2021届高考英语阅读微技能突破2020全国卷阅读易错题整理：细节理解（含对点练习） 含答案

2021 高考英语阅读微技能突破 2020 全国卷阅读易错题整理：细节理解（含对点练习） 项目一：基于错题重做：2020 真题阅读 （一）细节理解 学生版： 1、（2020 全国卷 1） 这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工 程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一 些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。 D The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown， Ohio ， for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse， even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, ＂ explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. 33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer? A. To detect plants’ lack of water B. To change compositions of plants C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants. 教师版：(正确答案：A ） 一、词汇重点 connection n. 联系 subject n. 主题，实验对象 productive adj. 能生产的；多产的；富有成效的 composition n. 作文，作曲，作品；[材] 构成；合成物；成分 diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的 sensor n. 传感器 detect vt. 察觉；发现；探测 engineer v. 设计，策划 二、句子结构分析 The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse， even unusual functions. 主干：The engineers have taken it a step further . 分析：at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)介词短语作后置定语，changing the actual composition of plants 现在分词短语作状语， in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions 不定式作目的状语。 参考译文：麻省理工学院(MIT)的工程师们更进一步，他们改变了植物的实际组成， 使它们发挥不同的、甚至不同寻常的功能。 三、解题突破 细节理解题。根据第二段中 These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检 测植物缺水的情况。故选 A。 四、干扰选项 选项 B 是错误理解 changing the actual composition of plants；选项 c 是无中生有；选 项 D 是偷换宾语，文中 a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater，文中 讲 groundwater，选项是 plants。 五、出题句翻译背诵 These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. 翻译：这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以 检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。 2、（2020 山东卷 ） 这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了 Jennifer 在家里不能提供大学教育的情况下，通过 自己的努力，以及家人的帮助完成了四年学位。她的努力不仅让自己以优异的成绩毕 业，还给家人，尤其是她的三个孩子树立了榜样，让他们得到了激励。 B Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree. Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition( 学 费 ), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling. Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jenifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times. 5. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield? A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses. C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there. 教师版：(正确答案：A ） 一、词汇重点 willpower n. 意志力；毅力 pursue v. 继续；从事；追求 bear fruit 取得成果 earn a bachelor's degree 获得学士学位 technical college （英）工学院；专科学校 set aside 留出 advance 推进 二、句子结构分析 She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. 主干：She decided to go back to college. 分析：to advance her career and to be able to better support her family 由 and 并列两个不 定式作目的状语；while doing something she loves: nursing 是状语从句的省略。 参考译文：她决定回到大学去发展自己的事业，并在做自己喜欢的事情——护理的同 时更好地支持她的家庭。 三、解题突破 细节 理解题 。根据 第三 段的 She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Misnistry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids 可知， Jennifer 选择位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的 UW-Eau Claire 项目是因为离家近， 这样便于照顾她的三个孩子，故选 A 项。 四、干扰选项 B 和 C 选项容易因为片面理解这句话而曲解文意 She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. D 选项颠倒是非，文中指丈夫努力工作支付费用:Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills. 五、出题句翻译背诵 She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Misnistry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. 翻译：她选择了位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的 UW-Eau Claire 项目，因为她可以 在离家近的地方攻读四年的学位。她可以开车去上课，晚上可以回家照顾孩子 。 3、（2020 浙江卷 ） 这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细 致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保 持敏锐。 C Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating( 刺 激 ), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知 ) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. 28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests? A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits. C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability. 教师版：(正确答案：D ） 一、词汇重点 analytical adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的 managerial adj. [管理] 管理的 gather v. 聚集，集合 assess vt. 评定；估价 a battery of 一连串的 sorts of 各种，多种多样的 retirement n. 退休 二、句子结构分析 Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. 主干：a study suggests... 分析：that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills 中 that 引 导 定 语 从 句 ， as you age 中 as 引 导 时 间 状 语 从 句 ， published Wednesday in the journalNeurology 过去分词短语作后置定语。 参考译文：周三发表在《神经学》(Neurology)杂志上的一项研究表明，具有挑战性的 工作需要大量的分析思维、计划和其他管理技能，这可能有助于你的大脑随着年龄的 增长保持敏锐。 三、解题突破 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests 可知，科学家让志愿者 做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选 D 项。 四、干扰选项 A 选 项 容 易 错 误 定 位 到 第 三 最 后 一 句 而 选 择 The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.B 和 C 属于无中生有。 五、出题句翻译背诵 Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. 翻译：来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了 1000 多名 75 岁以上的退休老人，并通 过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。 二、对点练习 1. （广东一模） D ...Scientists wished to check what would happen to the seeds after being exposed to extraterrestrial （ 地 外 的 ） forces in lunar orbit and also hoped that they could develop beneficial mutations（突变）.This mission offered good opportunities to scientists，which enabled them to deepen their studies on the effect of cosmic rays on the growth and evolution of life on Earth. Space-based mutation breeding refers to the process of exposing seeds to fores such as microgravity, vacuums and cosmic radiation during a spaceflight and then sending them back to Earth for further observation and planting. Researchers observe and examine several generations of plants grown from space-bred seeds and investigate their mutations—some are positive and desirable while others are negative.Those with positive mutations will be kept and analyzed,and will be introduced to farmers after their certification and approval.... 33. What do we know about space-based mutation breeding? A. It is not a time-consuming process. B. Mutations develop in a random way. C. It often brings about desirable effects. D. Approval will be granted to mutated plants 正确答案选 B 解释：细节理解题。根据“some are positive and desirable while others are negative.” （有些是积极的和可取的，而另一些是消极的），由此可知突变以随机的方式发展。 故选 B。 2.（广州一模） No-we don't need it Punctuation. Even, if a sentence is badly punctuated. like this one: It can still be, understood. This short piece of text shows that it is the words that are the important part of the sentence, not the symbols between them. Oxford-based linguist Kelly Jones says, "It is the order in which the words appear that conveys the meaning, not the punctuation marks. If there is any doubt in the meaning of the sentence, people are clever enough to work out what the person is really trying to say. For instance, when people speak, they do not use punctuation and yet we can still understand each other.”Also, punctuation can be confusing -there are lots of complex rules to observe, and if it is used incorrectly it can cause more problems than if there were none, Punctuation simply isn't needed. 31. Which of the following can be a strong argument against Kelly Jones's opinion? A Punctuation adds to the effect and richness of a language. B. Without punctuation, people would be breathless when speaking. C Pauses and tones in speech serve similar functions to punctuation. D. The choice and order of words are important to conveying meaning. 正确答案选 A 解释：细节理解题。Oxford-based linguist Kelly Jones says, "It is the order in which the words appear that conveys the meaning, not the punctuation marks. If there is any doubt in the meaning of the sentence, people are clever enough to work out what the person is really trying to say. For instance, when people speak, they do not use punctuation and yet we can still understand each other.”（牛津大学的语言学家 Kelly Jones 说:“单词出现的 顺序，而不是标点符号，能传达意思。如果对这句话的意思有任何疑问，人们会聪明 到理解这个人真正想说什么。例如，当人们说话时，他们不使用标点符号，但我们仍 然可以理解对方。”） 文中 Kelly Jones 观点是单词的出现顺序传达意思而不是标点符 号，所以题目与 Kelly Jones 相反的观点是 A，故选 A。 3.(湖北武汉市测试） US and Canadian researchers recently calculated the total amount of the world's groundwater and estimated that it is equal to a lake 180 metres deep covering the entire Earth. This makes groundwater the largest active freshwater resource on the planet. The team also investigated its age. How did they do this? Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原 子 的 ) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than50 years old. If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of "modern" groundwater spread equally over the continents. 12. In order to know the age of groundwater, we can ________. A find its time stamp B. test atomic weapons C. examine its freshness D. spread groundwater equally 正确答案选 A 解释：细节理解题。根据第二段“Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms.(人类在开始测试核武器时在地球上 引入了方便的时间签名。这就留下了一个可以在水、岩石和生物体内找到的时间印记)” 可知，为了了解地下水的年龄，我们可以找到它的时间印记。故选 A 项。