2021届高考英语二轮专题复习-应用文写作

渐进写作 ① 层次一 写正确地道的语句 想要写好英语作文，就要养成良好的写作意识。 要养成用英语思维写句子的意识。 要养成正确使用谓语动词的意识。 1. 这个星期五，我们将在阶梯教室（lecture hall）上汉语课。 _________________________________________________ 2.在过去几年里，这座小镇发生了很大的变化。 ___________________________________________________ 一、谓语错误 谓语是句子的核心成分，谓语错误属于“重大错误”。通常每错必扣分。谓语错误通常分为以下两类： 谓语动词选用错误 谓语的时态、语态、一致性错误 1. 谓语动词选用错误 1. Doing a parttime job can effect your studies. 2. He opened the light after he entered the room. 3. He fond of pop music while his brother likes raps. 4. He was like ice cream even though in winter. 5. The sports meet will held in our school next Friday. 2. 谓语时态、语态、一致性错误 1. In the morning, we had bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees. 2. Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 3. I have a wide range of hobbies, which includes drawing, collecting stamps and so on. 二、单词拼写错误 很多考生因为基础词汇没掌握好，在写作时经常会出现单词拼写错误。拼写错误一般是每三个错词扣一 分。但拼写错误过多的考生肯定是得不了好分数的。 误： Compared with others, this country pays little attention to the polution. 误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be geting more and more smaller. 三. 非谓语错误 写作中使用非谓语动词时要注意非谓语与句子主语或所修饰名词的谓语关系和被动关系。这是很容易出 错的点。 误： With his attention fixing upon his cellphone, he didn’t notice the teacher was standing by him. 误： Seating on the bench, she buried herself in her thought. 技能应用 改正下列句子中的错误。 1．People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river. 2．It's high time we do something to reduce the number of traffic accidents. 3．There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years. 4．Dr. Smith, together with his wife, are to arrive by taking an evening flight. 一篇高考作文在阅卷时往往在 30 秒钟内就被判定优劣；大众化的词汇、平庸的表达已使长时间工作的 阅卷老师产生了视觉疲劳。如果一篇作文中突然出现几个与众不同、让人眼前一亮的词汇，老师的给分也绝 不会吝啬！ ① This is a friendly game, so we should remember the principle of friendship first. → This is a friendly game, so we should _____________ the principle of friendship first. ② Summer in these cities is hot and rainy, so take summer clothes and an umbrella with you. → Summer in these cities is hot and rainy, so take summer clothes ___________ an umbrella with you. ① I am Li Hua，a student studying in London, who is very glad to be informed of the message that there will be a Chinese painting exhibition in your local art gallery. → I am Li Hua，a student studying in London, who is ________________ to be informed of the message that there will be a Chinese painting exhibition in your local art gallery. ② In order to provide the students with a wonderful match, we need to have enough training. → _______________ provide the students with a _________ match, we need to have enough training. ③ Obviously，blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment. → __________，blindly following others' advice will have an effect on our own judgment. 3．避免重复使用同一词语 写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用近义词语来展示自己的水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异， 也是高级用法。 ① Some students think that it's necessary to ban using cellphones in the campus,...... while other don't think so. → Some students ___________ that it's necessary to ban using cellphones in the campus,...... While other don't think so. ② First of all, you should arrive on time because it is good manners to be on time in China. → First of all, you should arrive on time because it is good manners to be ___________ in China. 技能运用 请用亮点词汇替换下列句子中的黑体部分。 1. We will try our best to develop the traditional friendship between us. → We will try our best to _______ the traditional friendship between us. 2. Finally, your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult. → _________, your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult. 3．As high school students, we should be neatly dressed when at school. _______________ 4．The teacher directed the gifted students towards the more difficult courses. ___________ 3．I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions. _____________________ 4．Our class thought of the idea of how to take advantage of used materials. ______________ 5．We should try to improve ourselves through learning and prepare for the future.__________ 6．I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I'd like you to help me. __________ 8．When you are bored with the people around, you'd better find a quiet place, listening to some classical music. 第五档（1315 分）作文的评分标准中规定“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇”。所以使用丰富多样的句型， 定会让文章出人头地。多样化句型包括简单句，复合句（含三大从句）、并列句、非谓语、特殊句型等。从 层次上来说，复合句、特殊句型要高于简单句，但一篇短文中出现太多的复合句，则会让阅读者(评卷者)产 生疲劳感。因此，写作时不能过度使用复合句，要长短结合。 I 使用并列句 并列句是用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句或相似成分连接起来，使句子更紧凑。 但并列两个主语时，要特别注意谓语的数。 一、并列句的类型及并列连词 类型 连词 并列关系(递进关系) and, as well as，both...and...，not only...but also...，neither...nor... 转折关系 but, yet, whereas 选择关系 or, otherwise, or else，either ...or ..., not ...but ... 因果关系 for, so, therefore, thus 对比关系 while 二、并列句的常用句型 1．not only ...but also... 不但……，而且…… not only ... but also 连接两个句子时，前面的句子要用部分倒装。 Not only ________________ (外国人喜欢) to visit the Great Wall, but we Chinese are also anxious to see it. 2．祈使句/名词词组＋and/or＋陈述句 该句型前面的祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句；连词后面的陈述句则常用一般将来时。推荐使用！ _________________________ (如果你学会理解) you will keep away from a world full of sadness and disappointment. 3．had done/be doing/be about to do ...when ...刚做完某事/正做某事/正要做某事，这时…… 该句型常是一个非常英语化的表达，指某动作正要发生、正在发生或刚刚发生，这时，另一个动作发生了。 One day, I was walking to my school _________ I found an old lady lying on the street, looking very painful. 【技能运用】用适当的并列连词填空。 1．Some choose to avoid the problems _____ others decide to deal with them. 2．First, I'm openminded and warmhearted, __ I'm getting along well with everyone. 3．You can contact me ______ by phone or by email if you want to know more about our university. 4．I worked hard at English and devoted all my spare time to practicing it, _______ I failed to pass the midterm examination. 5．It's really very dangerous.One more step, ______ the baby will fall into the well. 6．I was walking along the river ________ I heard a boy crying for help. 7．_________ can students improve their writing skills in this way ________ they can strengthen their selfconfidence. II 使用三大从句 三大从句通常为定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句，而名词性从句又分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句。写作中三大从句的运用就是语言掌握能力的体现。建议一篇短文中三类从句要各写一个。 一、润色添彩的定语从句 定语从句能够比较清楚地反映出考生对于语言较高的掌握能力，所以建议考生一定要在写作中至少使用 一个恰到好处的定语从句。 I'm a Chinese student, who is taking a summer course in London now (暑期正在伦敦学习)。 在写作中如果我们可以把两个简单句合并为一个含有定语从句的复合句，就是从低级到高级表达的转换。 I'm glad to learn that you want a student volunteer. I am quite interested in it. → I'm glad to learn that you want a student volunteer, _____________________________. During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside.In the countryside，the air is fresh and people are friendly. → During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside, ________________________________________. 二、丰富多样的名词性从句 名词性从句是写作中常见的高级表达方式。在写作中我们如果能够把两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性 从句的复合句，对写作是一种质的升华。 常用的名词性从句句型有： 1) I'm glad to learn that... 2) I hold the belif that... 3) I’d like to share with you good news that... 4) What I want to stress/ impressed me most is that... 5) One reason for sth is / was that... 6) There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问...... 7) It is obvious/clear that... 显然...... 8) It occurred to me that... 我突然想起...... 1) 我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。 ______________________we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty. 2) 我非常高兴地得知你们的美术馆将举办一个中国画画展。 I'm glad to learn that your gallery will host a Chinese painting exhibition. 3) He said a lot at the meeting. His words were very attractive. → _____________________________ was very attractive. 4）Our women volleyball team had won the championship.The news encouraged us all greatly. → The news _________________________________________________________ encouraged us all greatly. 三、条理分明的状语从句 状语从句主要包括时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、比较、方式、目的和结果等九类从句。英语写作中， 状语从句是经常用到的句型，它的灵活运用使作文更具吸引力。 三、常用状语从句 1. 当......的时候：when... 2. 一......就......： the instant/ moment + 句子 3. So adj. _________ when... 4. Hardly had +S + done when... 5. 假如，如果：if......; Supposing/Providing that.... 6. 因为：because + 句子/ because of + n./ doing 1) 最重要的是，通常老年人是第一个品尝桌上饭菜的人，因为在中国老年人非常受尊重。 Most importantly, the elderly are usually the first to taste the food served on the table ___________________ _____________________________________. 2) 当谈到最喜欢的季节时，我总是会立即想到春天。 _________________________________, spring will always occur to me in no time. 【技能运用】使用从句完成下列句子。 1．我特别的爱好是读书看报，这已经成为我日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。 My favorite hobby is reading books and newspapers, ________________________________________． 2．我们都知道，当我们需要帮助时，我们的朋友会伸出援手，帮我们渡过难关。 _____________，when we need help our friends will lend us a hand and help us get through difficult situations. 3．使我印象最深的是他们都经过了专业培训。 ______________________ was that they had had professional training． 4．我想知道你能否给我提供一些如何交朋友的建议。 I wonder _______________________________________________． 5．每当有人需要帮助，我就会尽力去帮助他。 ______________________________, I will spare no effort to help him. III 使用非谓语动词 1. 两个具有某种逻辑关系的简单句，也可以用非谓语动词连接起来变成较高级表达。 2. 非谓语动词在句中可以充当定语、状语，所以大多数定语从句和状语从句都可以改写成非谓语动词。 The boys wanted to finish the work earlier. They were making the most of time. → The boys were making the most of time ____________________ the work earlier. 例 2 I am writing to invite you to attend the Chinese papercutting art exhibition.It will be held in the art gallery from 8：00 a．m. to 5: 00 p．m. next Sunday in our city center. → I am writing to invite you to attend the Chinese papercutting art exhibition to be held in the art gallery from 8： 00 a.m. to 5: 00 p.m. next Sunday in our city center. 用非谓语动词转换复合句一般是转换从句部分。要注意的是：主、从句的人称须一致。 如果主从句主语不一致，则从句这样变：去掉连词，保留主语，把原谓语变成ing/ed。 Since you have realized that your time is limited, you're supposed to make full use of it to work hard for your dream. →Having realized that your time is limited, you're supposed to make full use of it to work hard for your dream. If it is carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make remarkable progress. →Carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make remarkable progress. If weather permits, we will go out for a picnic this weekend. → _________________, we will go out for a piknic this weekend. 经典错句： 1. Hearing the terrible news, tears welled up in her eyes. 2. Faced with challenges, my confidence never fades down. 3. Receiving the rejection letter from my firstchosen university, my heart sank into the darkness. 【技能运用】运用非谓语动词转换下列句子。 1．All the people here like the novel.It is written by Tom. →All the people here like the novel _______________． 2．I feel quite sorry for that.I begin to think about what to do to help. →_____________________________, I begin to think about what to do to help. 3．When we are faced with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help. →________________________, we need friends to give us comfort and help. 4．After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner. →____________________________________for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner. Faced with difficulties Having practiced playing basketball 5．As the society develops rapidly, it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer. →With the society __________________, it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer. developing rapidly IV 使用特殊句式 特殊句式通常指强调结构、倒装句、it 作形式主语、省略句等。特殊句式的使用能使文章大放异彩，强 烈推荐使用。 一、重点突出的强调句型 在写作中，我们可以通过强调句型将句子提高到一个高的层次。 强调句型可强调除谓语动词外的其他成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。它的灵活运用不仅有助于增强表达 效果，突出要强调的重点，更能彰显考生对英语表达的能力。其基本结构为： “It is/was＋被强调部分＋ that/who＋其他”。 强调句型通常用来强调主语、宾语、时间状语、地点状语，不可以强调ly 状语！ ① The teacher's praise contributes to my success. → ____________________________________________________. ② They didn't realize the importance of environmental protection until all the fish in the river died out. → ________________________________________________________________________________________. 二、倒装句型 在写作中在写作中，我们可以通过倒装让句子更高级。倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包 括部分倒装和全部倒装。 1．“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。 Only in this way we can students study happily and effectively. 2．none, neither, nor, not, never, hardly, little, seldom 等否定词，以及由 no 构成的否定短语如 at no time, by no means 等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。 _________________________ (它不仅影响我们的生活）, but it also puts people's lives at risk. 3．as 表示“尽管……”时，所在的句子用部分倒装。 _____________ (虽然他只是个孩子)，he knows a lot about astronomy. 4．在 so/such ...that ...结构中，当 so/such ...位于句首时，其后的句子用全部倒装。 _______________ (我太激动了) that I couldn't wait to try putting them on. 5．here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语 置于句首，且主语是名词而不是代词时，句子用全部倒装。 In that picture, around the table with three books on it _______________ (坐着三个学生). 三、避免头重脚轻的 it 句式 在英语中，为了避免头重脚轻，经常运用 it 作形式主语或宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语后置，作真正主 语或宾语的常为不定式或从句。 灵活地运用 it 句型可提升文章的档次，使文章更高级。 1. That you register to shower your talent is a good idea. 2. That a smartphone plays an important role in our dayily life is true. 3. I think to learn with you the poems written in the Tang Dynasty great fun. 4. 5. I would appreciate it if you could agree to my request. 【技巧应用】用强调句型、倒装句或 it 句式完成下列句子。 1．正是多年艰苦的工作才让他获得了今天的成功。 __________________________ has made him successful today. 2．只有通过学习你才能发现这种语言的魅力。 _____________________________ the beauty of this language. 3．体育馆门前站着很多手拿鲜花的学生，他们在等待贵宾的到来。 In front of the stadium ___________________ holding flowers，waiting for the arrival of the honored guests. 4．我非常荣幸能够站在这里谈一些关于友谊的感悟。 _____________________ here and say something about friendship. 在高考试题的书面表达的“注意”中明确要求：◆ 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。这里的“适当增加 细节”并不是想怎么写就怎么写，是有要求的。 书面表达中，适当添加细节的方法有： 1. 在写作目的前添加背景信息，是应用文写作的最常见开头 2. 在主体要点前添加一个承上启下的句子 3. 在要点句基础上，添加相关的原因、结果和目的等内容 4. 以要点句为中心，列举具体的实例进行补充说明 5. 主体要点写完后，结尾适当发挥，写出个人的感受、愿望和倡议等。 例 1. 你的英国朋友 Jim 所在的学校要组织学生来中国旅行, 有两条线路可以选择:“长江之行”或者“泰山之 旅”。Jim 来信希望你能给些建议。请你给他回信, 内容包括: 1.你建议的线路; 2.你的理由; 3.你的祝愿。 解析：这里的背景要点是什么？ ________________________________________________________________________________________. （Of the two trips to the Yangtze River and Mount Tai, I strongly recommend you to tour along the Yangtze River 目的) 1. Here is some relevant/related information about it. 2. My reasons are as follows. 3. I have some advantages for the post. 4. Detailed information is as follows. 例 2. 上海博物馆拟举办一次名画展，现就展出场所〔博物馆还是社区图书馆〕征集公众意见，假设你是王 敏，给上海博物馆写一封信表达你的想法。你的信必须满足以下要求： 1．简述你写信的目的及你对场所的选择；2．说明你的理由〔从便利性，专业性等方面对这两个场 所进行对比〕。 解析：背景要点和写信目的： I've learned that an art exhibition is to be held and that you are collecting suggestions on its location.I'm writing this letter to share with you my opinions. In my opinion, it is more advisable to hold the art exhibition in Shanghai Museum than in community libraries. (你的选择？) 主体要点是你的理由。 在例举理由前，可以加上： _____________________________. 例 3 假定你是李华，暑假在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要剧版中国画展。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容 包括: 1.写信目的: 2.个人优势: 3.能做的事情。 注意:1.词数 100 左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 解析：本文主要点是：个人优势和能做的事 结合背景信息，可定要点： 1）我擅长英语和汉语 2）我能让外国人和当地人更好地了解中国画。 要点 1：I have a good command of English and Chinese 我为什么擅长英语和汉语? having lived in China for years and having learned English since a child 我擅长英语和汉语有什么好处？ which is of benefit for introducing Chinese paintings to visitors 要点 1： Having lived in China for years and having learned English since a child, I have a good command of English and Chinese, which is of benefit for introducing Chinese paintings to visitors. 要点 2: I can get foreigners and the locals to know more about it. 为什么? I have a good knowledge of Chinese paintings 要点 2： I have a good knowledge of Chinese paintings. Thus, I can get foreigners and the locals to know better about it. 4. 以要点句为中心，列举具体的实例进行补充说明 有时题目所提示的要点比较笼统，如 2. 活动内容，这时考生要尽可能具体地写出活动的内容。要记住： 只有一句话的要点都是苍白无力、没有说服力的。 解析：以工作为例：I will work ...... 如何写？ 在哪工作、做什么工作？ 工作情况：喜不喜欢？和同事的关系？工作干得怎样？ 结果怎么样？ in a computer company as a program designer. enjoy my work and get along well with my colleagues. I can do well in whatever I do. As a result, I will be promoted to the manager of a department. Practice: 以”业余生活“为例：In my free time, I will...... 如何写？ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________. 5. 主体要点写完后，不要以”Looking forward to your reply”来结尾，要写出上文相响应的结尾，如个 人的感受、愿望和倡议等，即要写“应景的结尾”。 邀请信：1）We would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at your early convenience. 2）I would appreciate it if you could give thought to my invitation. 建议信：I sincerely hope my advice can be helpful to you and that you can enjoy your new school life. (愿望) 咨询信：1) Any constructive advice on ... will be highly appreciated. 2) Thank you and your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 申请信：1）I have the confidence that my enthusiasm and devotion will surpass your expectation. 2）I’d appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration. Looking forward to your reply. 倡议信：As students, it's our duty to protect our school environment. (倡议) 告知信：Bear these tips in mind and you’ll find ...... easy and comfortable. 求助信：I would be grateful if you could lend me a helping hand. 通 知：If you’re interested, please email your application to studentcouncil @sohu.com no later than/by June 10, 2020. 道歉信：Once again, I’m sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can take my apology into account. 感谢信：No words are strong enough to convey how grateful I am. 【技能应用】 1. 我要花一些时间和父母在一起。 I'll spend some time staying with my parents. → I'll spend some time staying with my parents, _______________________________________________. 2. 我看到了一些不良行为。 I found some bad behaviour. → I found some bad behaviour. __________________________________________________________________. 3. 过去我有时去村西的小河里游泳。 I went swimming in the river to the west of the village now and then. → __________________, I went swimming in the river to the west of the village now and then, _______________ ____________________________. 4. 旅行了一周后，他回到了家。 After a week's trip, he returned home. → After a week's trip, he returned home, _____________________. 5. 我需要好好休息。 I need a good rest. → I need a good rest ______________________________________________. 6. 演讲时要面带微笑。要讲慢些，讲清楚。 You should wear a smile when you make a speech. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly. → You should wear a smile when you make a speech, _________________________________. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly _____________________________________________________. 衔接（过渡）性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使 用一些承上启下的衔接（过渡）性词语是非常必要的。中学阶段应该掌握的衔接（过渡）性词语可以归纳如 下： 1．表示起始关系的过渡性词语 firstly, first of all, to begin/start with, with the development of 2．表示并列关系的过渡性词语 and, or, as well as, not only... but also..., either... or..., neither ... nor ..., not ... but ...等。 3. 表示转折关系的过渡性词语 but, yet, however, nevertheless, otherwise, on the contrary, in spite of 4．表示因果关系的过渡性词语 because, as, since, for, thanks to, due to, as a result of, so, thus, therefore, as a result/consequence。 5．表示递进关系的过渡性词语 besides, in addition, additionally, what's more, furthermore, moreover, what's worse, still less, to make matters worse, worse still, on the one hand ... on the other hand..., for one thing ... for another ... 6．表示列举事实的过渡性词语 such as, like, including, for example/instance, take... for example, that is to say, as follows 7．表示观点的过渡性词语 in my opinion, in my view, from my point of view, as far as I am concerned, as for me, personally 8．表示总结的过渡性词语 in short, in brief, in conclusion, in a/one word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in general 虽然衔接性词语很多，但考生只要记住几组最常见的表达就可以应对高考。 1) 表示两者并列或递进关系： some......, while others （并列） for one thing..., for another... on the one hand... on the other hand 2) 表示三者递进关系： first of all/ first and foremost (首先)...furthermore/moreover (其次)... ultimately/ last but not least (最后)... 【技能应用】 1. ______________ (首先), thank you for helping me learn English. 2. She finally earned their respect, and became confident ________ (和) wellbehaved. 3．___________（然而）, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future. 4. ___________ (因此), it would be great if you could join my team and show your talent. 5. ______________(另外), I'm eager to learn how to appreciate western paintings, and it would be great if you could tell us some tricks about how to paint. 6. I'll engage in various sports, ___________(例如) swimming, running and ball games. 7. ______________ (就我个人而言), I'd like to learn western painting skills. 8. ______________ (总之), travelling is the best choice if you want to recharge yourself and get ready for new challenges.