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05 年——2010 年阅读中出现的重要单词
2005 年单词词组总结
单词：
affect vt. 影响
discovery n. 发现
preference n. 偏好，喜好
signal n. 信号
vivid adj. 生动的
analysis n. 分析
intimate adj. 亲密的
rude adj. 粗鲁的
aggressive adj. 进取的，好争斗的，挑衅的
permit v. 允许，许可 n. 许可证
typically adv. 代表性地，作为特色地
glance vi & n. 一瞥，扫视
exchange vt. & n. 交换，交流
threat n. 威胁，恫吓；噩兆，兆头
interaction n. 合作，配合，互动
emit vt. 发出，放出
exceedingly adv. 过分地，过多地，极为
uncomfortable adj. 不舒服，不舒适
communicate v. 交流，交际
gaze v. n. 注视
dismount vi. 下车，下马
originate v. 起源于，来自；创造，开创
prominent adj. 突起的；显著的，杰出的，著名的
originally adv. 起初，原来
original adj. 起初的；原来的；独创的，新颖的，原版的；n. 原文，原稿
initiate vt. 开始，着手；传授，使初步了解；接纳新成员，让加入
recognize vt. 意识到，承认，认可，辨别出
amateur adj. 业余的
professional adj. 专业的
separate vt. 分开
competition n. 竞争
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involve vt. 使某事成为必要条件或结果，需要；使参与，牵涉
obstacle v. & n. 障碍（物），妨碍
aimlessly adv. 毫无目标地
moist adj. 潮湿的 ， 微湿的
disturbance n. 打扰，打乱，骚乱，困扰
hazard vt. 尝试着做，冒风险 n. 危险
challenge v. & n. 挑战
innocent adj. 无知的，无辜的
convert v. 转变， 转换，兑换
maximum adj.&n. 最高的，最大的；最高限度，最大量
landlord n. 地主
profit n. 利润
invest v. 投资， 花费
apartment n. 公寓
minimum adj & n. 最低的，最小的；最低限度，最小量
replace vt. 代替 更换，把放回原位
increase v. & n. 增加, 增多
decrease v. 缩短，减小；n. 减少，减低，减少（量）
dignity n. 尊严
furthermore adv. 而且，此外
economic adj. 经济的，经济学的； 合算的，有经济效益的
economical adj. 节俭的，节约的
economist n. 经济学家
critcize vi. 批评
charge v. 命令，委托，控告，使充电，收费，要价; n. 指责，控告，猛攻，费用，掌管，
照管，指示，命令，电荷
词组
result in 致使，造成
grow into 长成
trial and error 反复试验, 从失败中找到解决办法
be associated with/ in asscociation with 与…有关
be exposed to 暴露于…
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fire engine 消防车
make a statement 陈述
social situation 社会境况
leave alone 不理, 不管〔惹〕, 不烦扰, 不干涉
cut off 剪〔切, 砍〕下；切〔隔〕断, 阻碍；迅速离开
eye contact 眼神交流，四目注视
stare at 盯着看
be likely to 有可能
depend on 依赖，依靠
for instance 例如
make one’s way 走, 行走, 前进
millions of 成千上百万的
bring death to 导致……的死亡
be converted to 转变成，兑换成
a shortage of 缺乏
according to 根据
agree on 同意
minimum wage 最低工资
in danger 处于危险之中
句型：
For primitive men, activity during the day time meant hunting and attacking, in which he
soon saw red, the color of blood and hunting and fire.
Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interaction, you need to emit
a signal telling others you want to be left alone.
It contains almost more power than we can imagine.
The water level rises as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.
Other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decrease.
Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum
wage.
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2006 年单词词组总结
单词：
relaxing adj. 放松的
meaningful adj. 有意义的
activity n. 活动
appealing adj. 有吸引力的
urban adj. 城市的
suburban adj. 郊区的
purchase vt. & n . 购买
well-planned adj. 计划好的
well-kept adj. 维护良好的，状态良好的
nutrition n. 营养
diet n. 日常饮食，规定饮食 v. 节食
enjoyable adj. 愉快的，享受的
escape vi & n. 逃脱，逃避
require v. 规定，要求
perform v. 执行，履行；表演，扮演
inconvenient adj. 不便的
regular adj. 不规则的
failure n. 失败
negative adj. 否定的，消极的
fortunately adv. 幸运地
glimpse vt. & n. 一瞥，一看
distract vt. 使（人）分心，分散（注意力）
predict v. 语言，预测，预示
secretary n. 秘书，部长，大臣
routine n. 例行公事，惯例，惯常的程序；adj. 例行的，常规的
efficient adj. 有能力的，效率高的
well-trained adj. 训练有素的
humanity n . 人类，人性
popular adj. 受欢迎的，流行的，通俗的，大众化的，普通的，广泛的，公众的
slightly adv. 稍微地，程度小地
exist vi. 存在，生存，活下来，幸存
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represent vt. 表现，描绘，代表，象征
evolution n. 演变，进化，发展
lifeless adj. 无生命的
primitive adj. 原始的，早期的，
examine vt. 仔细检查，审查
spare vt. 节省，舍不得，抽出，腾出，饶恕，赦免；adj. 多余的，备用的，瘦的；n. 备
用零件，备用轮胎
proceed vi. 继续下去，前进，行进
vaguely adv. 含糊地，大概地
unemploy vt. 解雇，失业
recession n. 经济萧条
unavailable adj. 无法得到
browse v. 浏览
estimate v. & n. 估计
potential adj. & n. 潜在的， 潜力
secondary adj. 次要的，此等的， 中级的，第二的
would-be adj. 将要成为的
match vt. 使相配，使相称，n. 比赛，竞赛，对手，敌手，相配之物
resume v. 重新开始，恢复，再占有 n. 摘要，概略， 履历
executive n. 主管，执行官；adj. 执行的，行政的；有行政能力的
intelligence n. 智力， 理解了，情报，消息，情报人员
malnutrition n. 营养不良
double adj. 双倍的，两面派的； n. 两倍 v. 是…的两倍，加倍
severely adv. 严重地，十分，极度
recommend vt. 推荐，介绍，劝告，建议
policy n. 政策，方针， 策略，保险单
extremely adv. 极端，及其，非常
resource n. 资源
词组：
in addition (to) 而且，此外
home gardening 家庭园艺
home-grown 自家种植，自产的
be superior to 优越于
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a supply of 供应
make it possible 使之成为可能
care for 关心，照顾
be properly prepared 做好合适的准备
be looked upon as 被当作
tell lies 说谎
take shorthand 速记
keep away (使)不接近，（使)缺席
be restricted to 受限于
no more than 只是
compress into 压缩成
instead of 而不是
rather than 而不是
internet-addicted 上网有隐的，沉迷于网络的
job seekers 求职者
online job site 在线求职网站
be filled with 充满
in response to 回应
the amount of time 时间（总量）
suffer from 遭受
fail to do 没能做成
be full of 充满
economic growth 经济增长
a lack of 缺乏
up to 多达
at the rate of 以…的速度
deal with 处理
cope with 处理
living conditions 工作条件
health care 医疗
take action 采取行动
take over 接管; 接替；在…上花费；带, 领…到另一地
drop out of school 辍学
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句型：
One should not plant a garden that is too large for him to care for.
They are as efficient and well-trained to cope with word processors and computers and
computers as men.
But those oceans remain lifeless until sometimes in March or early April, when the first
living things develop.
The more unrelated resumes managers have to go through in order to select the few to
bring in for interviews, the longer it takes to fill the position.
In addition, poorly nourished children are more likely to drop out of school and earn less
money as adults.
2007 年单词词组总结
Under proper
conditions
在合适的条件下 sound waves 声波
be reflected from 从…反射 hillside 山腰山坡
obstruction 障碍物 at the rate of 以…的速度
echo 回声 practical application 实际应用
target 目标 radio waves 无线电波
penetrate 穿过 fog 雾
cloud 云 outnumbered 数量上超过
Royal Air Force
(RAF)
英国皇家空军 device 装置
initial 最初的，开头的 word radar 语言雷达
coin 创造 In general 总的来说
ancient 古代的 philosophy 哲学
pure 纯的 mathematics 数学
ancient engineer 古代的工程师 architect 建筑师
brilliant 辉煌的 geometry 几何的
trigonometry 三角学 apply 应用
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construction 建筑 bridge 桥梁
aqueduct 渠道 public building 公共建筑
smelt 提炼，熔炼 iron ore 铁矿石
spear 矛枪 sword 宝剑
shield 盾牌 practical wonder 注重实际的奇观
theoretical scientific
thinking
理论科学思想 frequent 时常发生的
invention 发明创造 no more than 不过是
improvement 增加、该进，改善 familiar 熟悉的
neglect of 忽略… apparently 显然的
conquer 攻克 empire 帝国
abstract 抽象的 handicapped 妨碍
rigidity 死板 counterpart 极相像的人
multiply 相乘 divide 相除
arithmetic 算数，计算 abacus 算盘
network 网状物，网络 relative 相对的，比较的
neighbor 邻居 colleague 同事
opposite 相反的，对立的 career 职业、生涯
medical problem 医学问题 choosing a school or
college
选择学校或大学
play an important
role
起到重要作用 networked individual 网络装的个体
hike 徒步旅行 institute 建立、着手
navigation 航行、领航 formal 正式的、形式上的
knot 打结、纠结 cruise 乘船旅游
knockabout 喧闹的、到处闲荡的 loaded 带负载的，富有的
plot 情节，计划，划分 tide 潮流，趋势
main type 主要类型 secondary 中等的
colonial 殖民地的 institution 惯例，习俗，制度
curriculum 总课程 ministry （政府的）部
principal 最重要的，主要的
08-10 年单词词组总结
extremely
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embarrassing
incapable of
advertising/election campaign
sensitive to
description
tactless
focus on
tip
disabled
exchange ideas with one another
a growing number of
establish
show off
provided that/if
mood
outlook
…, say the experts,…
effectiveness
non-drug approach/ non-poisonous
unwanted
head for
in high spirits
boost/increase/ improve the heart rate
favorably
get involved in
make a big profit
significance
emphasize
solution
average
eventually
For one thing,…for another
inherit
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copes with
put on weight
lifestyle
alter the balance between food and fitness
violent
ritual
automatically
for the purpose of
explanation
routine
far from universal
in the case of
stereotyped in structure
differ from culture to culture
the most common way for sb to do
regard as
go through this process
achieve his goal
related to
steady and dependable
practical and organized
stick to
on the other hand
derive…from…
absorb our attention
lessen
imaginary
resemble
represent unfamiliar types
acquaintance
bore
sympathy
a wide range of experiences
valuable
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bank account
free of charge
to our heart’s content
accessible
belong to
a national epidemic
incredible
over the past decade
image
no longer
tolerant
lower
accompany
political corruption
statistics
available
conscious of
issue
qualified
in no way
legal
fatality
Ironical.
Casual.
Optimistic
Realistic
Positive/negative/passive
Objective
Critical of
occur
convince…of…
adolescent
in contrast
internal/external
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honorable
on the air
object to
trick/tricky
financial
confirm
turn down
particular
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2005 年——2010 年真题重要语法要点及所涉及真题
一、倒装结构重要知识点
① 谓语是 be, 表语提前时，整个句子需倒装。
Happy is he who devoted himself to the cause of communism.
Such was Albert Einstein, a single man of great achievements.
② 地点状语提前，为了保持句子平衡且谓语是 be , stand, sit , lie, come 等动词时。
On every piece of paper was a picture of a horse.
From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor’s voice.
③ 在以 so, nor, neither 开头的句子里。(…也是; …也不是）
I get up at seven and so does my brother.
He didn’t do it and neither did I.
He didn’t smoke, nor did he drink.
注：
１）如果后一个句子只是单纯的重复前面句子的意思，则不倒装.（…确实是）
--It is hot today. --So it is.
２）如按照别人的意思做了什么事，so 也不用倒装(…某人照办了）
The teacher asked me to read louder, and I did so.
④ 在不带 if 的虚拟条件从句中。
Should he be interested in this subject, he might work hard at it.
(=If he should be interested in this subject, …)
Had I known the answer, I should have told you.
(=If I had known the answer, I should have …)
⑤ 在否定或半否定词放句首表示强调时，部分倒装。
never hardly scarcely seldom little barely rarely nowhere by no means in no
case at no time
not …until hardly (scarcely)…when no sooner….than
Never before have I met him.
Hardly did I think it possible.
Not a single paper did the scholar write the whole term（条款，条件）.
Seldom did the boy read newspaper.
Little do I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery（风景，景色）.
Not until mom came back did she know the truth.
Hardly had he entered the house when it began to rain.
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No sooner had they entered the house than it began to rain.
⑥ Neither..nor 连接的两个句子都要倒装；
not only…but also 连接的两个句子时，not only 后面的句子要倒装, but also 不倒装
1) Neither has he called on her, nor will he do so.
2) Not only shall we learn from books, but also we should learn from practice.
⑦ 当"so (such)...that..."结构中的 so 或 such 位于句首时,构成部分倒装句。
So busy is the dentist that he has no time to spare.
⑧ only 位于句首,修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时,要用部分倒装。
注意:
1） only 修饰状语从句时,主句中倒装,从句中不倒装;
只有当他回来时我们才能知道结果
Only when he came back could we know the results.
2） only 修饰的不是状语时,则不用倒装语序。
Only the teachers can come in.
9 当 as / though 引导让步状语从句时,可出现
“名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 分词 + as + 主语 + 动词”或
“动词 + as + 主语 + 助动词的倒装形式。
当表语是名词时,名词前不加任何冠词。
Tired as he was, he continued to work.
（2）05 年到 2010 年倒装结构真题总结再现
1 David has made great progress recently.
, and .
A So he has, so you have B So he has, so have you
C So has he, so you have D So has he, so have you
2 Never before available for quick and easy access in so many
different fields of study.
A so much free information B were so much free information
C has so much free information been D so much free information has been
3 Hardly making the speech when the people stood up
applauding.
A has the speaker finished B the speaker had finished
C had the speaker finished D had finished the speaker
4 So fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
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A light travels B travels light
C do light travel D does light travel
5 No sooner begun to speak than some noise arose from the audience.
A he had B had he C he has D did he
6 Not until the game had begun at the sports ground.
A had he arrived B would he have arrived
C did he arrive D should he have arrived
二、主谓一致、形容词副词、平行结构、感叹句、反意疑问句重要知识点
主谓一致：
① 动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词要用单数。
Growing flowers needs constant watering.
② news, politics, physics, mathematics, plastics 等形式为复数而意义为单数的名词作主语时，
谓语动词用单数。
No news is good news.
③ more than one/many a + 单数名词作主语，意义上是复数，谓语动词常用单数。(形单意
复)
More than one student has tried.
Many a student and teacher is watching the football match.
Many a man has died in the war.
④ 由 and 连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数，但由 and 连接的
并列成分但指的是同一概念或一个人的双重身份时谓语动词为单数。
The worker and the writer are from Beijing. (那位工人和那位作家)
The worker and writer is from Beijing. (那个工人兼作家)
常见的表同一概念的有： the needle and thread 针线
the folk and knife 刀叉
⑤ half ∕ most∕ enough∕ part ∕ the rest ∕ the last ∕ lots ∕ some ∕
plenty +of +名词作主语，谓语动词要和 of 之后的名词保持一致。
⑥ 当用 …or… / either…or… / neither…nor… / not only…but also… /
not…but… 等连接句子主语时，谓语动词和与其最邻近的主语的单、复数形式保持一致
（就近原则）。
⑦ 当 there be/ here be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语动词单、复数应与最邻近的主语
保持一致。
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⑧ 主语后跟 with / along with / together with / like / unlike / besides / but / except / including /
as well as / rather than / more than / no less than +名词”结构时，谓语动词一般和前面的主语
保持一致。
⑨ “one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构，如果 one 前面没有限定词，这个句型中的“复数名
词”是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数；如果 one 前面有 the，the only, the right 等限
定词修饰，则 one 是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。
John is the only one of the students who has the keys.
John is one of the students who have the keys.
形容词副词：
①几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size
（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）
+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
② 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语），the + 比较级
（主语 + 谓语）”的结构（意为“越……越……”）。如：
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
③ 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。
如：
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
④ 某些以-ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时，用 to 代替 than。这些词有 inferior（劣等的，次
的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior
（在……之前）等。
He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑤ 倍数表达法。
（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.
这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。
（B）A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.
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你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
⑥ 最高级可被序数词以及 much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、
nothing like 等词语所修饰。如：
This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like
the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat cost?
⑦ 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：
He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting. (most=very)
⑧ 表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加 the。如：
who is the older of the tow boys?
9 so … that … 与 such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意：下列结构中只能用 so 不可用 such,当名词前有 many、much、little、few 等表
示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few
apples 等。但当 little 表示“小”时用 such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t
dress themselves.
平行结构：
1 并列连词 and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not
only … but (also), rather than, as…as 等以及从属连词 than 可连接两个对等的词和对等
的结构。
① 所连接的谓语形式必须一致
He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two
hundred years later.
② 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致
Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how
you participate in class.
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We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.
③ 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致
Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.
④ 所连接的句子结构必须一致
She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.
2 某些特定的固定结构。例如：
① 有些词后要用平行结构。
prefer sth to sth
prefer doing sth to doing sth
prefer to do sth rather than do sth
1) I prefer rice to noodles.
2)I prefer watching TV to listening to music.
3) He preferred to die rather than surrender.
② 有些结构中要用平行结构。
would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do
something as do something (宁可……也不……)
1) Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.
2) I would as soon stay at home as go.
3 部分强调句
① It is / was … that … 结构
It is / was … that … 结构可以用来强调句子中几乎任何部分
It was my mother that threw an egg at Mr. Li yesterday.
It was Mr. Li that my mother threw an egg at yesterday.
② 被强调的部分指人时，可用 who 或 whom
强调主语时，如果指的是人， 可以不用 that 而用 who 来代替。强调宾语时，如果
指点的是人，可用 whom。例如：
1）It was the dean who walked by.
2）It was Mary whom the old lady missed most.
③ 被强调部分指物时，要用 that
例如：It was an egg that my mother threw at Mr. Li yesterday.
④ 被强调部分是状语时，也只能用 that，不能用 when 或 where.
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It is during his spare time that John has been studying a course in French.
It was in the hall that the mayor held the press conference.
What … is / was … 结构
2 What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语，在这种结构中，is/ was 后面是强调
的部分。例如：
1）What hurts is my left leg.
2）What I like is her style.
感叹句：
1 由感叹词 what 引导的感叹句。
what 修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式：
1）. What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！如：
What an apple this is!
2）. What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！
What kind women they are!
2 由 How 引导的感叹句
how 用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！
How clever the girl is!
How quickly the boy is writing!
3 关于感叹句 what 和 how 的区别：
1) 由"what"引导的感叹句："what"意为"多么"用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数
可数名词前要加不定冠词 a/an,复数可数名词
或不可数名词前不用冠词。这类句子的结构形式是：
what+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语+(it is).
What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀！
2) 由"how"引导的感叹句："how"意为"多么"，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部
分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果 how 修饰副词，则句中的谓
语动词用行为动词，这类句子的结构形式是：
How+adj.（adv.）+主语+谓语+(it is).
How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀！
3) 在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用"what"引导，也可用"how"引导。如：
What a hot day it is!
How hot the day is !
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4) 感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往
略去不讲。
如： What a fine day! 多么晴朗的天呀！
反义疑问句：
1．当陈述部分的主语是 I , everyone, everything, nobody 时，后面的疑问句应表示为：
I am a student, aren’t I ?
Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they? (基本不用单数）
Nobody will go, will they?
2. 否定
（1）当陈述部分有 never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词
时，后面的疑问句则为肯定形式：
There are few apples in the basket, are there?
He can hardly swim, can he?
They seldom come late, do they?
（2）当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是 unhappy, dislike, unfriendly 等含有否定词缀的派生
词时，疑问部分要用否定形式。如：
He looks unhappy, doesn't he?他看上去不高兴，不是吗？
The girl dislikes history, doesn't she?这女孩不喜欢历史，不是吗？
3.think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect 等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反
意疑问句时，视情况不同有两种不同的构成方式。
(1.)当主句的主语为第一人称时，其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如：
I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he?
We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?
值得注意的是，当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到主句时，其仍属否定句，故其
后的简短问句应用肯定式，而非否定式。例如：
I don't believe that he can translate this book, can he?
We don't imagine the twins have arrived, have they?
此类句子的回答同"前否后肯"型反意疑问句一样，如上述后一个句子，若双胞胎已
经到了，则回答为"Yes, they have."；若尚未到达，使用"No, they haven't."。
(2).当主句的主语为第二、三人称时，其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致（此时，否定只
看主句，与从句无关...）。例如：
Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?
You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?
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They don't believe she's an engineer, do they?
She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?
4. 陈述部分有 had better,或其中的 have 表示“有”、完成时态 时，疑问句应用 hadn’t 等开
头：
You’d better get up early, hadn’t you?
其他情况句中有 have 时疑问句应用 don't 等开头
5.当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达
Let’s go out for a walk, shall we? （当开头是 Let‘s 时，一定要用 shall we。Let us 也不
行）
Let us go out for a walk, will you?
Let me help you, may I?
Turn on the radio, will you?
6 There be 句型中，反义疑问部分必须为 be 动词 + there
There are some apples in the basket, aren't there?
There isn't any milk left, is there?
7.当陈述部分有情态动词 must，问句有 4 种情况：
（1）mustn't 表示“禁止，不可”时，附加问句通常要用 must.
You mustn't stop your car here, must you?
你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？
（2）must 表示“有必要”时，附加问句通常要用 needn't.
They must finish the work today, needn't they?
他们今天要完成这项工作，是吗？
（3）当 must 用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时，问句通常要根据 must 后面的动词
采用相应的形式。
He must be good at English, isn't he?
他英语一定学得很好，是吗？
（4）当 must+have done 表示对过去的情况进行推测（一般句中有明确的过去时间状
语），问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn't+主语”或“wasn't/weren't+主语”；如果强调
动作的完成（一般没有明确的过去时间状语），问句要用“haven't/hasn't+主语”。
She must have read the novel last week, didn't she?
她上星期一定读了这本小说，是吗？
You must have told her about it, haven't you?
你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？
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8.反意疑问句的回答用 yes， no， 但是，回答意思相反,当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答
要按事实。如：
They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？
Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don’t. 对， 他们工作不努力
（2）05 年到 2010 年主谓一致、形容词副词、平行结构、感叹句、反意疑问句真题总结 再现
1 He is the only one of the students who ______ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
2 The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as its soils and the water of its lakes,
rivers and oceans.
A. is B. has C. are D. have
3 Neither the teacher or her students to attend the meeting by the
headmaster.
A. has been asked B. has asked
C. have asked D. have been asked
4 Air pollution, together with overpopulation, many problems in big cities today.
A. are causing B. is causing
C. are caused D. is caused
5 Not only I but also Tom and Mary fond of collecting
stamps.
A、am B、will C、are D、have
6 My new shoes cost me 50 yuan. The price was the last pair I bought a month ago.
A. two time more than B. twice as much as
C. as twice D. as much as twice
7 Which is , North America or South America?
A. biggest B. the biggest
C. more biggest D. bigger
8 He didn’t and so he failed the examination.
A. work enough hard B. hard work enough
C. hard enough work D. work hard enough
9 Like other language skills, reading requires practice.
A. the most of B. much of the
C. most of the D. more of the
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10 Mrs. Lincoln has that she is unable to get a job.
A. such small education B. so little education
C. a such little education D. a so small education
11 —Did you hear the phone ring last night?
—I didn’t hear anything. I was that I didn’t wake up.
A、very tired B、such tired
C、so tired D、enough tired
12 I thought his speech would be interesting, but it turned out that the more he talked, .
A. the more bored became I B. the more I became bored
C. the more bored I became D. I became the more bored
13 The fried fish we ate at the restaurant yesterday is marvelous. I’d like to have it again even if it
costs .
A. as twice much B. twice as much
C. much as twice D. as much twice
14 The photographs of Mars taken from satellites are than those taken from the earth.
A. much clearer B. the clearest
C. clearest D. more clearer
15 She wears very ring that her boyfriend gave her as a birthday gift.
A. gold new valuable B. valuable gold new
C. valuable new gold D. valuable and gold
16 Believe it or not, Matt earns his brother, who has a better position in a big
company.
A. much as twice as B. as twice much as
C. twice as much as D. as much twice as
17 It is generally believed that gardening is ______it is a science.
A. an art much as B. much an art as
C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
18 There has been a great increase in retail sales, ?
A、does there B、hasn’t there
C、isn’t there D、isn’t it
19 evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A、It being B、It is C、There is D、There being
20 The higher a rocket flies, air it meets.
A. the fewer B. the little C. the less D. the much
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21Why! I have nothing to confess, ______you want me to say?
A. What is it that B. what it is that
C. How is it that D. How is it that
22. Mary is one of the brightest students who form New York University.
A. graduated B. have graduated
C. had graduated D. has graduated
三、动词的时态和语态
动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有 16 种时态：
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在
am, is , are, do, does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been
doing
将来 will/shall do will/shall be
doing
will/shall have done will/shall have been
doing
过去 was, were, did, v-ed was/were doing had done had been doing
过去
将来
would/should do would/should be
doing
would/should have
done
would/should have
been doing
但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行
时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成进行时。常用的时态只有八种。
1．一般现在时
1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用 often, usually,
every day 等时间状语。
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
3) 有时该时态可表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，句中都带有时间状语，但限于少数
动词如 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等。例如 ：
He goes to school every day.
If you come this afternoon, we'll have a meeting.
2．一般过去时
1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。
2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would +动词原形”。
注意：used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to +
名词或动名词”表示“习惯于……”。例如：
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He worked in a factory in 1986.
I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.
3. 一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“will 或 shall+动词原形”外，还
有以下几种形式。
l) “be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：
We are going to have a meeting today．
2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动
作；有时用一般现在时也可表示将来。例如：
I’m leaving for Beijing.
3) “be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如：
The boy is to go to school tomorrow．
4) “be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。例如：
We are about to leave．
4．现在进行时
1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be+现在分词”构成，另外“系动词+
介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：
What are you doing?
The bridge is under construction．
2) 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词如 have, be, hear, see, like 等词一般不用进行时。
5. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was/were+现在分词”构
成。例如:
He was reading a novel when I came in．
6. 现在完成时
现在完成时由“have 十过去分词”构成。其使用有以下情况：
1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间
状语。例如：
He has gone to Fuzhou. (说话人认为他不在该地)
He has been to Fuzhou. (说话人认为他在该地)
2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用 for 或
since 表示一段时间的状语或 so far, now, today, this week/month/year 等表示包括现在时间
在内的状语。例如:
He has studied English for 5 years.
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He has studied English since 1985.
注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如 come, go, die, marry, buy 等的完成时不能与 for，since
等表示一段时间的词连用。
3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework．
7．过去完成时
l) 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一
动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用 by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。例如：
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时
间或持续下去。例如：
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
8. 过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由
“should/would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用 should，其他人称用 would。例如：
They were sure that they would succeed.
9. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ been+现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动
作。有些词，如 work, study, live, teach 等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。
例如：
I have worked here for three years．
I have been working here for three years.
但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：
I have written a letter. (已写完)
I have been writing a letter. (还在写)
注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如 finish, marry, get up, come, go 等不能用这种时态。
动词的语态
l. 概念与构成：
当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式用主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受
者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词“be+过去分词”构成，时态通过 be 表现出
来。如下表所述：
时态 谓语动词的被动式 例句
一般现在时 am/is/are + done/v-ed You are required to do this.
一般过去时 was/were + done /v-ed The story was told by her.
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一般将来时 will/shall be + done/v-ed The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
现在进行时 am/is/are + being+ done/v-ed The road is being widened.
过去进行时 was/were + being +done/v-ed The new tool was being made.
现在完成时 has/have + been +done/v-ed The novel has been read.
过去完成时 had + been + done/v-ed He said that the work had been finished.
过去将来时
would/should + be done He said that the trees would be planted
soon.
2. 一些特殊的被动结构：
1) 短语动词的被动结构：用于这类被动结构的短语动词要作为整体看待，即要把它们
看作单字及物动词。例如：
The baby is looked after carefully.
2) 有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思:
① 具有及物意义的不及物动词的被动意义
在主语是物的句子里，有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有 sell,
read, feel, write, wear, wash, open, clean, cook, keep, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, run, record,
begin, shut 等等。例如：
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来很不错。
This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔好用。
② 动名词主动形式表示被动意义
通常是物作 want, need, require 等动词的主语时（也可以是人）表示事物（或人）客观
上需要……，用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。例如：
The classroom wants/needs/requires cleaning. 教室需要打扫。
这种用法的动名词改用不定式一般式的被动形式后也可表同样意义。例如：
The classroom wants to be cleaned.
（2）05 年到 2010 年时态与语态真题总结再现
05 年词汇与结构单选题
26、I don’t remember the boiler during these years.
A、being repaired B、having been repaired
C、to be repaired D、to have been repaired
【解析】选 B. “我不记得这些年修过烧水壶”。remember having done sth 表示：记得已经
做过的事情。修理水壶用 repair the boiler,所以此处用完成时的被动态形式。
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57、His remarks left me about his real purpose.
A、wondered B、wonder
C、to wonder D、wondering
【解析】选 D. “他的话让我想了解他的真正目的”。leave sb. doing 让某人做某事。
06 年词汇与结构单选题
22. The number of members in the club to two hundred.
A. were limited B. limits C. was limited D. limited
【解析】选 C. the number of 后面的谓语动词用单数形式，且表示人数受到限制，须用被动
态。
07 年词汇与结构单选题
21. Mary is one of the brightest students who form New York University.
A. graduated B. have graduated
C. had graduated D. has graduated
【解析】选 B. 本句前半句（“Mary is……”）是现在时态，由于一句话中要保持时态一致，
定语从句中也应该是现在时态。答案中 B 和 D 是现在时态，同时考虑到主谓一致，即 who
的先行词是 students，因此选择 B。
29. from the hill-top, the lake scenery is beyond description.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. To D. Having seen
【解析】选 A. 本题考查的是分词及其逻辑主语。分词 see 的逻辑主语是主句主语 the lake
scenery，而他们之间的关系是被动的。因此选 A.
35. Do not disturb me. I letters all morning and have written six so far.
A. write B. am writing
C. was writing D. have been writing
【解析】选 D. 这里考察的是时态。And 前后是并列句，后半句是 have written six，是完成
时态，前半句也可考虑是完成时态。同时句中有 all morning 强调一上午连续不断地在做某
事，因此，此处需要的是现在完成进行时。
42. When a machine is , suitabe materials must be chosen for its parts.
A. building B. build
C.to build D. to be build
【解析】选 D. machine 和动词 build 的关系是被动的，这里的被动态只有 D 一项。
46. Many things impossible in the past are quite common today.
A. considering B. being considered
C. to be consider D. consiered
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【解析】选 D。动词 consider 和被修饰或限定词 many things 之间是被动关系，因此用 consider
的过去分词形式。
55. The passagers out of the exit when we arrived at the airport.
A. were just coming B. just came
C. are just coming D. just come
【解析】选 A。从句是过去时态，因此全句时态应统一为过去时态。本句意思是，我们到达
机场的时候，旅客们正好正从出口出来。强调的是正在发生的动作 come。因此这里应使用
过去进行时。
58. Neither the teacher or her students to attend the meeting by the headmaster.
A. has been asked B. has asked
C.have asked D.have been asked
【解析】选 D。主谓就近一致，即距离谓语较近的是 students，谓语是复数。且 students 和
ask 的关系是被动的，因此，应使用被动态。
08 年词汇与结构单选题
48. All the books can be used to your reading comprehension.
A. training B. train
C. be trained D. being trained
【解析】选 B。可以用所有的书来训练你的阅读理解。train 和 reading comprehension 的关
系是主动的，因此应使用主动态。
09 年词汇与结构单选题
22. The competition from experienced staff members, some of whom are higher in rank,
to my disadvantages.
A. works B. working
C. work D. worked
【解析】选 A。这句话的主语是 The competition，缺乏谓语动词，考查谓语动词的时态，从
some of whom are higher in rank 判断时态应为一般现在时，因此选 A。
35. Professor Wu told us that by the end of the year he here for three years.
A. will have worked B. will have been working
C. would have been working D. has been working
【解析】选 C。本题考查过去完成将来时。吴教授告诉我们到年底，他将已经在这里工作 3
年了。
48. It’s no good . You just have to put up with all these.
A. complained B. complaining
C. to be complaining D. to complain
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【解析】选 B。本题考查 no good 后加动词的现在分词形式。
50. He hopes that when he comes back in five years’ time all the old buildings
down.
A. will have been pulled B. will be pulling
C. will have pulled D. will be pulled
【解析】选 A。本题考查将来完成时。他希望在他 5 年后回来时，所有的旧建筑物将已经被
拆除。
10 年词汇与结构单选题
44. He ______ English for 8 years by the time he graduates from the university next year.
A. will learn B. will be learning
C. will have learnt D. will have been learnt.
【解析】选 C。本题考查将来完成时。当他明年大学毕业时，他已经学英语学了 8 年了。
45. It was not until the sub prime loan crisis ______ great damage to the American financial
system that Americans ______the severity of the situation.
A. caused; realized B. had caused; realized
C. caused; had realized D. was causing; had realized
【解析】选 B。题意：直到次贷危机给美国的金融体系造成很大的损害，美国人才意识到形
势的严峻性。lt was not until 表明基本事态是过去时，用在其后的从句就必须用过去的过去，
也就是过去完成时，人们意识到问题严重性在次贷危机发生后，所以用一般过去时．跟主句
保持一致。
06 年完形填空题
63. We walked through the business section of the city. The city 63 larger than I thought it
would be. Well, the business section is smaller than I thought it would be.
63. A. was B. is C. has been D. should be
【解析】选 B. 表示现在的状态、特征和真理用一般现在时表示。
68. About 9:30 we went to the White House. It’s open to the public from 10 till 12, and there was a
long line of people 68 to get in.
68. A. waited B. wait C. waiting D. to wait
【解析】选 C. there was 是 there be 句型，后面应是进行时态。
06 年翻译题
86、据说这幅画是毕加索 (Picasso) 的名作。
【答案】It is said that the painting is a masterpiece by Picasso.
【解析】表示现在的状态、特征和真理用一般现在时表示。
08 年翻译题
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89. 据说李先生多次到过澳大利亚。
【答案】It is said that Mr. Lee has been to Australia for many times.
【解析】“多次到过”用完成时态。
09 年翻译题
86、互联网的出现改变了人们的生活、工作与思维方式。
【答案】The appearance of the Internet has changed the way people live, work and think.
【解析】用一般完成时态。
四、从句重要知识点
名词性从句
1．主语从句
1．主语从句在句中作主语。如：
Which team will win the match is still not certain.
Why he did that wasn’t quite clear.
2．主语从句位于句首时，会使句子显得笨重，因此常以 it 作为形式主语，而将主语从句后
置，以保持句子平衡。如：
It is strange that she didn’t come yesterday.
3．whether 与 if 引导主语从句的区别：
whether 引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，if 引导的主语从句只能放在句末。
如：
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (不能用 if) 她来不来都没有关系。
It is doubtful whether/if the President knew the details of the plan. 总统是否知道这个计划
的细节这一点颇有疑问。
2. 表语从句
1．表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：
The question is whether she can speak English.
That is what we need.
2．表语从句可用 whether 引导，也可用 as if 引导，但不能用 if 引导。如： His first
question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
It looked as if it was going to rain.
3．主句的主语是 reason 时，表语从句要用 that，不能用 because。如：
The reason why he was dismissed was that he was careless and irresponsible. 他被开除的原
因是他工作马虎，不负责任。
3. 同位语从句
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1．同位语从句在句中作同位语，它一般要放在主句中某些名词的后面，说明这些名词的含
义。可跟同位语从句的名词主要有 fact, news, promise, reason, idea 等。如：
We heard the news that our team had won.
I have no idea how soon they are coming.
2．同位语从句与定语从句的主要区别：
从意义上来说，同位语从句对一个名词加以补充说明，定语从句对一个名词进行修饰或
限定。从结构上说，同位语从句由连词引导，连词在句中不作任何成分，只起引导作用；引
导定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任一定成分，含有代替所修饰或限制词语的意义。如：
They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 他们都为德国
向俄国宣战而感到震惊。(同位语从句，that 只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分。)
They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio. 他们都为收音机中宣
布的消息而震惊。（定语从句，that 在从句中作主语，若省略 that，句子成分不全。）
4. 宾语从句
1．宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：
I wonder who he is.
He is sorry for what he has done.
注：在口语及非正式文体中，that 常省略。
2．使用宾语从句时应注意时态呼应。
1) 主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。如：
I’m sure that you’ll succeed.
2) 主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句谓语动词一般须用过去时。如：
I thought he studied hard.
3) 从句如果与某一具体的过去时间状语连用，尽管其谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之
前，仍用一般过去时。如：
She told me that her father died in 1991.
4）从句所说明的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。
The teacher told the students that the computer is a wonderful machine.
3．不能省略 that 的宾语从句
1）句中的动词后接两个或两个以上的 that 从句作宾语时，第一个 that 可省，但后面的
that 不可省。如：
He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.
2）当主句的谓语动词与 that 宾语从句之间有插入语时，that 一般不可省。如：
Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his finegreen coat and his
black silk cap.
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3）当 that 从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省。如：
I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.
4）当 that 宾语从句前有 it 作形式宾语时，that 不可省。如：
We think it important that we study hard.
4．whether 和 if 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但介词后的宾语从句只能用 whether, 不能用
if。如：
He asked me if (whether) my brother was at home.
It is a question of whether we should go.
定语从句
定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that）
或关系副词（as, when, where, why）等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前
面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分。如：
The car which was stolen has been found.（which 指代先行词 car，在从句中作主语）
The house whose windows are broken is empty. (whose 是所有格，在从句中作定语)
I shall never forget the day when I entered the university. (when 指代先行词 day，在从句中
作时间状语)
1. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定
性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和
先行词之间有逗号分开，是对先行词进行补充说明，相当于并列句。如：
He is the man who has strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人。（限定性定语从句）
My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。
（非限定性定语从句）
注：1. 非限定性定语从句不能用 that 来引导，一般用 which，as 或 who（指人）。用
which 或 as 引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。如：
He spoke confidently, which impressed me most.（which 指代整个主句，在从句中作主语）
2. as 引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但 which
或 who 引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如：
As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly.
3. 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中，关
系代词作宾语时不能省略。如：
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which 可以省去)
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom 不能省去)
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2. 通常只用关系代词 that，不用 which，who 或 whom 的几种情况
1. 当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few 等时。如：
All that you want are here.
2. 当先行词被 all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very 等修饰时。如：
There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4. 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时。如：
We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.
5. 当主句是以 which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Who is the person that is standing over there?
6. 当定语从句为 there be 句型时，关系代词只能用 that，但经常可以省略。如： I know the
difference (that) there is between you.
7. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用 that。如：
He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了。
3. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句
as 引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与 the same，such，so 等连用，形式为：the
same… as，such… as，as …as，so… as。As 在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：
She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as 代替事，
作宾语)
I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as 代替物，作主语)
注：the same… as 和 the same… that 的用法不同。as 引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句
所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that 引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同
一个”，指同一事物。如：
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。（类似的笔）
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。（同一支笔）
4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况：
1．定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。如：
This is the college in which I am studying.
He is the man about whom we are talking.
2．先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如：
The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器运
转的速度。
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3．当定语从句为最高级时只能用 of which; 否则用其他介词。如：
I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.
I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.
注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如 put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭
配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to 等。
有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词 where/ when 前加介词 from, to 等。如：
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and
India. 中国是风筝的故乡，从这里，放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度。
状语从句
状语从句就是充当句子状语的从句，它可分为时间、地点、方式、比较、原因、结果、
目的、条件和让步等从句。
1. 时间状语从句
1．常用来引导时间状语从句的连接词有 as, when, whenever, while, before, after, till, until,
since, as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barely…when/before…, no sooner… than…等。如：
He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse．他犯了错误，但
没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。
Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when/before he left the room. 杰克一看到我就离开了房
间。
2．某些表示时间的副词、名词短语和介词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如 directly,
immediately, the instant, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, each/every time, next time,
the first/second/last time, by the time 等。 如：
Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. 我一收到你的信，就马上回来了。
2. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句一般由 where, wherever, everywhere 和 anywhere 引导。如：
Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome. 无论他走到哪里，都受到热烈的欢迎。
3. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句一般由 because, as, since, now that, in that, seeing that, considering that, not
that… but that, by reason that, for fear that, for the reason that, on the ground that 等引导。 如：
As it is raining, let’s stay at home. 因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。
A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape. 气体不同于固体就在于它没有一
定的形状。
4. 结果状语从句
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结果状语从句由 so… that, such… that, so that, such that, so, that, to such a degree that, to
such an extent that, with the result that 等引导。
The shock was such that she was almost driven mad. 因为打击太大，她差点发疯。
The temperature rose to such an extent that the firemen had to leave the house. 温度如此之
高，消防队员不得不离开那个着火的房子。
注：so 或 such 位于句首时，主句需用倒装语序。如：
So fierce was their dog that no one dared come near. 他们的狗真凶恶，没有人敢走近它。
5. 目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case 等引导。从句谓语常
由“can/could, may/might＋动词原形”构成，有时也用“shall/should，will/would ＋动词原
形”。 如：
We left early so that we could catch the first train. 我们很早出发，以便能赶上第一班火车。
He ran away lest he (should) be caught. 他怕被抓，因而逃走了。
6. 条件状语从句
条件状语从句由 if, unless, only if（只要）, if only（但愿），when（如果），suppose/supposing
（假如），as/so long as（只要），given that（假设），provided/providing that（假如），granted/
granting (that)（假定），on condition that（条件是……）等引导。如：
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care. 只要你小心使用，我会借给你的。
注：若主句为一般将来时，条件状语从句中谓语需用一般现在时代替将来时。如：
If you are free tomorrow, I will go to see you. 如果你明天有空我就去看你。
但如果从句表示的是主语的意志、志愿或以 you 作主语表示请求时，则用 will，would。
如：I’d be very glad if you would come. 如果你肯来我会非常高兴。
7. 让步状语从句
让步状语从句由 as, though, although, even if/though, whatever, whoever, whichever,
however, whether… or…, no matter+ wh-词, be, while, granted that, for all that 等引导。如：
While/Although he has some shortcomings, he also has some good points. 虽然他有一些缺
点，但也有一些优点。
Be it rain or shine, I must go. 不管天晴还是下雨，我必须去。
注：as 和 though 引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as 必须用倒装结构，though 可
用也可不用倒装。这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。如：
Selfish as/though he is, he is not without merits. 尽管他自私，但不是没有优点。
8. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句由 as, as if/though, the way, how, as… as, not so/as… as, just as (…so)等引
导。 如：
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It looks as if/as though it is going to rain. 看上去要下雨了。
Do it the way (that) you were told. 要照告诉你的去做。
（2）05 年到 2010 年从句真题总结再现
05 年词汇与结构单选题
21、 , I am afraid I can’t go with you.
A、With so much work to doB、With so much work doing
C、For so much work to do D、To do so much work
【解析】选 A. “我有这么多工作要做，可能不能和你去了”。with 引导的介词结构作原因
状语。With sth to do sth 表示事情还没有做,with sth done 表示事情已经做了。
25、Jean worked just so much .
A、like what she was told B、as she was told to
C、as to what she tired to do D、like she was told to
【解析】选 B. so…as 像……一样。“Jean 只会做要求她做的那些工作”。
32、Stormy applause broke forth the singer appeared on the stage.
A、a moment B、the moment
C、in a moment D、at the moment
【解析】选 B. 考查时间状语从句。the moment 相当于 as soon as 一……就……。相类似的
用法有 the time, the minute, the second 等。句意为“歌手一在台上出现，台下就爆发出雷鸣
般的掌声”。
36、Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders will happen to her private
life.
A、that B、what C、it D、this
【解析】选 B. 考查名词性从句。用 what 引导名词从句做 wonder 的宾语，且 what 在其引
导的从句中担任主语。
38、 he was not in uniform, he carried a pistol under his arm.
A、Even when B、As long as
C、As soon as D、Ever since
【解析】选 A. 根据句子意思，应用 even when，句意为“即使是在没穿制服的时候，他还
是带着手枪”。
52、—Did you hear the phone ring last night?
—I didn’t hear anything. I was that I didn’t wake up.
A、very tired B、such tired
C、so tired D、enough tired
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【解析】选 C. so…that…太……以至于……，结果状语从句，so 修饰形容词和副词，such
修饰名词。
54、They climbed to the top of the hill they could get a bird’s eye-view of the city.
A、for fear that B、in order that
C、in case D、as a result
【解析】选 B. 他们爬到山顶为了鸟瞰整个城市。in order that 引导目的状语从句；for fear that
以免，生怕；in case 万一，以防；as a result 由于。
60、Professor Wang, for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his
students.
A、knowing B、known
C、to be known D、having known
【解析】选 B. 王教授的讲座以信息量丰富闻名，很受学生欢迎。know 的过去分词 known
作定语修饰 Professor Wang, be known for 表示以…而著名。
06 年词汇与结构单选题
21. The earth revolves a little more rapidly it is closer to the sun.
A. whether B. whereas C. although D. when
【解析】选 D. “当地球靠得离太阳更近的时候”，用 when 引导时间状语从句。whether 表示
“是否”；whereas 表示“而，却”；although 表示“虽然，但是”。
07 年词汇与结构单选题
24. She has bought with what you have given her husband and you have told him.
A. that B. which C. all what D. al that
【解析】选 D. and 前后连接的是并列的介词宾语，all 充当第二个宾语，that 为定语从句，
限定 all。
31. His success was due to he had been working hard all the time.
A. that B. the fact which
C. the fact that D. the fact what
【解析】选 C. 考察的是同位语从句。某些名词，如 news，fact 等后面的从句不是定语从句，
而是同位语从句。连接同位语从句的连词只能是 that。
50. Output is now six times it was before liberation.
A. that B. which
C. what D. of which
【解析】选 C。what 在句中，即充当连词又要充当成分，即从句中的表语。其它选项不具
备这个功能。
08 年词汇与结构单选题
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21. His salary as a bus driver is much higher than .
A. that of a teacher B. those of a teacher
C. these of a teacher D. this of a teacher
【解析】选 A。that 在句中指代 salary。
27. Please see to it no one comes in without identification.
A. that B. lest
C. when D. which
【解析】选 A。see to it that 中的 it 是 that 后面引导的从句的形式主语。请务必保证进来的
每个人都有身份证。
38. There is much can be done about the accidents from carelessness.
A. which…arose B. that…arising
C. which…arisen D. that…arise
【解析】选 B。先行词是不定代词 much，关系代词只用 that，不用 which。arise（由…）引
起；（因…）产生。
41. More and more people are beginning to learn English, can partly explain the booming
of language training centers in China.
A. which B. what C. that D. it
【解析】选 A。which 引导非限定性定语从句，指代前面“More and more people are beginning
to learn English”这句话。
43. It is during his spare time Johnson has been studying a course in history.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
【解析】选 D。it is….that…强调句。
09 年词汇与结构单选题
26. Word got around he had resigned his position as executive secretary of the committee.
A. what B. that
C. whatever D. which
【解析】选 B。本题考查同位语从句。
29. It is only in the most difficult circumstances a man’s abilities are fully tested.
A. when B. that
C. where D. so what
【解析】选 B。it is….that…强调句。
10 年词汇与结构单选题
41. _____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your email
account.
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A. what is required B. what requires C. It is required D. It requires
【解析】选 C。it 做形式主语，代替 that 从句。题意：规章制度里要求，你不能告诉他人你
电子邮箱的密码。题干 还暗含了个虚拟语气，require 后接的 that 从句中用 should 加动词原
形。It is required that in the regulations=the regulations require that。
43. The indoor swimming pool seems to be great more luxurious than ______.
A. is necessary B. being necessary C. to be necessary D. it is necessary
【解析】选 A。室内游泳池过于豪华。than 作关系代词时，一般形式为比较级的复合句中，
其结构为形容词比较级(more)．．than+从句 than 在从句中作主语，相当于 that，代表它前面
的先行词。(这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的 than 是连词，后面
省略了主语 what.)He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。
52. _____ made the school proud was____more than 90% of the students had been admitted to
key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because
【解析】选 B。语法题，主语从句。题意：令这所学校骄傲的是 90％的学生都被重点大学
录取了。为了便于理解这道题可以还原成 more than 90％of the students had been admitted to
key universities that made the school proud．
53. Information has been released ______ more middle school graduates will be admitted into
universities this year.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
【解析】选 B。同位语从句。题意：据相关消息透露更多的中学牛业生今年将能够被大学录
取。为了便于理解我们把句了还原 information that more middle school graduates will be
admired to/ into universities this year has been released．
54. He is the only one of the students who ______ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
【解析】选 D。语法题，主谓一致。存"one of+复数名词+定语从句，定语从句一般被看成修
饰复数名词 因此该从句的谓语用复数形式；在“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句中’，定
语从句常看成修饰单数名词，从句谓语用单数形式。由此可以排除 B 和 c；“for+时间段”是
现在完成时态的时间状语，故选 D 项。
55. What’s that newly-built building?
______ the students have out-of-class activities, such as drawing and singing.
A. It is the building that B. That’s where
C. It is in which D. The building that
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【解析】选 B。题意：那个新建的房子是做什么的?那个房子学生可以在那进行课外活动，
比如画画和唱歌。定语从句的结构，也是常考点，很容易被错选 A，如改为 Itis inthe
buildingthat 才可以。
05 年完型填空题
70. Slowly they pushed the Indians into those parts of the continent that the whites didn’t
want—the parts 70 it was too cold or too dry or too mountainous to live.
70、A、which B、that C、where D、when
【解析】选 C. 本题考查关系副词引导的定语从句。先行词 parts 表示地点，且从句中的谓
语动词 live 是不及物动词，所以用关系副词 where，相当于 in which。
06 年完型填空题
73. Of course, we didn’t see the whole building. The part 73 the President lives and works is
not open to the public. But the part we saw was beautiful.
73. A. that B. where C. what D. which
【解析】选 B. 本题考查关系副词引导的定语从句。先行词 part 表示地点，且从句中的谓语
动词 live 及 work 是不及物动词，所以用关系副词 where，相当于 in which。
78. The walls are covered with silk cloth. There are pieces of old furniture from the time 78
the White House was first built.
78. A. which B. since C. when D. where
【解析】选 C. 本题考查关系副词引导的定语从句。先行词 time 表示时间。
05 年翻译题
88、只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
【答案】So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
【解析】本题考查条件状语从句。as/ so long as 表示只要。
90、我们应该努力学习，因为不努力学习的人是不能取得伟大成就的。
【 答 案 】 We should study hard, because no man who does not study hard can achieve great
success.
【解析】本题考查定语从句。“不努力学习的人”用 no man who does not study hard 表示。
08 年翻译题
90. 学好外语必须大量练习，正向成语所说“熟能生巧”。
【答案】You have to practice a lot if you want to learn foreign languages well, just as the idioms
goes “Practice makes perfect”.
【解析】本题考查条件状语从句。
09 年翻译题
87、对一个想找工作的学生来说，有没有硕士学位的确有很大影响。
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【答案】For a student who wants to get a job, a master’s degree/whether he has a master’s degree
does make a difference.
【解析】“想找工作的学生”用定语从句。
88、我们往往认识不到的是，看似无用的东西也许从长远角度来看大有裨益。
【答案】What we don’t always recognize is that what seems to be useless may, in the long run,
prove (to be) beneficial.
【解析】“我们往往认识不到的是”用主语从句。
90、要在学习上取得进步，学社需要具备独立学习的技能，而不是事事都依靠老师。
【 答 案 】 In order to get ahead in their students. Students need to equip themselves with
independent study skills instead of relying on their teachers for everything.
【解析】“要在学习上取得进步”用目的状语从句。
五、虚拟语气
（1）虚拟语气重要知识点
1. 主语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句（常用形式主语 it 来代替，结构为 It is that…）中的虚拟语气主要取决于某
些用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的形容词和过去分词，其形式为：（should）
+ 动词原形。常这样用的形容词有：
appropriate，advisable，better，desirable，essential，imperative，important，insistent，
natural，necessary，preferable，strange，urgent，vital 等。
过去分词有：
desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等。
例如：
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’ hearts.
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.
2. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等的名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动
词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
常这样用的名词有：
resolution, pray, decision, motion, suggestion, preference, proposal, advice, recommendation,
desire, demand, requirement, order, necessity, request, idea 等。
例如：
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained. 他下令热情款待这些客
人。
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His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
3. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1）某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令和要
求等。其形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
常这样用的动词有：ask (要求), advise, determine, decide, command, insist, intend, move,
prefer, propose, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, demand, desire, direct 等。 例
如：
He insisted that the meeting (should) be put off. 他要求推迟那个会议。
They proposed that all the plans (should) be discussed at the meeting. 他们建议所有的计划
都应该在会上讨论。
2）在以 it 为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，其形式为：（should）+ 动
词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词（宾补）与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。
例如：
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting. 我们认为他在行动之前好
好考虑一下才是明智的。
3）wish 后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望。
其主要形式有三种：
表示对现在情况的虚拟 wish + 主语 + 动词过去式（be 用 were）
表示对过去情况的虚拟 wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词
表示对将来情况的虚拟 wish + 主语 + would + 动词原形
例如：
I wish I knew what was going to happen. 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔当时不在家。
I wish I were rich. 我巴不得我很有钱。
注意：在表示对过去情况的虚拟时，有时也可以用下列形式：
wish + 主语 + would（could）+ have + 过去分词
I wish I could have seen her last night. 要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。
4. if 条件句中的虚拟语气形式
1）if 非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的主句与
从句都用虚拟语气。
在 if 非真实虚拟条件句中，主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式：
从句 主句
与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be 用 were） would（should，could，might） +
动词原形
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与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should（would，could, might）+
have + 过去分词
与将来事实可能相
反
动词过去式（should+动词原
形，were to + 动词原形）
should（would，could，might）+ 动
词原形
例如：
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. 假如没有引力，我们就不可能行
走。
I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told. 假如别人不告诉我，我就
不知道这些东西是干什么的了。
2）正式文体中，有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 were, had, should 等助动
词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面倒装处理。如果句中没有 were, had 或 should 时，既
不能省略 if，也不能倒装。例如：
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to meet him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.
要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这件事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the
house. 如果我去年有了这笔钱，我就买那所房子了。
3）时间错综条件句：通常情况下，在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间
是一致的，但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。
例如：
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. 我要是你，就采纳他的建议了。（从句指现
在，主句指过去）
If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better. 如果气候更
适宜一些，庄稼会长得更好。（从句指过去，主句指现在）
5. 含蓄虚拟条件句
1）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式
表示。常用的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but 等。例如：
Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded. 要是没有
你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry. 要是
没有电，就不会有现代工业。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us. 他当时正在开会，
否则的话他就来帮我们了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party. 他昨天很累，不然他就参
加那个聚会了。
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2）在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用
should/would be 形式和 should/would have been 虚拟形式。例如：
Any men in his position would have done like that. 任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。
You should (ought to) have come earlier. 你本应早点来的。
6. 其他句型中的虚拟语气
1）在 would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well 和 would prefer 等后
面所跟的从句中，也要用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿、但愿”。其形式为：
①“would rather (would sooner…) + 主语 + 谓语动词过去式” 表示现在或将来的情况。
②“would rather (would sooner…) + 主语 + 动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况。例如：
I’d rather he didn’t go now. 要是他现在不走就好了。
I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday. 要是你昨天在这里就好了。
2）在句型 “It is (high/ about) time…” 后面也可以跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式。有
时也用“(should) + 动词原形”，意为“该是……的时候了”。例如：
It is time that the boy (should) go to school. 这个小孩该上学了。
It is high time (that) the weather improved. 天气真该好起来了。
3）在 “if only” 引起的感叹句中也要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。
形式为：①用过去式或 “would/could + 动词原形” 表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。
②过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如：
If only you would listen to our advice. 要是你听我们的建议就好了。
If only I had not been busy last week! 要是上周我不忙该多好啊！
注：if only 也可以用于虚拟条件句中。例如：
If only I had more money, I could buy a car. 要是我有更多的钱，我就可以买辆车了。
4）连接词 “in case, lest, for fear that” 可以用来引导虚拟语气。其形式通常为：“…lest (in
case, for fear that) + 主语 + should + 动词原形”。lest, for fear that 后接从句中的 should 可
以省去，in case 连接从句中的 should 通常不省去，但是 in case 句中可以不用虚拟语气，
而用陈述语气。lest, for fear that 后面也可以接其他形式。例如：
He took his coat with him in case it should rain. 他带着雨衣以防下雨。
I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/might) disturb you. 我不会做声的，以免打扰
你。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur. 在使用这一方法的时
候要谨慎小心，以免发生溢流现象。
（2）05 年到 2010 年虚拟语气真题总结再现
05 年词汇与结构单选题
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44、My suggestion is that the experiment in another way.
A、is done B、will be done
C、was done D、should be done
【解析】选 D. 我的建议是用另一种方法来做试验。因为是 suggestion，此处从句应为虚拟
语气，用 should+do，可以省略 should。
06 年词汇与结构单选题
44. the rain, we should have had a pleasant trip to the countryside.
A. Because of B. Due to C. Thanks to D. But for
【解析】选 D 根据句意：要不是下雨，我们本应该去乡村进行一个快乐的旅行，故选 but for，
意为“要不是…就…”，常跟虚拟语气连用。A, B 答案都表示因为，C 表示“幸亏，多亏了”。
59. I think I the movie we went to last night even more if I had read the book.
A. would enjoy B. would have enjoyed
C. will enjoy D. enjoyed
【解析】选 B. 此题考察虚拟语气，时间状语 last night，表明是与过去的事实相反的假设。
从句由 if 引导，用过去完成式 had done,主句用 would have done。
07 年词汇与结构单选题
41. If we had known that she had planed to arrive today,we her at the bus station.
A. will have met B. might meet
C. had meet D. might have meet
【解析】选 D. 考察的是虚拟语气。从句中有“had known”，主句应选“might have done”。
45. When we reached the station ,the train had not arrived yet ; so we .
A . needed not to hurry B. needn’t have hurried
C. didn’t need to hutty D.had not needed to hurry
【解析】选 B。该题目考察的是虚拟语气的用法。表不该做的事情做了。使用其它的情态动
词的情况还有 should not have done, ought not to have done.
56. As soon as Word War II ended, Einstein urged that atomic energy to peaceful use.
A. is put B. be put
C. would be put D. will be put
【解析】选 B. urge 这里是敦促,迫切要求的意思。属于表示命令，请求，建议的一类动词。
宾语从句应用虚拟语气。形式为（should） be（do）。
08 年词汇与结构单选题
30. It is suggested that smoking in public places.
A. will not be allowed B. was not allowed
C. not be allowed D. is not allowed
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【解析】选 C. suggest 这里是建议的意思。属于表示命令，请求，建议的一类动词。宾语从
句应用虚拟语气。形式为（should） be（do）。
09 年词汇与结构单选题
45. Look at the terrible situation I am in now! If only I your advice.
A. follow B. had followed
C. would follow D. have followed
【解析】选 B. 本题考查 if only 虚拟语气，要是我听从你的建议就好了。
59. Tome has been most helpful to us; in fact I don’t know what we without him.
A. have done B. will have done
C. had done D. would have done
【解析】选 D. 本题考查虚拟语气。有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来，而是通
过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or,
but 等。
05 年翻译题
87. 我们本来可以不犯这样的错误的，只是我们没有接受他的忠告。
【答案】We could have avoided making such a mistake, but we didn’t follow his advice.
【解析】该题目考察的是虚拟语气的用法。表对现在的虚拟。
07 年翻译题
88. 我们提议对计划作修改。
【答案】We propose that some changes (should) be made in plan.
【解析】propose 这里是提议的意思。属于表示命令，请求，建议的一类动词。宾语从句应
用虚拟语气。形式为（should） be（do）。
09 年翻译题
89、至关重要的是，发达国家和发展中国家应通过更多的交流增进相互间的理解和尊重。
【 答 案 】 It is crucial that developed countries and developing countries promote mutual
understanding and respect through more communication.
【解析】主语从句（常用形式主语 it 来代替，结构为 It is that…）中的虚拟语气主要取决
于某些用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的形容词和过去分词，其形式为：（should）
+ 动词原形。
10 年翻译题
89. 要不是因为你的及时帮助，我真不知道该如何完成这项任务。
【答案】But for／Without your timely help．I really didn’t know how to complete／finish this
task／assignment．
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或 者 But for／ Without your timely help， I would not have finished ／completed this job ／
assignment．
【解析】“要不是”，虚拟语气的固定结构 but for／without。
六、非谓语动词
非谓语动词
动词的非谓语形式有三种：
（1）动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)
（2）分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)
（3）动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)
动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
动词不定式
其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to 是不定式符号，无词义。其否定式是在 to 前面加上 not,
never 等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由 for 引出，加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主
语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语
动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就
称为逻辑主语。
（一）作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用 it 作形式主语，而不把不定式短语
放在句子的后面。如：
For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like
that.
一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。（for a dog 是不定式的主语）
但是，下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出：
careless 粗心的，clever 聪明的，cruel 残忍的，foolish 愚蠢的，good 好的，kind 好心
的 ，naughty 淘气的，nice 好的，polite 礼貌的，right 正确的，rude 无礼的 ，silly 愚蠢的，
stupid 傻的，unwise 不明智的，wise 明智的，wrong 错误的，等等。
为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢？
因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 ＋of sb + to do
It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to drink and smoke so
much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。
（二）作宾语及宾语补语。
1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有：afford 负担得起，agree 同
意，arrange 安排，ask 要求，attempt 试图，beg 乞求，begin 开始，choose 选择，claim
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声称，consent 同意，dare 敢，decide 决定，decline 谢绝，desire 欲想，demand 要求，
determine 决心，expect 期待，fail 失败，forget 忘记，hate 讨厌，help 帮助，hope 希望，
intend 打算，learn 学习，like 喜欢，long 渴望，manage 设法，mean 打算，need 需要，
offer 主动提出，plan 计划，prefer 更喜欢，prepare 准备，pretend 假装，promise 答应，
refuse 拒绝，remember 记得，seek 寻求，seem 好像，tend 倾向，threaten 威胁，undertake
承担，volunteer 志愿，want 想要，wish 希望等。
I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。
He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。
2、不定式可以和 how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where 还有 whether 等词连
用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有：ask 询问，advise 建议，consider 考虑，decide
决定，discover 发现，discuss 讨论，explain 解释，find out 查明，forget 忘记，inquire 打
听，know 知道，learn 学会，remember 记得，show 演示，tell 告诉，teach 教，think 想，
understand 懂得，wonder 想知道，等等。例如：
I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。
They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。
这种不定式结构还可作主语，表语，和介词宾语等。
How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer. 怎样过幸福生活是个很难回
答的问题
That was a discussion about how to increase their strength. 那是一次关于怎样增强
他们力量的讨论。
He said nothing about what to do with her. 关于拿她怎么办，他啥也没说。
3、有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有：ask 请求，advise 劝告，allow
允许，beg 乞求，believe 相信，call on 号召，cause 促使，compel 强迫，command 指挥，
direct 指导，enable 使…能够，encourage 鼓励，expect 期望，feel 觉得，force 迫使，get
使得，hate 不喜欢，have 使，hear 听见，help 帮助，inspire 鼓舞，intend 打算,invite 邀
请,instruct 指示，know 知道，lead 引导，let 让，like 喜欢，listen to 听，look at 看，make
使得, notice 注意到, observe 观察，order 命令，permit 允许，persuade 说服，prefer 更喜
欢，press 施加压力，remind 提醒，request 请求，teach 教，tell 告诉，urge 敦促，want 想
要，warn 警告，wish 希望，等等。
I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. 我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。
Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college student. 托尼知道他的女朋友是一个害
羞的大学生。
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4、有些动词要求省掉 to 的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有：feel 觉得，have 使，hear
听见，help 帮助，let 让，listen to 听，look at 看，make 使，notice 注意，see 看见，observe
观察，watch 观看 等，一类是感官动词，一类是使役动词。
A policeman saw the accident happen. 一位警察看见事故发生。
We listened to her talk about her experience abroad. 我们听她讲国外的经历。
We’d be glad to have you work with us. 我们会很高兴有你和我们一起工作。
上述 help 后面的不定式省掉 to 与保留 to 都可以。在被动语态中，上述动词后面的不定式
要把省去的 to 还原。
I heard the dog come in. 我听见那条狗进来。
=The dog was heard to come in. 有人听见那条狗进来。
I saw her go out by bike. 我看见她骑着自行车出去了。
=She was seen to go out by bike. 有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。
在 had better（最好），would rather（宁愿），would sooner（宁愿），would (just) as soon
（宁愿），cannot but（不能不，不由得不），cannot help but（不能不，不由得不）等成语
后面也跟不带 to 的不定式：
He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。
He would sooner play than work. 他宁愿玩也不愿干活。
Rather than 和 sooner than 同义，都是“宁可”，“与其…（不如）”，“不是…（而是）”的
意思。当它们放在句首时，其后跟不带 to 的不定式；在其它位置时其后的不定式可带也可
不带 to:
Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
4、有些动词要求省掉 to 的不定式作宾语补语。
在 Why 起首的疑问句中跟不带 to 的不定式：
Why not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢？ =Why don' t you come with us?
Why risk breaking the law? 干吗冒犯法的险呢？
5、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时，常用 it 来代替不定式短语，而把真正作宾语的不
定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有：consider 认为，feel 觉得，find 发现，make 使，
think 认为，等等。例如：
Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 你觉得派我们的医生去对吗？
I found it strange for her not to come today. 我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。
注意：hope 希望，demand 要求，suggest 建议，这三个词不能跟不定式作宾补。
错误的句子：
I hope you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I suggest you to take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。
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We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
正确的句子：
I hope that you’ll be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I suggest that you take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。
We demanded that they give us a definite answer. 我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
（三）作定语。不定式短语作定语时，一般放在被修饰的词之后，有些名词的后面常用不定
式作定语。常见的有：ability 能力，agreement 一致，协议，ambition 抱负、野心，anxiety
焦急，attempt 试图，campaign 战役，chance 机会，claim 声称，courage 勇气，decision
决定，determination 决心，drive 努力，eagerness 殷切的心情，effort 努力，failure 失败，
hope 希望，intention 目的意图，motive force 动力，movement 运动、协议，need 需要，
opportunity 机会，plan 计划，promise 诺言，readiness 乐意，refusal 拒绝，reluctance 勉
强不愿，resolution 决心，tendency 倾向，right 权力，struggle 斗争，threat 威胁，time 时
候，way 方法，willingness 愿意，wish 希望。
与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如 ability →be able to, refusal →refuse
to 等。
作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。
He’s a not a man to tell lies. 他不是那种撒谎的人。
He’s a man to be trusted 他是个可以信赖的人。
I need to buy a box to hold my CDs. 我需要买个装 CD 片的盒子。
This visit is a good opportunity to learn Chinese. 这次访问是学习中文的好机会。
No investigation, no right to speak. 没有调查就没有发言权。
Not to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble. 不多言是避免麻烦的最好办法。
作定语时，也可以给不定式加上主语。例如：
The order for the army to start has been given. 已经发出了让部队开始的命令。
The power for science to serve mankind is limitless. 科学为人类服务的力量是无穷
的。
（四）作表语。放在系动词之后。
例如：
To do everything is to do nothing. 什么都做等于什么也做不成。
To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是受到别人的尊重。
（五）不定式短语和疑问词连用（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how,还
包括 whether）
（1）做主语。
It’s problem what to do. 干什么还是个问题。
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How to be wealthy, healthy and happy will always remain a question mark. 怎样才能
富有，健康和幸福将永远是个问号。
（2）做表语。例如：
The question is which to take first. 问题是先拿哪一个。
What remains for you to explain is how to put the plan into practice and whose help to
seek. 剩下需要你解释的是怎样实施计划以及寻求谁的帮助。
（3）作宾语，常用这一结构作宾语的动词有 ask, consider, decide discuss, explain,
forget, find out, guess, inquire, know, learn, remember, see(=understand), show,
settle(=decide), tell(=know), think, understand, wonder 等。
I’ve found out where to buy them cheaply. 我发现了在哪里买这些东西便宜。
You know very well when to say what and how to say it. 你很清楚什么时候说什么话
以及怎样说。
有些双宾语及物动词，也可用这个结构做直接宾语。常用的有 tell, inform, show, advise, ask,
teach,等。如：
I showed her how to use the remote control. 我向她演示怎样使用遥控器。
The salesman told him which switch to turn on first. 售货员告诉他先开哪个开关。
Will you advise me which to buy? 你建议我买哪个？
Please inform me where to get the tickets. 请告诉我到哪里去弄票。
（4）做定语。
Nobel began to seek ways in which to make the explosive safer to handle.诺贝尔开始
寻找那种炸药操作起来更安全的方法。
（六）作状语。不定式短语作状语，表示目的、原因、结果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。
（1）表示目的。
They went to the U.S.A. not to study English but to study law and business. 他们去了
美国，不是为了学英语，而是为了学法律和商务。
为了强调，有时用 in order to （为了）或 so as to （以便）加动词原形，放在句首或句尾
均可。例如；
In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day. 为了提高英语水平，我
每天都看《中国日报》。
He took a taxi so as not to miss the train. 为了不误火车，他坐了出租车。
有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾，作独立成分。例如：
To be frank(with you), this is not satisfactory. 老实（和你）说，这不令人满意。
To be fair, she is an honest girl. 说句公道话，她是一个诚实的姑
娘。
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To tell you the truth, you are wrong.. 实话告诉你，你错了。
这样的短语还有 to tell you the truth 实话告诉你，to conclude 最后， to begin with 首先，
to cut a long story short 简而言之，to go back to the point 回到正题，not to make too much
of it 别小题大做，to put it another way 换句话说，to hear him talk 听他说话的口气，等等。
（2）表示原因。例如:
The old father smiled to know his success. 知道他成功的消息，那位老父亲笑了。
不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用，有时说明产生这种情绪的原因，有时
不是说明原因，而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。
常见的这类形容词和过去分词有：
able 有能力的，afraid 害怕的，amazed 感到惊异的，angry 生气的，anxious 急于的，
astonished 感到惊讶的， careful 小心的， certain 有把握的，clever 聪明的， comfortable
舒服的，cruel 残忍的，deep 深的，delighted 高兴的， difficult 有困难的， disappointed
感到失望的，determined 有决心的，eager 急于的， easy 容易的，fit 合适的，foolish 愚
蠢的，fortunate 幸运的， free 自由的，frightened 感到害怕的，glad 高兴的，good 好的，
happy 幸福的，hard 艰苦的，lucky 幸运的，overjoyed 高兴的， pleased 高兴的，possible
可能的，proud 自豪的，ready 准备好的，relieved 感到轻松的，right 正确的，sad 悲伤
的，shocked 感到惊讶的， sorry 难过的，sure 肯定的， surprised 感到惊讶的， unable
没能力的，useless 没用的，willing 愿意的，worthy 值得的，wrong 错误的等。
例如：
He’ll be angry to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。
Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别感冒。
（3）不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词：learn 得知，find 发现，see 看见，hear 听见，
to be told 被告知，make 使得 等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:
He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off. 他急忙赶到机
场，却得知飞机已经起飞了。
He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been broken into.
他休假回家，却发现他的房子被破门而入了。
（4） 不定式还可以与“be said, be reported,…”等连用构成复合谓语。这一结构可变成
“It’s said, It’s reported,…”
An explosion is reported to have happened, and three are known to have been killed.
= It’s reported that an explosion has happened and it’s known that three have been
killed.
据报道发生了一起爆炸，已知三人被炸死。
（七）不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式，即一般式、进行式和完成式。
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（1） 一般式（to+动词原形）：表示与主句谓语动词动作同时（或几乎同时）发生或在
主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如：
（2） 进行式（to be+现在分词）：表示主句谓语的动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。
He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound. 他听见
父亲的声音，假装正在做作业。
（3）完成式（to have+过去分词）：表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
如：I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。（已见过）
动词不定式的完成式和下列动词的过去时连用，表示过去没有实现的事情：plan, hope,
expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它们的过去时。另外还有 should/would
like/love。这个结构表示“本打算/想/计划…”的意思。例如：
The game were to have taken place in Room. 比赛原计划在罗马举行。
He planned to have gone abroad last week.= He planned to go abroad but he didn’t. 他
原计划上周出国的。
（八）不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不
定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种：
一般式：to be+过去分词
完成式：to have been+过去分词
例如：
You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。
These criminals are to be hanged . 这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
（九）为了避免重复，不定式可省略，但 to 有时保留，有时不保留。例如：
You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力，你会成功的。
George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to.
George 说要离开上海，但是我不认为他真的愿意走。
Some of them retired, and others were ready to. 一些人退休了，还有的准备退。
后面常省略不定式而保留 to 的结构，还有：
used to 常常 be going to 打算
mean to 打算 ought to 应该
plan to 计划 want to 要想
（十）两个不定式由 and, or, except, but, than 连接时，第二个可省略 to，尤其是两个不定
式紧密相连时。例如:
I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. 我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈
这个问题。
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡觉。
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You’re free to talk or laugh here. 在这里你可以随便说笑。
It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。
It’s better to take a taxi than (to) wait here. 搭出租车也比在这等强。
句子中 but 后面的不定式带不带 to，取决于 but 前面的句子里含不含 do，只要有与 do/did
有关的词（do 作谓语，to do 作定语等等），but 后面的不定式就省掉 to。例如：
I can do nothing but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去，我别无选择。
I have nothing to do but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去我没事可干。
He did nothing but cry all day long. 他除了整天哭，什么也不干。
动名词
动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。动名词仍保留动词的
一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。 动名词的否定形式是在前面加上
not, never 等否定词。
（一）做主语和表语。动名词短语用 and 连起来做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：
Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问
和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。
在 It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’
s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中，It 为形式主语，而将做主语的动名词短语
放在后面。例如：
It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。
Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗？
It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。
It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。
It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个
病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。
It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸烟没好处，你最好戒掉。
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（二）动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有：admit 承认，appreciate 感激，avoid
避免，advise 建议，can’t help 不禁，celebrate 庆祝，consider 考虑，complete 完
成，contemplate 沉思、打算，defer 推迟，delay 延期，deny 否认，detest 痛恨，discontinue
停止， dislike 不喜欢，dispute 不同意，endure 忍耐，enjoy 喜欢， escape 逃脱，excuse
原谅， fancy 想象，feel like 想要， finish 结束， 严禁，forgive 原谅，hinder 阻碍，imagine
想象，keep 保持，mention 提到，mind 在意，miss 错过，pardon 饶恕、原谅，permit
允许，postpone 推迟，practise 实践、练习，prevent 阻止， recall 回忆， report 报告，
resent 怨恨， resist 抵制、阻止，risk 冒险，stop 停止，suggest 建议，understand 明
白、理解，等等。
例如：
He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。
David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车
抵债。
（我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to
pay the debt. ）
I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语：
abhor 憎恶，attempt 试图，begin 开始，cannot bear 无法忍受，cannot stand 无法忍受，
cease 停止，continue，继续,，decline 拒绝，deserve 值得，disdain 蔑视，dread 害怕，
endure 忍耐，forget 忘记，hate 痛恨，intend 打算，learn 学，like 喜欢，loathe 厌恶，love
喜欢，mean 意思是、意味着，need 需要，neglect 疏忽，omit 省略，忽略，plan 计划，prefer
更喜欢，propose 建议，regret 后悔，remember 记得，require 需要，scorn 蔑视、瞧不起，
start 开始，try 尝试，努力，entail 必须，involve 涉及，necessitate 使成为必要，等。以上
多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样，个别不同。
（三）动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。尤其是在短语动词后面。如：
The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。
Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗？
Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。
我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：Thomas insisted that he (should) do it in his own way.
Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你，
Since returning from Xi’an, he has been busy. 从西安回来后，他一直很忙。
He warned me against swimming in this lake. 他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。
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改为不定式短语：He warned me not to swim in this lake.
（四）动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语，就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有
格。带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语，宾语，表语等。在非正式文体当中，经常把物主代
词简化为宾格人称代词，把名词所有格简化为名词。例如：
I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me. 我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。
Linda’s coming will do you good.（主语） 林达的到来对你有好处。
What made him angry was their (them) laughing.（表语）使他生气的是他们笑。
（五）动名词的完成式和被动语态：
（1）完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
I apologize for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言，我道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him before. 我不记得以前曾和他谈过话。
（2）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时，动名词要用被动语态。例
如：
I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能忍受被那样对待。
他不喜欢嘲笑别人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at others.
他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being laughed at.
（六）某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语，但意义有差别。
（1）like, love, hate, prefer 等表示喜爱，厌恶的动词后面，可用动名词也可用不定式
作宾语，意义差别不大。但当这些词前面有 should 或 would 时，一定要用动词不定式作宾
语。表示想要，愿意，打算。例如：
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you. 她喜欢跳舞。（泛指）但他
不喜欢和你跳。（特指）
The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位记者还想见见你。
We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.我们不喜欢背后议论人。
hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事，（但不得不做）”。如：
I hate to disturb you now, but I have no choice. 我真不想现在打扰你，但没有办法。
（2） forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）
例如：
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记
关了。（关灯的动作没做）
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The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 办公室的灯
没亮着。是她关的，但她忘记关过灯。（已关过灯，她忘了）
她昨天又来还我二百元钱。她忘记上个月还我了。→She came to pay back RMB 200 to
me again yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.
（3）remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
例如：
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你记得去年一次宴会上见过我
吗？（已见过面）
You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要记着明天离开。（还没离开）
（4）stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
例如：
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下来，在路边的
一块大石头上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活着，你的心脏就永远不
会停止跳动。
（5） regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth. 对已做的事情表示后悔
例如：
I regret saying that. 我后悔说了那话。
I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。
（6）try to do sth 努力去做某事
try doing sth.做某事试一试
例如：
You must try to do it again. 你必须想方设法再做一次。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱们用另一种方法做这工作试试。
（7） mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
例如：
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait. 如果这意味着拖延一个多星期，我
就不等了。
I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想帮助你们，没别的。
我不是想伤害你，对不起。→I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.
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宣布台独就是对中国宣战。→Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on
China.
（8） go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing sth 继续做原来的事情
例如：
After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics. 他作完数学后，接着又做
物理。
I hope it won’t go on raining all day long. 我希望这雨别一天下个没完。
分词
（一）现在分词和过去分词的区别
（1）在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为；及物动词的
过去分词表示被动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之，现在分词是它
修饰的成分所作出的动作，过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如：
convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众
the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class 被剥削阶级
a frightening dog 一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog 一条被吓坏了的狗
driving gears 主动齿轮 / driven gears 从动齿轮
（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。
例如：
the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the falling rain（正在下的雨）/ the fallen leaves（落下的树叶）
stolen money（被盗的钱/偷来的钱）/ill-gotten wealth（不义之财）
a high-flying kite（高飞的风筝）
（3）做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。
过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。
例如：
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一
惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
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常用的还有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，
exciting/excited ， frightening/frightened ， interesting interested ， moving/moved ，
relaxing/relaxed ， satisfying/satisfied ， shocking/shocked ， surprising/surprised ，
terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried 等等。
（4）做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的
动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发
生、意思是被动的。
例如：
Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家，她决定
给他们留个条。(主动意义，几乎同时)
The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘书
工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义，同时)
Tired of the noise，he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。(被
动意义，在谓语之前)
Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。(被
动意义，在谓语之前)
Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地
独自去那里。(被动意义，在谓语之前)
如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。
例如：
Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had
watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘
苹果。
Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。
分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。
例如：
After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。尽
管是在二战以前建的，这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，请用现金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事，除非被逼无奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后，她大变了。
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（二）用法
1．作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是 something，
anything，everything，nothing 等，则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名
词之后。
例如：
This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)这是一本有趣的书。
There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is
interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the
window is our math teacher。)靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by
the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing…)唱歌
的学生多数是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were
questioned…)被问的许多村里人都拒绝。
注意：（1）分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：
分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的
词的用途或有关动作。
现在分词 动名词
A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正
在睡觉的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)卧车
A flying bird(a bird that is flying)飞鸟 A flying course(a course for flying)飞行课程
A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游
泳的女孩
A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳
池
The running water(the water that is running)
流水
The running track(the track for running)跑
道
（2）现在分词作定语时，它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不
多同时发生)。
例如：
Who is the boy dancing over there？在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。
如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而往往用主从复合句结构。
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例如：
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破
了窗子的那个学生谈话。
（3）be 的现在分词 being 不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词)。表示这种概
念时，也用主从复合句结构。
例如：
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。
2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间
和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
例如：
Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students
saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起
来。 (时间)
Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金属受热
而膨胀。(条件、时间)
Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)
我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)
Being a student ， he was interested in sports 。 (=As he was a student ， he was
interested in sports。)
他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)
Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics
harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided
to study physics harder。)李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物
理。 (原因)
The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they
went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)
The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood
there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。(行为方
式)
While reading the newspaper ，father nodded from time to time。 (=While he was
reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看报时，父亲不时地点头。(时
间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词 while 或 when。)
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3、作宾语补足语。
例如：
Can you get the machine going again？你能使机器再动起来吗？
You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
4、作表语。
例如：
The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。
The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
5、作句子独立成分（分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。）
例如：
Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。
All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。
分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结
构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play
together 我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词
explaining 是句子主语 my wife 做的动作，它们之间是主动关系)
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，
它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词 given 表示的动作是句子主语 the trees 承受的动作，它们
之间是被动关系)
We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 (独
立主格)
The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加
上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如 but，and)，因为并列连词接的
是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。
例如：
误：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。
正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
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注意：（1）分词作状语时，逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。
例如：
Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the
window，I saw lots of people there。)
我往窗外一看，看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window 的逻辑主语，就是句子的
主语 I。)
（2）在 see，hear，watch，notice 等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示(强
调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。
例如：
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时，
看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验)
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过
教室，看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间，看见老师正存做实验)
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and
put it back。我看见他走进房间，打开抽屉，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一
个的一系列动作的全过程时，用动词不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他们
坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。 (表示几个同时正在进行的动作，用现在分词)
（3）在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。在
“have+宾语+现在分词”的结构中，现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让(叫、使、听任、
允许)客体做的，或使客体保持或处于某种状态。
例如：
He had the fire burning day and night。他让火日夜燃烧着。
Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父亲让我整个署假天天游泳。
在“have(get)+宾语+过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主
体的意志无关。
例如：
Mary had her dress washed。玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)
had his legs broken。他的腿骨折断了。(表示与主体意志无关的客观遭遇)
I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)
They had Jack beaten。他们叫人打了杰克。(Jack 是被打)
（4）分词作表语时，现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义；过去分词有“被动”、
“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意义。
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例如：
The story is interesting。这个故事很有意思。(故事使人感兴趣)
He is interested in dancing。他对舞蹈感兴趣。
The news was disappointing。这消息令人失望。
They were all disappointed。他们都感到失望。
The work was tiring。那工作累人。
The workers soon became tired。工人们很快就累了。
（5）谓语动词的现在进行时和作表语的现在分词形式相同；被动语态动词谓语和作表
语的过去分词形式相同，但两者的意思不一样。
试比较:
They are moving their bed.他们正在搬床。 (are moving 是谓语，表示主体的动作)
The story is very moving.这个故事很感人。 (moving 是表语，表示主体的特征)
Her homework was done by her sister.她的作业是她姐姐做的。 (was done 是谓语动词被
动语态)
Her homework is well done.她的作业做得很好。( done 是表语)
（6）generally speaking（一般地说），roughly speaking（粗略地说），strictly speaking
（严格地说）等现在分词结构都是习惯用语，在句子中作插入语。
例如：
Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。
一般地说，二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。
（7）分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，而独立结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不
同的。
例如:
The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.
末班公共汽车已开走了，我们只好走路回家。
（三）分词的时态和语态
上面已经谈到，过去分词可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义，因此没有时态和
语态方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。
1.现在分词的完成式(having+过去分词)表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
或两个动作在时间上有一定的间隔。
例如:
Having written the letter，John went to the post office.
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(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office.
约翰写完信后，就去邮局了。
Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.
(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)
老王在北京住了多年，所以对这个城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.
(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)
小马喝了两杯水，感觉好一些了
一般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。在可能引起误解的场合应该用完
成式现在分词表示先发生的动作。
例如:
Opening the drawer，he took out his wallet.
(=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet.)
他打开抽屉，拿出钱包。
Coming into the room，he put down his bag.
(=he came into the room and put down his bag.)
他走进房间，放下提包。
Having brushed his teeth，Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.
布朗先生刷过牙，就下楼来吃早饭。
(此句如写成:Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.可能指“边
刷牙，边下楼’。)
2.现在分词的被动语态(being +过去分词)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如强调现在分
词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，可用现在分词被动语态的完成式
(having + been +过去分词)。
例如:
The bridge being built will be completed next month.正在修建的那座桥将于下月完成。
Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was
let in.汤姆回来晚了，所以被关在门外半小时左右才让他进去。
四、使用非谓语动词应注意的问题
1、不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语，常用
于下列句型中:
(1) in order to 和 so as to do(以便，为了):
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She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. 她决心加紧
学习，好赶上别人。
(2)too……to do……(非常…… 以至于不能……)
The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。
(3) ……enough to do……(足以做……)
The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.这厅大得足以容纳一千人.
(4)only to do……(不料却……)
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头却砸自己的脚。
(5)"be+情绪形容词+to do"这个结构，不定式说明产生这一情绪的原因。
We are proud to be trained here in China.在中国受训我们感到自豪。
2、动名词和不定式作主语和表语时的区别动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，
在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，
多用不定式。但在 It’s no use(good)，it’s Useless 后面常用动名词作主语。
例如
Her present job is teaching music. = Teaching music is her… (泛指)
To teach music to Grade One is her present job. =Her present job is to teach …
(特指)
It’s difficult for him to finish the job in a week.
Tom’s being late again made me angry. 汤姆又来晚了使我很生气。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
3、动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别。
作定语时:现在分词和它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系(现在分词可以改为定语从句)，
可以置于于被修饰词之前或之后，动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途(可以改为
for 短语)，而者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，它一般只能置于被修饰词之前。
请看几个词组:
现在分词作定语: a sleeping dog=a dog that is sleeping
a flying bird=a bird that is flying
a crying baby=a baby that is crying
boiling water=water that is boiling
动名词作定语: a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
a flying suit=a suit for flying
drinking water=water for drinking
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4、动名词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别。在 look at，listen to, feel，hear，notice，observe，
see，watch 等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强
调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式只是陈述事实。
例如:
Did you hear someone knocking at the door?你刚才听到有人敲门吗?
Yes I did. I heard him knock three times.是的，我听到他敲了三下.
I saw your father working in your garden yesterday.
昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。
I saw your father work in your garden yesterday.
昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。
〔注意〕find 后面可用分词(现在分词和过去分词)作宾补，不用不定式。
如：
正：I found him lying on the ground.
误：I found him lie on the ground.
下列动词常跟分词作宾补:
catch 抓住，have 让、{吏，keep 使处十某状态，get 使得，see 看见，hear 听见，find 发
现，feel 感觉到，leave 使处于某状态，make 使(只接过去分词)，want 想要，start 引起，
notice 注意到，observe 观察，watch 观看、注视，set 使处于某状态，等等
5. allow, permit, forbid，encourage，advise 的用法相似，具体如下:
(1) 后面无宾语补语时，接 doing,.
例如:
Sorry we don' t allow smoking in the lecture room.对不起，本教室里不许抽烟。
The school doesn' t permit smoking in class.学校不许在课上抽烟。
Mrs. Green forbade smoking in her house.格林夫人禁止在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged speaking more English in class.老师鼓励在课堂上多说英
语。
(2)后面有宾语补语时，接 to do.
例如:
Tom' s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV.汤姆的母亲不会允许他在电视
上看那个电影。
The school doesn' t permit its students to smoke in class.学校不允许它的学生们在上
课时抽烟。
Mrs. Green forbade us to smoke in her house.格林夫人不许我们在她家抽烟。
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The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in class.老师鼓励每个人
在课堂上多说英语。
The doctor advised me to take more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。
(3)接 doing 时，doing 前面可以带自己的形式主语(意思上的主语，也叫逻辑主语)
例如:
That teacher doesn' t permit our smoking in his class.老师不允许我们在他讲课时抽
烟。(our 是 smoking 的主语)
Paul' s mother will forbid his going with you.保罗的妈妈不会允许他跟你去。
The doctor advised my taking more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。
6、非谓语动词的正误辨析:
(1 )正在粉刷的房子将是一家书店。
误: The house painted will be a bookstore
正: The house being painted will be a bookstore.
正: The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore.
析:现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动意义，但是过去分词表示动作已经完成，
而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。
(2)他竟然会缺席，这使我感到惊讶。
误：It is astonished to me that he should be absent.
正：It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.
正：I am astonished that he is absent.
析:一般来说，由现在分词转化而来的形容词，有主动意味，说明事物的性质或特征，
多可译为令人感到……的;而由过去分词转化而来的形容词，有被动意味或表示已完成
的动作，长译为“感到……、觉得……”。
（3）这本书我读起来太难了。
误：The book is too difficult for me to read it
正：The book is too difficult for me to read
析：句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以应去掉，否则就犯了重复的毛病。
(4) 打开抽屉，他拿出词典。
误：Opening the drawer, and he took out a dictionary.
正：Opening the drawer, he took out a dictionary.
析：并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短
语和句子之间不能用并列连词。
(5) 他别无选择，只有躺下来睡觉。
误：He has no choice but lying down and sleeping.
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正：He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
正：He can do noting but lie down and sleep.
正：He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep.
析：在这种句型中，but 和 except 后用不定式，不用动名词。并且若句中含有动词 do
时，but，except 后跟省掉 to 的不定式。
(6) 革命意味着解放生产力。
误：Revolution means to liberate the productive farces.
正：Revolution means liberating the productive farces.
析:mean 后跟动词不定式表示“意欲/打算”，后面跟动名词表示“意味着”
(7))他在看通知时有了一个主意。
误：When reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.
正：When he was reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.
正：Reading (When reading) the notice, he had an idea.
析：分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致
(8)依据他的说法，这个答案是对的。
误：Judge from what he said, the answer is right.
正：Judging from what he said, the answer is right.
析：“Judging” 在这里是插入语，作独立成分。类似的用法还有 to tell the truth,
considering, generally speaking 等。
(9)我们尽快地走，希望及时赶到
误：We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time.
正：We walked as fast as we could, hoping to get there in time.
析：根据句意，希望 hope 不表示目的，而表示伴随状况，所以用 hoping.
(10)这封需要马上回复。
误：The letter demanded answering immediately.
正：The letter demanded an immediate answer.
正：The letter required (needed) answering immediately.
析：require，need，want 作“需要”解时，可跟动名词做宾语。demand 作此义解时，
不能跟动名词作宾语，要跟名词。
(11)这是 80 年代建造的工厂之一。
误：This is one of the factories having been built in the 1980s.
正：This is one of the factories built in the 1980s.
析：现在分词的完成式主要用做状语，不做定语。
(12)给我一张纸写东西。
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误：Give me a sheet of paper to write
正：Give me a sheet of paper to write on
析：不定式做定语时，如果它所修饰的名词在意义上是不定式的宾语而不是主语的时
候，这个不定式的后面应根据意义加上适当的介词。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词
或介词短语)构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑
主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子
的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、
条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以
改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从
句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
(原因)改为从句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。
Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信号发出后，公共汽车就启动了。
(时间)改为从句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，
并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months
later.期中考试结束了，两个月之后进行期末考试.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two
months later.
Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天气允许的话，我们就去参观长城。
If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
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The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，
并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。(伴随状语)
上文例句中 sword in hand 是由“名词+介词短语”构成，表示伴随的情况。这种表示
伴随的独立主格结构，有时可以用 with 引出，二者的意思是一样的，with 结构更加口语话，
更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪水，离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in
his hand.老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子，手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and
some books in his hand.
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.华灯齐放，天安门广场显
得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由这孩子领路，我
们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们
对一定能搞好。
非谓语动词真题再现
1. If you A in taking this annoying attitude, we’ll have to ask you to leave.
（2008）
A. Persist B. insist C. Resist D. assist
2. There is much B can be done about the accidents from carelessness.
（2008）
A. which…arose B. that…arising
C. which…arisen D. that…arise
3. A more time, she would certainly have done it much better.（2008）
A. Given B. To be given
C. Giving D. To give
4. It’s no good B . You just have to put up with all these.（2009）
A. Complained B. Complaining C. to be complaining D. to complain
5. B , the next problem was how to make a good plan.（2009）
A. Having made the decision B. The decision having been made
C. Has the decision been made C. The decision has been made
6. A from the hill-top, the lake scenery is beyond description.（2007）
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A. Seen B. Seeing C. To D. Having seen
7. Teachers always tell their students that it is no good B today’s work for
tomorrow.（2007）
A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. leave
8. When a machine is D , suitabe materials must be chosen for its parts.
A. Building B. Build C.to build D. to be build（2007）
9. Many things D impossible in the past are quite common today.（2007）
A. considering B. being considered C. to be consider D.
consiered
10. D David’s expression, we’d better say he is not in a good mood today.
（2006）
A. To judge by B. Judged by C. To be judged by D. Judging by
11. A too much to do, they have any money, so he had to postpone buying a house.
（2006）
A. Having B. Have C. Had D. Being
12、 A , I am afraid I can’t o with you.（2005）
A、With so much work t do B、With so much work doing
C、For so much work to do D、To do so much work
13、I don’t remember the boiler B during these years.（2005）
A、being repaired B、having been repaired
C、to be repaired D、to have been repaired
14. ___D_ the meeting himself gave his supporters a great deal of encouragement.
（2010）
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
15. Everything _B__into consideration, the candidates ought to have another chance.
（2010）
A. is taken B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
16. ___B__from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine
with him wherever he goes.（2010）
A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
17. The concert will be broadcasted live to a worldwide television audience__B_
thousand million（2010）
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A. estimating B. estimated C. estimates D. having estimated
18. About half of the students expected there _B___more reviewing classes before
the final exams.（2010）
A. is B . being C. to be D. have been
19.With a large amount of work_D__ the chief manager couldn’t spare time for a holiday.
（2010）
A. remained to be done B. remaining to do
C. remained to do D. remaining to be done
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