2010届英语高考考前冲刺辅导三

2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 1 页 共 13 页 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 一、上海高考（英语）阅读部分的考试目标： 1. 能理解文章的基本内容； 2. 能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子； 3. 能归纳文章的主旨大意； 4. 能推测文章的隐含意思； 5. 能运用阅读技巧完成不同文体的阅读任务。 二、完型填空 考查综合运用语言的能力： 词语辨析能力 语篇理解能力 逻辑推理能力 文化背景透析能力 作者意图剖析能力 生活常识综合运用能力 1．根据上下文语境来确定最佳选项近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构，重在文 意的干扰，即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去，考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示，对整 体文意进行把握的能力。 例 1： I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was ___1___ and the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad ___2___ a step and fell, sending my new suitcase ___3___ down the stairs. 1. A. helpless B. lazy C. anxious D. tired 2. A. took B. minded C. missed D. picked 3. A. rolling B. passing C. dropping D. turning 2. 根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行逻辑推理。解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活 经历，还要能够驾驭全文，不仅理解文章的表层意义，而且要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很 准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。 例 1： It was an early morning in summer. In the streets, sleepy-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their ___ 1___ . This was the beginning of another __2__ day in New York City. 1. A. jobs B. homes C. buses D. offices 2. A. working B. hot C. same D. ordinary 3. 根据词语的习惯用法和固定搭配来选择答案词的固定搭配 例 1: The other day I was sitting in a small restaurant ___1___ a quiet drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly ___2___ me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasn’t long ___3___ the whole room was filled with smoke. 1. A. have B. had C. having D. have had 2. A. seemed B. struck C. sank D. showed 3. A. ago B. after C. before D. now 例： Sometimes people use euphemisms to soften the blow of something bad, or to make something sound better than it actually is. And this is certainly the ____50____ with "pre-owned" . Do you buy everything ____51____, or do you sometimes shop in second-hand shops, or one of the charity shops which are in every UK high street? If you really want to ____52____ money you might go “dumpster diving”---- fishing around in containers in streets for handy pieces of furniture ____53____ similar which have been left out by their previous ____54____ to be taken away by the local council. Or perhaps you buy things on an online auction site such as eBay? In the week following Christmas day in 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 2 页 共 13 页 2007, over one million ____55____ Christmas presents were put up for sale on eBay and all of these things had already had ____56____ one owner. Some years ago, you ____57____ have thought of these items as “second hand”, but these days you're more likely to consider them “pre-owned”. It has a much nicer ____58____ to it, doesn't it? Nobody wants to have a(n) “____59____” anything, but "pre-owned" has a warm feeling to it, almost like you're looking ____60____ it for someone else. "Pre-owned" appears to have ____61____ with the automobile industry in the sixties, where dealers realized that people were more likely to buy a car marked like this, ____62____ one marked as “second hand”. It just sounds better. And you can take this even ____63____, making the process even more acceptable with the ultra-modern version ---- “pre-loved”! So, next time someone looks down their nose at your not-so-new car, just tell them it was pre-loved ---- that'll ____64____ them! ( ) 50. A. case B. word C. example D. usage ( ) 51. A. cheap B. dear C. old D. new ( ) 52. A. waste B. use C. spend D. save ( ) 53. A. or B. but C. even D. and ( ) 54. A. shops B. owners C. councils D. careers ( ) 55. A. unwanted B. update C. out-of-date D. expensive ( ) 56. A. at most B. at least C. more than D. less than ( ) 57. A. might as well B. had better C. should D. would ( ) 58. A. image B. sense C. sound D. meaning ( ) 59. A. second B. old C. used D. owned ( ) 60. A. for B. after C. on D. up ( ) 61. A. originated B. benefited C. involved D. connected ( ) 62. A. instead of B. other than C. as D. than ( ) 63. A. further B. better C. deeper D. bigger ( ) 64. A. overlook B. confuse C. help D. bother 2009 年上海高考 Most people believe they don’t have much imagination. They are __50__. Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to __51__ it. Creativity isn’t always __52__ with great works of art or ideas. People at work and in their free time __53__ think of creative ways to solve problems. Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky question to answer or you just want to expand your mind! Here are three techniques to help you. Making connections This technique involves taking __54__ ideas and trying to find links between them. First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. Write down all the ideas/words __55__ with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc. Think of as many as you can. The next stage is to relate the __56__ to the job you have to do. So imagine you want to buy a friend an original __57__; you could buy him tickets to a match or take him out for the night. No limits! Imagine that normal limitations don’t __58__. You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new __59__. If your goal is to learn to ski, __60__, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now __61__ this to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January. Be someone else! Look at the situation from a __62__ point of view. Good businessmen use this technique 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 3 页 共 13 页 in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the __63__ in their books. They ask questions: What does this character want? Why can’t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their __64__. The best fishermen think like fish! 50. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. reasonable D. realistic 51. A. put up with B. catch up with C. make use of D. keep track of 52. A. equipped B. compared C. covered D. connected 53. A. skillfully B. routinely C. vividly D. deeply 54. A. familiar B. unrelated C. creative D. imaginary 55. A. presented B. marked C. lit D. associated 56. A. ideas B. ambitious C. achievement D. technique 57. A. experience B. service C. present D. object 58. A. work B. last C. exist D. change 59. A. possibilities B. limitations C. tendency D. practice 60. A. in fact B. in particular C. as a whole D. for example 61 A. devote B. adapt C. lead D. keep 62. A. private B. global C. different D. practical 63. A. features B. themes C. creatures D. characters 64 A. positions B. dreams C. images D. directions 三、语篇理解测试指导： 高考英语试卷中“语篇理解”部分的语篇均选自英美原版读物，内容相当丰富，上自天文史地，下至 社会民俗、政治经济、科普文教等；语篇涉及的体裁亦较为广泛，从记叙文、描述文到说明文和议论文。 命题人员对所选语篇的内容精心设计编纂各种试题。 常见的试题有确认事实或情节题、辨认特定细节题、归纳主题和论点题、选定语篇篇名题和推理题。 近年试卷中又先后出现了确定词义题、预察下文题以及识别作者态度和情绪题。 快速阅读是 2005 年开始采用的一种新题型。该题型考察考生对语篇段落意思的概括或归纳能力。这 种题型不要求考生认识语篇中的每一个词语，只要求考生大概了解每个段落的中心思想即可。 四、阅读理解测试试题的基本类型： 1. 判断词语含义题 The word / phrase “……”could best be replaced by ________. The word / phrase“……”refers to ________. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the words / phrases in the passage? 根据定义，解释 猜词 A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year. But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought. 根据构词法 When a wise person misuses his wisdom, he will do great harm to society. 根据同义词，反义词关系 If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 根据对比和转折关系 Although the early morning had been very cool, the noonday sun was tropical. 根据同位语关系 Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1874 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father was an expert in phonetics, the study of the sounds of language. 根据因果关系 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 4 页 共 13 页 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because she was using the wrong key. 根据上下文线索 The weather in Hawaii is always mild. It is pleasant and warm. There is usually a light wind to cool the air. 根据生活常识 In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. （2002 年上海春季高考） A thief who dropped a winning lottery ticket at the scene of his crime has been given a lesson in honesty. His victim, who picked up the ticket, then claimed the ￡25,000 prize, managed to trace him, and handed over the cash. The robbery happened when maths professor Vinicio Sabbatucci, 58, was changing a tyre on an Italian motorway. Another mororist, who stopped “to help”, stole a suitcase from his car and drove off. The professor found the dropped ticket and put it in his pocket before driving home to Ascoli in eastern Italy. Next day, he saw the lottery results on TV and, taking out the ticket, realized it was a winner. He claimed the 60 million lire prize. Then he began a battle with his conscience. Finally, he decided he could not keep the money despite having been robbed. He advertised in newspapers and on radio, saying: “I’m trying to find the man who robbed me. I have 60 million lire for him — a lottery win. Please meet me. Anonymity guaranteed.” Professor Sabbatucci received hundreds of calls from people hoping to trick him into handing them the cash. But there was one voice he recognized—and he arranged to meet the man in a park. The robber, a 35-year-old unemployed father of two, gave back the suitcase and burst into tears. He could not believe what was happening. “Why didn’t you keep the money?” he asked. The professor replied: “I couldn’t because it’s not mine.” Then he walked off, spurning the thief’s offer of a reward. 1）. The sentence “Then he began a battle with his conscience.” in paragraph 2 implies all of the following EXCEPT that ______. A. he knew what he should do as soon as he saw the lottery results B. he hesitated about keeping the money for some time C. he thought for a moment of avenging himself on the robber D. he came to realize that honesty is more important than money 2）. The word “spurning” in the last sentence can be replaced by ______. A. accepting B. claiming C. rejecting D. cancelling 2. 事实细节题 利用 What, who , how, how many, how much 提出问题。做这类题的方法是通过 skimming 把握文章的 中心后, 在通过寻读法快速确定该细节在文中的出处( 哪一段，哪一句), 对照选项进行 “三对一错” 或 “三错一对” 的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句, 要学会分析句子结构, 正确理解句子的意思. According to the passage, who / where/ what / when / how / why …? Which of the following is true to the passage? Which of the following is not stated in the passage? What does the passage say about? The Family History Library is open to the public every day except Sunday and some holidays. Visitors are invited to use its books and other materials. Library officials say it is one of the most popular places for visitors in Utah. About two thousand four hundred people use the library each day. Normally how many visitors does the library in Utah receive in a week? A. 2,400. B. 3,000. C. 14,400. D. 16,800. （2002 年上海高考） Passport Control 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 5 页 共 13 页 If you are arriving at London Heathrow Airport and are not transferring( 转 换 ) to another flight outside Britain or Northern Ireland, you must pass through Passport Control and Customs immediately after leaving your plane. If you are not British or a citizen of the European Community, you must fill out a special form before your passport is examined. This form is called a landing card and should be given to you during the flight to London. After landing, follow the ARRIVALS signs. Make sure you are in the right channel when you reach Passport Control. There is one channel for holders of European Community passports, and a second channel marked “Other Passports”. Baggage Reclaim（行李领取）Area After passing through Passport Control, follow the signs to the Baggage Reclaim Area. If you have luggage which was carried in the aircraft along with other cargo, it will be delivered to you in the Baggage Reclaim Area. Look for the sign with your flight number. If you have only hand luggage, go directly through the Baggage Reclaim Area to Customs. Customs All passengers must pass through Customs after Passport Control. There is a choice of two channels, Green and Red. If you have nothing to declare, go through the Green Channel. If you are not sure about your Duty Free allowances（免税额）, or if you have something to declare, go through the Red Channel. Information about Duty Free allowances can be found on special notice-boards in the Baggage Reclaim Area. You should study this information carefully whether you are going through the Red Channel or not. Please note that if you go through the Green Channel, you may be stopped and asked to open your luggage for inspection. 1）When a Chinese travelers is arriving at Heathrow Airport for a trip in London, he must ______. A. fill out a landing card first B. pass through Customs before Passport Control C. walk through the Red Channel D. immediately reclaim his baggage after landing 3. 推断分析题 1. What do we know about Frank? 2. We may infer from the passage that ____. 3. Which of the following words best describes …? 4. What is implied in the passage is that_____? JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students—18 boys and 2 girls – had a thousand reasons to be proud of themselves. They had just climbed their way to the top rung out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tuesday evening. The 20 Gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14. ‘Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable!’ said a teacher from Guangdong province. Named after China’s most famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the contest started in 1986, one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it has been recognized by the State Education Commission as the country’s biggest and best contest of its skill. It can be inferred from the text that the teacher from Guangdong province____. A. felt proud of the gold medal winners B. wondered if the students were honest C. thought that the problems were too difficult for the students 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 6 页 共 13 页 D. believed that the twenty winners could go to study at university （2002 年上海高考） In July 1994 Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, was struck by 21 pieces of a comet. When the fragments landed in the southern part of the giant planet, the explosions were watched by scientists here on earth. But what if our own planet was hit by a comet? The year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the Earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two fragments will probably hit the southern part of the Earth. The news has caused panic. On 17 July, a fragment four kilometers wide enters the Earth’s atmosphere with a huge explosion. About half of the fragment is destroyed. But the major part survives and hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and an enormous wave is created and spreads. The wall of water rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometers an hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. The wave moves into the Indian Ocean and heads towards Asia. Millions of people are already dead in the southern part of the Earth, but the north won’t escape for long. Tons of broken pieces are thrown into the atmosphere by the explosions. As the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. Crops are ruined. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later civilization has collapsed. No more than 10 million people have survived. Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the Earth. The dinosaurs were on the Earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that the Earth was hit by a space fragment. The dinosaurs couldn’t survive in the cold climate that followed and they became extinct. Will we meet the same end? Why does the author mention dinosaurs at the end of the passage? A. Because they could only live in the warm climate. B. Because they once dominated the earth. C. Because their extinction indicates future disasters. D. Because dinosaurs and humans never live in the same age. （2003 年上海高考） Martha had been working for Miller Laboratories for two years, but she was not happy there. Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases. Martha felt that her supervisor, a younger and less experienced person than she, did not like her. In fact, the supervisor often said unpleasant things to her. One day, while talking with her friend Maria, she mentioned how discouraged she was. Maria gave her the name of a cousin of hers who was director of Human Resources Department for a large chemical company. Martha called him the next day and set up an interview on her lunch hour. During the interview, Mr. Petri said, “You’re just the kind of person we need here. You’re being wasted in your other job. Give me a call in a day or two. I’m sure we can find a place for you in our organization.” Martha was so happy she almost danced out of the building. That afternoon, Ruth Kenny, her supervisor, saw that Martha had come in ten minutes late from her lunch hour and she said, “Oh, so you finally decided to come back to work today?” This was the last straw. She could not take another insult. Besides, Mr. Petri was right: she was being wasted in this job. “Look,” she said angrily, “if you don’t like the way I work, I don’t need to stay here. I’ll go where I’m appreciated! Good-bye!” She took up her things and stormed out of the office. That night she called Maria and told her what had happened and then asked Maria, “What do you think?” “Well,” said Maria carefully, “are you sure about the other job?” 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 7 页 共 13 页 “Well, not exactly, but…” Maria continued, “Will you be able to get a recommendation from Ms. Kenny if you need one?” “A recommendation? … from Ms. Kenny?” hesitated Martha, in a worried tone. “Martha, I hope you didn’t burn your bridge,” Maria said. “I think I would have handled it differently.” What does Maria think of Martha’s decision? A. Martha has handled the matter properly. B. Martha shouldn’t have set the bridge on fire. C. Martha should have found a new job before leaving. D. Martha shouldn’t have lost her temper with her supervisor. 4. 对文章的体裁，来源作出判断 Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them. “To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片)with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief(缓解疼痛）take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.” This text is most probably taken from a ______. A. textbook B. newsreel C. doctor’s notebook D. bottle of medicine 5. 观点评价题 Where do pesticides fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature: Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides are very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world. Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disease. “Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,” says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, “yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.” What is the author’s attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides? A. Pessimistic. B. Indifferent. C. Defensive. D. Concerned. 6. 主旨概括题 What is the topic / main idea / best title of the passage? What does the passage mainly discussed? 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 8 页 共 13 页 What is the writer’s main point in the passage? Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters. Sometimes they spray a “cake smell” into the air. At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread. These smells are enough to make people’s mouths water. The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake, bread, rolls, and other baked goods! The main idea of the passage is _________. A. what cake smells like B. why bakeries make money C. how people are attracted to bakery counters D. what bakery counters in supermarkets sell （2003 年上海高考） You are what you eat and fats are a main food for Asia’s fast-food generation. Dr. Chwang, director of the Department of Food Nutrition, says children are consuming more meat and soft drinks. That is a thorough departure from the traditional diet of vegetables and rice and little meat. “They like big pieces of fried meat with a soft drink. So although they may eat the same volume of food, their calorie intake has increased. Now about 40 to 45 percent of their calories come from fat,” says Chwang. Although on the whole Asians tend towards thinness, culture—namely Asian’s hospitality — is a reason for the fatness of today’s generation, according to Chwang. “Asian people love food,” she says. “Eating and drinking are important social and family functions.” In the past, however, big meals were only hosted on special occasions as people were more careful with money. In today’s climate of wealth and remarkable consumption, 10-course meals are no longer reserved for significant occasions. More than anyone else, children are on the receiving end of their parents’ improved circumstances. “In the past, people had four or more children — now, they have one or two, so they tend to spoil them,” says Chwang. “The easiest way is to give them ‘quality food’. Parents think feeding them well is showing their love. They feel bad when their children look thin.” When describing the physical condition of most overweight Asian children, Chwang says: “There is a clear relationship between fatness and indoor play. Children get fat because they don’t move, and eventually, they don’t want to move because they’re fat.” Thanks to technology, a growing army of children prefer video games to old outdoor sports. “What do children do when watching TV or sitting in front of the computer playing video games? They eat chocolate and drink Coke,” says Chwang. Some parents feel bad when their children look thin because ______. A. their children don’t love eating and drinking B. their children don’t have a good physical condition C. they feel that they don’t take good care of their children D. they feel that they are not wealthy enough to afford ‘quality food’ 五、阅读理解测试题中的一些注意事项 1、错题原因一： 当原文与选项的文字为同义替换（paragraphrase) 时，我们解题者往往因为词汇量不够或者对句子的理 解不到位而无法正确理解句子。 对策： 我们要打好词汇和语法基础，练就一双“火眼金睛”，只要近义词或同一内容一出现，就能马上进行 “联想”。另外，浏览全文时对关键句子要特别留意。 例 1：2009 年高考（C）篇 第六段：The Restriever software package, which costs $29.95 but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs. Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password if they fear that the 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 9 页 共 13 页 thief has also got hold of the access details. 74. One function of the program is that it allows the owner to ________ at a distance. A. change some access details for switching on the laptop B. turn to the laptop by using the original password C. operate the laptop by means of an alternative password D. erase the information kept in the stolen laptop 例 2：2009 年高考（D）篇 第二段：…Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand it’s inner working. … 77. By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could ________. A. come to understand the inner structure of writing B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security 2、错题原因二： 长难句理解困难，也是失分的重要原因之一。通常长难句不易理解并不是因为句子结构本身复杂难懂， 而是句子附带的修饰语较多，我们考生在阅读时常常顾前不顾后，不懂得删繁就简，看句子的主干。 对策： 我们平时在练习阅读的过程中就要学会对句子的结构进行分析，弄清楚句子的各个组成部分，学会在 短时间内找到句子的主干。 例： 找出句子主要成分 1). This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure—a 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Dekorah Logan, a woman who knew everybody in her day. 2). A Lebanese who had left the country for Syria during the conflict between Israel and Hizbollah, returns with her family following the ceasefire, at the Lebanon-Syria border in Magdel Anjar August 14, 2006. 3). A 53-point win over South Korea wrapped up a perfect Asian exhibition tour for a star-studded U.S. team on its way to the world championships. 3、错题原因三——主旨大意题解题技巧（考查重点） 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大 意的能力。主旨题一般包括归纳基本论点、标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上较 好地运用各种逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。 常见的设题方式有： 1、标题类常见的标题型题干： 1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________. 2)The text (passage) could be entitled ______________. 3)What is the best title for the passage? 4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2、 大意类常见的主题型题干： 5) This passage chiefly deals with____________. 6) What’s the topic of the article? 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 10 页 共 13 页 7) What is the subject discussed in the text? 8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 3 、目的主旨大意题 The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______. The passage is meant to _____ The purpose of this article is _______ 文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的, 而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现, 所以段落的主题句是构成文章 中心思想的有机组成部分. 因此, 识别各个段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关 键. 常见的主题句呈现的形式有： 1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演 绎法写作方式； 2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳 法写作方式； 3).文中，通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后 又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展； 4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多 见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。 （首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she said… （尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said. 5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行 全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能 在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 例 9.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ＿＿＿＿ A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词。文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的 提示后面。 如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus…..I agree with the opinion that….; Given all these points above, I would support the idea that….; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer…. 干扰项的特点 1）. 以偏概全：答案只阐述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，概括不够。 2）. 主题扩大：归纳和概括的范围过大，超过了文章讨论的东西。 3）. 断章取义：常以次要的事实、细节冒充全文主要观点。 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 11 页 共 13 页 解题思路 1. 寻找主题句，确定文章主题。 2. 注意首段和各段的首句，将其含义连成整体。 例： 2009 年高考（C）篇 (C) “ Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken. The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind. Owners must report their laptop missing by logging on to a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” banner pops up on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version(版本) of the software, users can also send a spoken message. The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it. “One customer sent a message saying, ‘You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever. In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. The default through the computer’s speakers is: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, please report me now.” The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 (￡21) but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs. Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password prompt if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details. If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location. Thousands of laptops are stolen every year from homes and offices, but with the use of laptops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising sharply. Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer. 75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage? A. With no Retriever, thousand of laptops are stolen every year. B. A new software provides a means to reduce laptop theft. C. Retriever has help to find thieves and lost computers. D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief. 2009 年高考（D）篇 (D) The latest research suggests a more prosaic, democratic, even puritanical view of the world. The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark. It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess. Instead, it’s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours (many more hours) rigorously practicing their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average verbal ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday. This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 12 页 共 13 页 she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings. Then she would practice writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practicing in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practicing slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems. The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior. 76. The passage mainly deals with _______. A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer B. the relationship between genius and success C. the decisive factor in making a genius D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction 文章的标题是中心思想最精练的表达形式, 选择的标题意义范围要能含盖全文, 不能太大也不能太小. 命题者在出这类题时, 常常利用生活常识编造干扰项, 把文章的细节当主旨, 利用局部信息编造干扰项, 编制超出文章范围的标题或不能含盖文章中心意义的标题来考察学生. 对选择标题类题, 若遇到拿不太准 的情况时, 可以自己思考一下: “如果是我写这个题目, 我会怎么写?” 例 While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants （婴儿）， societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain （ 保 持 ） . First of all, the high infant death rate in the pre-modern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child. One of these pre-modern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal （ 母 亲 的） attachment was tightly wrapping（包裹）infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking （抚摸） and kissing that are so much a part of modem mothers’ and fathers’ affection for their infants. A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding （母乳哺育）was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little milk for the city infant-who. in many cases, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent. 71. Which is the best title for the passage? A. Societal Conditions in Pre-modern Times B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment 2010 届英语高考考前冲刺辅导（三）——阅读理解 第 13 页 共 13 页 C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate D. Differences between Modern and Pre-modern Parents 例 The Marches were a happy family. Poverty, hard work, and even the fact that Father March was away with the Union armies could not down the spirits of Meg, Jo, Beth, Amy, and Matinee, as the March girls called their mother. The March sisters tried to be good but had their share of faults, Pretty Meg was often displeased with the schoolchildren .she taught; boyish Jo was easy to become angry; golden-haired schoolgirl Amy liked to show up; but Beth, who kept the house, was loving and gentle always. The happy days passed and darkness came when a telegram arrived for Mrs. March. "Your husband is very ill," it said, "come at once." The girls tried to be brave when their mother left for the front. They waited and prayed. Little Beth got scarlet fever (猩红热) when she was taking care of a sick neighbor. She became very ill but began to recover by the time Marmee was back. Then Father came home from the front and at that joyful Christmas dinner they were once more all together. Three years later the March girls had grown into young womanhood. Meg became Mrs. Brooke, and after a few family troubles got used to her new state happily. Jo had found pleasure in her literary efforts. Amy had grown into a young lady with a talent for design and an even greater one for society. But Beth had never fully regained her health, arid her family watched her with love and anxiety. 58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. The March Family. B. The March Parents. C. The March Girls. D. The March Relatives.