构：第一段是文章的点题；第二至地四段是文章的数据分析；第五、六段是研究 者的评论；第七、八段是引用他人的观点来进一步分析自己的发现；第九段则是进一步分析 本研究。通过对文章层次的梳理，我们可以逐一罗列文章的中心及其各个分述的分论点。 （3）确定表述中心，连贯表达要点。在（2）的基础上，我们可以逐一列出要表述的中 心：第一段引出文章中心，即 Regular exercise can reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep(要点 1)；第二至四段是第一个分 论点，即 People who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer, but those who sleep less than seven hours nightly have higher risk. (要点 2)；第五、六段 引 出 第 二 个 分 论 点 ， 即 This research is quite new, so it is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make one more susceptible to cancer.(要点 3)；第七、八段引出第 三个分论点，即 Sleep loss may give rise to such health problems as obesity, diabetes, stroke, depression and so on. (要点 4)；最后一段进一步引出研究的发现，即 Regular exercises may have an active effect on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer. (要点 5)。在理清每部分的 中心之后，我们可以利用有效的衔接手段，把这些要点组织成一个意义连贯的语篇。 参考范文 US researchers have found that regular exercises may have an active effect on the body ’ s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer (要点 1，要点５) ,but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep (要点 1), especially less than seven hours nightly (要点 2) which may cause such health problems as obesity, depression and so on. (要点 4) However, it is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make people more susceptible to cancer.(要点 3)(76 words) 范文解析 范文围绕文章的内容进行了合情合理的拓展。第一段写了“我”在母亲的鼓励之下，一直 坚持不懈的阅读，在图书馆里接触不同类型的各类书籍，最终完全的克服了阅读障碍，本着 对阅读的热爱，“我”在大学将文学作为主修。第二段，我成功获得文学博士学位，并且成为 了一名作家，开始了第一本书的写作，而“我”的第一本书正是关于我的猎犬，与上文对我人 生产生影响的第一本书交相呼应，符合故事发展的逻辑，升华了主题。 提炼归纳 01 关注文本的特征 缩写是对原文要点的综述，因而其表达方式或陈述方式也必须与原文相符合。本文是一 篇科研报告，所以在缩写部分就要点明是谁做的研究、研究的结果怎样、以及研究是如何进 行的等。 02 注重语义的转换 缩写很大程度上依赖于对原有的句子表达的浓缩与改写，这就需要对原文语句进行语义 转换，包括使用非谓语动词短语替换原句子，或者用定语从句整合两个句子之间的关系等。 范文中对要点 1、2、4、5 的整合就充分体现了在缩写中语义转换的重要性。 03 强化整合的逻辑 要点整合涉及到事件或观点之间的时间先后、条件、因果关系等逻辑关系，因而在缩写 的过程中，需充分关注各个要点之间的逻辑关系，并在此基础上对原文要点进行合理地整合。