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高一暑假复习资料 1
一．必修 1-必修 4 复习必背句子翻译
根据括号内的提示将下列句子翻译成英语。
必修 1 Unit 1
1. 在三鹿有毒奶粉事件曝光后，家长们为该给孩子吃什么而忧虑。(expose; be concerned about)
2. 每当考试遇到很多难题的时候，我首先告诉自己要平静下来。(a series of, calm down)
3. 我很感激你的建议，它帮助了我与同学们融洽相处。(be grateful, advice, get along with)
4. 这是他第一次用电子邮件与笔友交流。（the first time, communicate with）
5. 当我们在游泳池边玩的时候, 那个淘气的男孩故意把我推到了水里。（while… doing, on purpose）
6. 爱好是不会让你感到厌倦的——你投入的时间越长，乐趣越多(the more… the more; devote to; get tired of).
7. 计算机使人们即使身处世界的不同角落也能面对面地交流, 这彻底改变了我们的生活。(make …possible;
face to face; even if；entirely) 8. 好朋友就是能和你分享快乐和忧伤的人。(share…with)
9．根据新闻报道，是天气决定神舟七号发射的准确时间。(according to, it is ….that 强调句 )
10. 为了实现他的冠军梦， 他在过去十年里经历了许多的艰辛。（in order to, suffer）
必修 1 Unit 2
1．现在, 每年有超过 100 万的旅客来广州观光旅游. (at present, more than)
2. 他们的友谊是建立在多年相互开放沟通的基础上的. (base … on, communication)
3. 我们要充分利用我们现有的资源. (make use of, resources)
4. 我们应该积极参加社区服务. 这样可以丰富我们的生活. (take part in, enrich)
5. 不管你相不相信, 我们已经逐渐地可以用英语流利地表达自己了。(believe it or not, gradually, express, fluently)
6. 实际上学好英语有很多种方式, 例如多背诵, 多看书. (actually, a number of, such as)
7. 即使这工作要花掉我六个星期的时间，我仍决心要完成这份工作。 (even if, determined )
8. 由于下大雨，到处都出现了交通阻塞。(because of)
9. 政府应该尽快想出更好的办法来解决高油价所带来的问题. (come up with, petrol)
10. 全体同学都要准时参加明天举行的会议. (request)
必修 1 Unit 3
1.杰克给了我一个坚定的眼神，这眼神表明他不会改变主意，也不会屈服。(determined, change one’s mind, give in)
2. 约翰，想办法把这房间整理好。(think of, get sth done)
3. 他不停劝说我，如果我去旅游，让他相陪。(persuade, company)
4. 尽管她并不喜欢画，她却坚持要和我一起去看画展。(be fond of, insist)
5. 花了一周时间才把衣物和药品送达灾区。(transport 运输)
6. 我们以为保罗是一个可信赖的人，但实际上他只关心他自己。(reliable, care about)
7. 首先想到沿着河流从源头到终点骑车旅游的是你的表姐。(强调句)
8. 由于他的车损坏了，他获得了 1000 元的保险费。(insurance)
9. 我妹妹很固执，她根本听不进别人的意见。(stubborn)
10. 请耐心点。火车十分钟后到。(be doing 表将来)
必修 1 Unit 4
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1. 好像他的事业就快要结束了。(It seems/ seemed that…, at an end)
2. 据报道，我们市吸烟人数已达到 100 万。(It is reported that…, the number of, reach)
3. 我想知道这些幸存者是如何被营救的。(wonder, survivor, rescue)
4. 百分之六十的旅客宁愿住在窗朝南的房间。(用定语从句）
5. 他的工作丢了，但并非所有美好的希望都破灭了。(be gone, not all)
6. 学校将组织学生在操场周围挖一条水沟并植树.(organize, dig out )
7. 消防员没有多考虑个人的安危,像平常一样将困在大火中的人员援救出来.(think little of, rescue, be trapped
in) 8. 中国东临太平洋, 有着 13 亿的人口.(on the east, with )
9. 营救人员累得不想再动, 并在废墟中睡着了.(too…to…, fall asleep , in the ruins)
10. 他顿时泪水夺眶而出，冲出门外寻求帮助。(burst, rush out )
必修 1 Unit 5
1. 一些人破门设法从失火的房子里逃了出来。（escape from; by doing sth）
2. 由于我受过比较好的教育，我得到了一份办公室的工作。(be better educated)
3. 每日起床，他都喝一杯水，他认为这对他的身体有好处。(After doing…)
4. 我在小学的时候就认识他——事实上我们那时在同一个年级。（as a matter of fact）
5. 德兰修女(Mother Teresa) 把自己毕生的精力都倾注在照顾穷苦人之上。（devote …to…）
6. 那个门前有两棵树的屋子是他过去曾经居住过的地方。（介词+which）
7. 曼德拉(Mandela)掌权成为总统以后，他的政府尽力为黑人改变不平等的状况。（come to power; president;
unfair） 8. 他恳求我让他加入我们刚建立的俱乐部。（beg; set up）
9. 这对夫妇由于失业，不得不向亲戚求助。（out of work; turn to; relative）
10. 约翰要给捡到他钱包的出租司机一百元作为酬劳。（reward; wallet; who）
必修 2 Units 1
1. 在日本，人们在进屋之前须脱鞋子。(remove)
2. 这个问题值得讨论。( worth)
3. 除非我们净化我们的环境，否则人类可能将无法生存。（clean up, survive）
4. 这时目前为止我所看过的最好的电影中的一部。
5. 他是否能通过考试仍有待证实。( remain )
6. 我宁可在家里清洁家具也不出去购物。( rather than )
7. 你知道这花瓶是属于谁的吗？ ( belong to )
8. 她给我们食物和衣服，没有要求任何回报，这一切都让我们很感激。 (in return; which; be grateful )
9. 他收到了一份礼物，难怪他那么开心。 ( no wonder that …)
10. 虽然他自己并没有觉得做了什么特殊的事情，他的同事们却对他交口称赞 (think highly of)。
必修 2 Units 2
1. 在奥运会上所放飞的鸽子象征着和平。（release; stand for ）
2. 那些支持主席的人必须参加一场辩论。(stand for, take part in)
3. 当午餐的铃声敲响的时候, 学生们一个接一个走出教室。(one after another)
4. 我们用电脑取代了老式的加法计算器。(replace)
5. 经理不在时, 他负责这个商店. (in charge of)
6. 事实上，最大的荣誉是作为最后一名火炬手把火炬带入到举办奥运会的赛场。(as a matter of fact, honor)
7. 他最终向警察承认他也加入了犯罪活动。(admit, take part in, crime)
8. 作为学校的校长，他每天必须处理许多的问题(deal with)。
9. 他训练了很长的一段时间，所以获得比赛的胜利是他应得的。（so, deserve）
10. 我不喜欢讲价，幸运的是我不需要做了，因为这双鞋的确非常划算。（bargain v./ n.）
必修 2 Units 3
1. 在朋友的帮助下，我最终完成了这项工作。(with the help of)
2. 我们需要探索不同的方式来实现我们的人生目标。(achieve; goal)
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3. 他下载了很多程序，以致他的电脑无法负荷而崩溃了。（download, so …that, break down）
4. 由于新一轮抛售的波浪，股市出现了进一步的下跌。(as a result of, there be, a further fall)
5. 政府已经采取措施解决广州的交通问题。（take measures to do sth., solve）
6. 如果出现的任何困难，请打电话给我。(arise,)
7. 在现代的社会，几乎所有的东西都电子化了。(electronic)
8. 她将会公开露脸，为她最新的小说签名。（appearance, sign）
9. 这个母亲正看护着她熟睡的孩子。(watch over)
10. 事实上每个族群的文化虽有不同和独特的习俗，却有共通的做人宗旨。（in reality）
必修 2 Units 4
1. 由于人类的过度猎捕，许多动物都已经灭绝了。(die out)
2. 我们都想过平静安定的生活。（live in peace）
3. 他不肯学习，面临着期末考试不及格的危机。(refuse; in danger of ；and 连接的并列句)
4. 飞机安全着陆之后，一些人喜笑颜开，而另一些人欣慰地哭了。(burst into laughter; while; cry in relief)
5. 开车的时候，你应该注意路标。( pay attention to; road signs)
6. 这种药物含有一些可能会影响你健康的化学成分。(contain; chemicals; affect; 使用定语从句)
7. 没人确切知道这一风俗是何时开始形成的。（custom, come into being ）
8. 如果你想获得成功的话，你必须学会感恩。(appreciate)
9. 政府提出了一项新的政策，旨在保护城市里一些重要的历史遗迹。( put forward, aim… at, preserve )
10. 根据气象报告，今天将会是一个晴朗的日子。( according to)
必修 2 Units 5
1. 我梦想将来的某一天能周游全世界。(dream of)
2. 说实话，我要在公共场合表演还是太紧张了。（to be honest；too… to; perform）
3. 有时候他们在街头或地铁里为过路人演奏来挣些额外的钱。（passers-by; so that; earn; extra）
4. 他总是跟他的同班同学开玩笑。 (play jokes on sb.)
5. 我很独立，不喜欢依赖别人来获得帮助。(be independent; rely on )
6. 在我还没来得及熟悉这个乐队之前，他们就解散了。( have the chance to; get familiar with; break up；) 7. 除
了自信，她还非常漂亮也非常敏感。(in addition to; confident; attractive; sensitive)
8. 然而，在一年左右之后，门基乐队开始演唱他们自己的歌曲了。（or so）
9. 所有的付款都必须以现金的方式，不允许使用信用卡。( payments; be made in cash)
10. 我将把你的友谊视为是最重要的。（above all else）
必修 3 Unit 1
1. 这间医院是为了纪念孙中山先生而建的。 (in memory of)
2. 孩子们盼望着万圣节，在那时候他们可以盛装打扮并互相捉弄。(look forward to; dress up; play a trick on)
3. 我肯定他在会议上出现，因为他是一个守诺言的人。(turn up; keep one’s word)
4. 大家都很清楚他在撒谎。(obvious)
5. 这出电影让外婆想起了她的童年。(remind … of …)
6. 那个国家最后终于脱离美国，赢得了独立。(gain independence from)
7. 他屏住气，一头扎进河里。(hold one’s breath)
8. 农民们正在地里收割庄稼时，就在那时他们听到了溺水女孩在呼救。(gather; drown)
9. 他为他的粗鲁无礼向我道歉并希望我能原谅他。(apologize; forgive)
10. 他们一获得许可就马上出发去灾区。(set off; permission)
必修 3 Unit 2
1. 如果你时常请教老师的话，你将会受益匪浅。 (benefit，consult with)
2. 他认为自己能够逃过学习而考试，但最后他失败了。( get away with )
3. 除非你保持均衡的饮食，否则将会增加体重。 (a balanced diet, put on weight )
4. 他对家乡的巨变十分惊讶。(amaze)
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5. 在做了一个令人惊叹的演讲之后，他又赢回了同事们的支持。(Win back…)
6. 他谋求良好生活的能力受到了他缺乏教育的限制。(Earn a good living, be limited by; lack of)
7. 如果我们联合起来，我们能减少完成这一项目所需要的时间。（combine one’s efforts; cut down）
8. 在搬进新房子之前， 他扔掉了不需要的东西。(Throw…away)
9. 他最大的优点也是他最严重的缺点。
10. Bob 昨天没出席会议，肯定发生了一些不寻常的事情。(Must have done)
必修 3 Unit 3
1. 这篇新闻报道是完全根据实际情况写的。(Base…on)
2. 父母去世后，他由他的姐姐抚养长大。(Bring up)
3. 咱们应该怎样处理这些废报纸？(Do with)
4. 如果天气允许的话，我们将在树林里野餐。(permit)
5. 至于你的书，我下周一定还给你。(as for)
6. 他偶然发现了他弟弟藏宝的地方。(by accident, where 引导的定语从句)
7. 当我到达的时候，我发现门被关上了。(find+宾语+补语)
8. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。This is the room where / in which Lu Xun once lived.比较：鲁迅曾经住过的就是
这房间。（强调句型） 9. 没人能对他的旷课作出解释。(account for)
10. 我决定还是求稳不要冒险。(take a chance；rather than)
必修 3 Unit 4
1. 刘翔是否能在明年复出取决他的脚伤是否完全康复。（depend on）
2. 既然你已经通过了驾驶考试，你就可以独自开车了。(now that)
3. 是什么事使他不能参加我们的会议仍然是个谜。(prevent…from)
4. 罗马帝国存在了好几个世纪了。（exist）
5. 昨天晚会的气氛非常欢快，每一个人都度过了美好的时光。(atmosphere; joyful)
6. 当我们及时赶到水立方看到菲尔普斯 Phelps 最终夺得他的第八金时都感到非常地振奋。(in time; cheer up)
7. 听说她生了一个如此大的男婴，我们都感到非常惊讶。（give birth to）
8. 我经常感到疑惑，为什么有些家长允许自己的孩子看暴力影片。（wonder; allow）
9. 这个小男孩昨天发现了个金蛋的谣言很快传遍整个小村庄。(rumour; spread) change it please using rumour
and spread 10.美国最大银行的倒闭引发了(set off)连锁的破产现象(bankruptcies)，导致了
许多人失去了自己的家园。(lead to, a chain action;)
必修 3 Unit 5
1. 从这个角度上说，应该受到责备的是不负责任的父母而不是做错事的小孩。(rather than…, blame)
2. 外面的噪音不断，我无法安下心来学习。(settle down)
3. 虽然左腿受伤了，他还是在同伴的帮助下设法登上了泰山。(manage to do)
4. 这个 6 岁的小孩有讲故事的天赋。(have a gift for)
5. 兴奋的歌迷们等候在机场，希望一睹这个月亮女神的风采。(catch sight of)
6. 北京市民的良好素质与志愿者的热情给参加奥运会的各国运动员留下了深刻的印象。(impress)
7. 我们很快就喜欢上了这个青山碧水环绕的千年古镇。 (surround)
8. 他拒绝证实他们下个月将举行婚礼的传闻。 (confirm)
9. 这幅画是传统与现代的结合。( a mixture; the traditional; the modern)
10. 站在塔顶上，我仍能看到远处的山 ( in the distance)
必修 4 Unit 1
1. 翟志刚在太空的巨大成就让他赢得了全中国人民的尊重。( achievement; respect)
2. 他不需要很多钱，并且很乐于过着简单的生活。（lead a … life）
3. 四代同堂是中国一个值得骄傲的传统习俗。（traditional, generation）
4. 社会，包括公司和组织，应该在帮助老人方面扮演积极的角色。（play a/an…role in, organization）
5. 老师在讲台前不用看就可以知道哪个学生表现不好。（without doing, behave）
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6. 如果我们一定要按时完成的话，我们就必须坚持工作。（carry on）
7.不要仅仅因为他在一次考试中失败就瞧不起这个人。（look down upon）
8.当我离开超市的时候，我碰巧遇见了我的老朋友。（come across）
9.老师的话促使我比以前更努力学习。（inspire）
10. 保护环境是首要考虑的问题。（consideration）
必修 4 Unit 2
1. 袁博士对生活很满意, 并不在乎出名。( be satisfied with; care about)
2. 我们的校长很希望能扩大学校的规模。(expand)
3. 多亏了每一个人的辛勤努力，表演取得了巨大的成功。(thanks to)
4. 吉姆悄悄溜进房间，没有打扰父母。（without disturbing）
5. 我宁愿为理想奋斗，不愿意放弃而他日后悔。(would rather…than; struggle for)
6．在阅览室朗读是一种坏习惯。(-ing 作主语)
7. 美国总统来华访问，希望改善两国之间的关系。(with the hope of…)
8. 正是那个司机的粗心导致了这场车祸。( lead to, 用强调句)
9. 科学家们把精力集中在保持大气清洁和免受污染上。(focus on, keep…free from…)
10. 在经历了多年的奋斗之后，他们建立起了自己的公司并变得富有。
必修 4 Unit 3
1. 到目前为止，我对居住在广州感到非常满意。(up to now; be content with)
2. 过去他们很贫困，根本谈不上度假。( too…to…, badly off )
3. 在老师的帮助下，我终于克服了困难。(overcome)
4. 汶川地震发生后，地震灾区(the earthquake-stricken area)的交通、电力和通讯完全中断了。(cut off)
5. 他是一个很有趣的男孩，经常用他的笑话带给我们许多欢乐。(entertain sb. with sth.)
6. 他去找加油站看是否能买到汽油。( in search of )
7. 我对一切记忆犹新，好像是昨天发生的。( as if…)
8. 据报道，10,000 吨含有三聚氰胺(melamine)的三鹿婴幼儿奶粉已被销毁。(-ing 作定语)
9. 北京奥运会上，看到国旗升起，听到国歌奏响时，每个中国人都感到无比自豪。
10. 许多北京残奥会的故事非常感人，很多人都感动得流泪。(-ing 作表语，过去分词做表语)
必修 4 Unit 4
1. 一般而言，你在学习一门新的语言的时候总避免不了要犯错误。(in general, avoid)
2. 不是所有的人都痴迷足球，也不是很多人都对篮球感兴趣。（not all… nor, be crazy about）
3. 在政府和人民的帮助下，汶川地区最终定能重建家园。(It is likely that …；recover)
4. 他向玛丽求助时，她却转过身去，所以他感到很没面子。(turn one’s back to, lose face)
5. 去年暑假我去了乡村度假。与村民们在一起我感到非常地自在，也非常满意那里的生活。
6. 历史上，中国人民总是英勇保卫家乡，抵抗外国侵略者。(defend… against)
7. 很兴奋昨晚在音乐会的现场看到了谢庭锋的真人。（-ing 作表语）
8. 当我走近他的时候，这个陌生人一脸疑惑地看着我。(curiously)
9. 树叶变黄，意味着秋天来临。（approach）
10. 她们又说又笑地走进了教室。（-ing 做状语）
必修 4 Unit 5
1．我喜欢在森林里漫步和亲近自然的感觉。(get close to)
2．法国以其精美的食品和葡葡萄酒驰名。(be famous for)
3．你应该提前定火车票，这样你就可以节省一些钱。( in advance；so)
4．学校为学生提供了许多现代化的教学设施。(provide sth. for sb.; teaching facilities)
5．维护我们的环境其实要比修复它更加的经济也更加容易。(preserve)
6．不论发生什么事情，我将永远都不会放弃。 (No matter…)
7．他因为迟到向老师道歉，老师一句话没说就接受了他的道歉。（make an apology to sb for…; without
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doing …） 8．莎士比亚不仅是个有名的剧作家也是个非常优秀的演员。（Not only 句首…but also…）
9．难怪这个主题公园这么受到大家的欢迎，它模拟的是古代中国的生活场景。（it is no wonder that …; be
modeled after; ）10. 通过战胜众多挑战，他应该能重新活跃并且懂得开始享受生活。（a variety of ; come
to life; enjoy oneself）
二、必修 4 英语语法
主谓一致相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如： Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由 and 连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，
and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案 B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除 A.，C。本题易误选 D，因为 The
League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有 the，在英语中，当一人兼
数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用 and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选 B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当 either… or… 与 neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句
子是由 here, there 引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，
谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1）代词 each 以及由 every, some, no, any 等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有 each, every 时,
谓语需用单数。例如： Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单
数。例如： Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数
决定。例如：All is right. 一切顺利。All are present. 人都到齐了。
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如 family, audience, crew, crowd, class,
company, committee 等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体
的整体。例如： His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词 people, police, cattle, poultry 等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？
3）有些名词，如 variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复
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数。例如： A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1）用 half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与 of
后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如： Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2）用 a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：
A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由 more than… of
作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如： Many a person has read the novel.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
巩固练习
（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent
for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were
（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed
（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have C. is having D. are having’
（ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
（ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried
（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
（ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．
A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting
（ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
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A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with
you. A. are B. was C. is D. were
（ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ） 19. —— ____ your clothes? ——No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old
houses. A. were, were B. was, was C. were, was D. was, were
（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries
____ beautiful. A. are, are B. is, is C. are, is D. is, are
（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings
______ their duty. A. Each, are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is
（ ） 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
—— It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（ ） 25. —— Are the two answers correct? —— No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not
（ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was C. / D/ are
助动词相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词 be 的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如： You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
2. 助动词 have 的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
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3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词 do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用 do，不用 did 和 does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以
后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有 never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do 用作代动词，代替 like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？
4. 助动词 shall 和 will 的用法
shall 和 will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说 shall 用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是
在口语中，will 常用于第一人称，但 shall 只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意
义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall 有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.助动词 should, would 的用法
1）should 无词义，只是 shall 的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
可以说，shall 变成间接引语时，变成了 should。
2） would 也无词义，是 will 的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语，就成了 He said he would come。原来的 will 变成 would，go 变成了 come.。
6. 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off 是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
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巩固练习
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist
construction. a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
c.hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
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22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
c.must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
c. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with
us tonight? a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
情态动词相关知识点精讲:
1．can 1)表能力 can 表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有 4 岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为 can 不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用 will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗？It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思？
can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许（和 may 意思相近）常见于口语。Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗？
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
2.could 的用法
1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力 I could swim when I was only six.我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could 在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法 Could I use your bike?Yes, you can.
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I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于肯
定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。Can they have won the basketball match？
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary. 他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can 表示一贯的能力 ，be able to 表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示请求、可以、允许。You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)当回答由 may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用 must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。
May I come in? Yes, you may.No,you can’t No, you may not .No ,you mustn’t.No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推测性用法 可能
He may be right.He may not come today (可能不)He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1 只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。
2 might 比 may 可能性更小 He might get a job. He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not 不可能 He may not come. He can’t come
3)表建议（可和 as well 连用）You may（might）as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。（may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义）
4)表祝愿 May you be happy!
might 1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外，might 一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用 could，表过
去的“许可”可用 were (was) allowed to。
2)表现在的“可能”，其可能性要比 may 小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。
It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。
3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由 must 引起的问题时，否定答复要用 needn’t 或 don’t have to 表示
“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，
就用 must not。
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Must I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗？Yes, please.是的，请吧！No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”
的意思。否定和疑问句用 can。She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
5.have to 的含义与 must 是很接近的,只是 have to 比较强调客观需要，must 着重说明主观看法。
I must clean the room.（主观想法）I have to clean the room.（客观需要）
另外，have to 能用于更多时态：We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及 must 那样具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.你气色不好，应该去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为 oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句，如：Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗？
Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
7.shall 的用法
1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢？Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗？
2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见），如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词 should 一般不应被认为是情态动词 shall 的过去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：
What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办？
2)表示应该、必须，常与 must 换用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了
不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语
气较强。例如：I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”
句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊
异”等的意思。在 lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用 should+
动词原形;在 advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中 should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train. 我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。
8..will 和 would 的用法
1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
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He would not let me try it . 他不肯让我去试。
2）will 表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would 表示过去的习惯行为。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.他在北京时，常来看望我。
3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would 的语气比 will 委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走？
4）表可能性 This will be the book you are looking for.这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.他死时大概 60 岁。
9. need 和 dare 的用法
情态动词 need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词 dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?
He can’t be in the room, is he？
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?
情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进
行。例如： 1）He must be playing basketball in the room. 2）She may be staying at home.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动
作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing 和 be used to +v
（1）used to +v 意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；
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be used to +v 意为“被用来（做某事）”。
（2）used to 只表示过去，而 be used to +v-ing / n 可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：
1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t. 2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3）The knife is used to cut bread.
13．用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can
not but, may (just) as well 等可用作情态动词。例如：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as
soon 后可跟 that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过
去的假设用过去完成时。例如： 1）I would rather you came on Sunday.
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
一. 巩固练习:
1. _____ you ready? (A) Are (B) Have (C) Will (D) Can
2. ____ here early? (A) Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3. I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C) do not (D) won’t
4. Since last year I____ him only once.
(A) have seen (B) have been seeing (C) see (D) was seeing
5. Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow. (A) is being (B) going to be (C) shall be (D) will be
6. I ___ the story at all. (A) don't like (B) like (C) am fond of (D) would like
7. I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study (B)am studying (C) study (D) studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do (C) don't (D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A) not cost (B) not have cost (C) isn't cost (D) didn't cost
10. I ___ like to eat fish. (A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question?
(A) Shall I (B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12. My teacher knows more than ___.
(A) my uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C) they know (D)they don't know
13. He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A) did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14. Not only ____us light.
(A) does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15. ____ you tell me what has happened?
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16. Anne___tomorrow. (A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17. You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
(A) needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
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18. Tell the boy that he ___ in the river. (A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19. Joan___play on Saturday. (A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20. Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can (C)but Charles can't (D)and Charles also can
动词不定式相关知识点精讲:
1. 不定式作补语 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise allow cause challenge command compel
drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite like/love order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
例如；Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如 make，have，get，want 等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主
动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是 be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider find believe think declare （ 声
称）
appoint
guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know
例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：C. 一般没有 consider+宾语+be 以外不定式的结构，也没有 consider+宾语+doing 的结构，排除 A、
B、D。consider 用动词 be 以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选 C。
3) 有些动词可以跟 there +to be 的结构。例如：
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand
例如：We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2. 不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车
是有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句
子，不能用动名词作表语。
3. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用 for 或 of 的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如 easy, hard, difficult,
interesting, impossible 等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb 句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如 good, kind,
nice, clever, foolish, right。例如： It's very nice of you to help me.
用 for 还是用 of 的另一种辨别方法：用介词 for 或 of 后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的
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形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用 of，不通则用 for。例如： You are nice. （通顺，所以应用 of）。
He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用 for。）
4. 不定式作表语
不定式可放在 be 动词后面，形成表语。例如：His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名
医生。My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
5. 不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
6. 不定式作状语
1）目的状语 常用结构为 to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so
（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3）表原因 I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件 He must be a fool to say so. You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.用作介词的 to to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的 to 都用作介词：
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to 开始
look forward
to
be devoted
to
pay attention to contribute
to
apologize
to
devote oneself
to
8. 省去 to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 （ 除 ought 外） 后。
2） 使役动词 let, have, make 后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen
to, smell, feel, find 等后。注意：被动语态中不能省去 to。例如：
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole
night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3） would rather，had better 句型后 4） Why… / why no…句型后
5） help 后可带 to，也可不带 to, help sb （to） do sth：
6） but 和 except 后。but 前是实义动词 do 时，后面出现的不定式不带 to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7） 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去：
8） 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think 等词后作宾补时，可以省去 to be。例如：
He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。
9.动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志 to 前加上 not。例如：Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
10.不定式的特殊句型 too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如：He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不
太"。例如： It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
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3） 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时，意思是：非常… 等于 very。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
11. 不定式的特殊句型 so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不
丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2） 表示结果。例如： Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
12. 不定式的特殊句型 Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如：
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
13.不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如： She is known to have been working
on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
14. 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2）有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3）有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论
分词相关知识点精讲:
1.现在分词的用法：
1) 做表语： He was very amusing. That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2) 作定语：上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词：
That must have been a terrifying experience.I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句：
There are a few boys swimming in the river.There is a car waiting outside.
3) 作状语：现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句：
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句：
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. Be careful when crossing the road.
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Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补：现在分词在一些动词后可以做宾语的补语：如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
I see him passing my house every day. I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.She kept him working all day.
2.过去分词的用法：
1) 作表语： We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened. They were very pleased with the girl.
I’m satisfied with your answer. He is not interested in research.
2) 作定语：She has a pleased look on her face.
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food a written report fried eggs boiled water
frozen food armed forces required courses fallen leaves
finished products a forced smile the risen sun new arrived visitors
What’s the language spoken in that country? They’re problem left over by history.
The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
Is there anybody injured? Do you know the number of books ordered?
3)作状语：Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
They came in, followed by some children.Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
When treated with kindness, he was very amiable.
4)作宾补： 过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些动词后面
I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
巩固练习
1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.
A. Having compared B. To compare
C. Compared D. Compare
（ ） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .
A. playing, exciting B. played, excited
C. playing, excited D. played, exciting
（ ） 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they dared not leave home.
A. Warned B. Having warned
C. To warn D. Warn
（ ） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking
English. A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand
C. English-speaking, understood D. English-speaking, understood
（ ）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad
cold. A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught
C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch
（ ） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.
A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer
C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer
（ ） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.
A. Having not known B. Not to know
C. Don’t know D. Not knowing
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（ ） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading
（ ） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.
A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned
动名词相关知识点精讲:
1.作主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2.作宾语 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：
admit 承认 appreciate 感
激
avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认
为
delay 耽误
deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象
finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推
迟
practice 训
练
recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建
议
face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽
恕
keep 继续
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote
oneself to
object to
stick to no good no use be fond of look forward
to
be proud of
stick to no good no use be fond of look forward
to
be proud of
be busy can't help be tired of be capable
of
be afraid of think of
burst out keep on insist on count on set about
put off be good at take up give up be successful
in
3.作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4.作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手
扶拖拉机
巩固练习
1. I was ______ work last week, but I changed my mind.
a. to start b. to have started c. to be starting d. to have been starting
2. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests hen.
a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed
3. Don’t let me catch you ______.
a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that again d. done that again
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4. There are many kinds of metals ______.
a. each has its special properties b. one has its special properties
c.each having its special properties d. having its special properties
5. It’s pay-day, and they’re waiting ______.
a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paid
6. _______ trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair.
a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing
c. Rather than cause d. Rather than caused
7. The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.
a. so as to b. such as to c. so that d. such that
8. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined ______
high levels of self-confidence.
a. possess b. have possessed c. to possess d. possessing
9. The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming.
a. too busy b. enough busy c. busy too d. busy enough
10. “What did you do in the garden?”
“I watched my father ______ his motorbike.”
a. to repair b. repaired c. repairing d. repairs
构词法相关知识点精讲
1.转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词
形不变的方法叫作转化法。
1)动词转化为名词 很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化
(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。例如：
①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2)名词转化为动词
很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些
抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如：
①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?
②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
3)形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4)副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：
Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。
5)形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded,
injured 等与 the 连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如：
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
2.派生法 在词根前加前缀或在词根后加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
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1)前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类
前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear 出现→disappear 消失
correct 正确的→incorrect 不正确的 lead 带领→mislead 领错 stop 停下→non-stop 不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co-
(共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例
如：alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的 autochart 自动图表 cooperate 合作 enjoy 使高兴
internet 互联网 reuse 再用 subway 地铁 telephone 电话
2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构
成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful
(一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动
作；过程)等。例如：differ 不同于→difference 区别
write 写→writer 作家 Japan 日本→Japanese 日本人
act 表演→actress 女演员 mouth 口→mouthful 一口 music 音乐→musician 音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：
wide→widen 加宽 beauty→beautify 美化 pure→purify 提纯 real→realize 意识 organ→organize 组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某
国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y
(表示天气)等。例如：nature 自然→natural 自然的 reason 道理→reasonable 有道理的
America 美国→American 美国的 China 中国→Chinese 中国人的 gold 金子→golden 金的
east 东→eastern 东方的 child 孩子→childish 孩子气的 snow 雪→snowy 雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方
位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry 生气的→angrily 生气地 to 到→towards 朝……，向……
east 东方→eastward 向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
six 六→sixteen 十六→sixteenth 第十六 four 四→forty 四十→fortieth 第四十
3.合成法
1)合成名词
名词＋名词 weekend 周末 名词＋动词 daybreak 黎明 名词＋动名词 handwriting 书法
名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer 止痛药 名词＋介词＋名词 editor-in-chief 总编辑
代词＋名词 she-wolf 母狼 动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机 动名词＋名词 reading-room 阅览室
现在分词＋名词 flying-fish 飞鱼 形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士 副词＋动词 outbreak 爆发
介词＋名词 afternoon 下午
2)合成形容词 名词＋形容词 snow-white 雪白的 名词＋现在分词 English-speaking 讲英语的
名词＋to＋名词 face-to-face 面对面的 名词＋过去分词 man-made 人造的
数词＋名词 one-way 单行的 数词＋名词＋形容词 two-year-old 两岁的
数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed 五层的 动词＋副词 see-through 透明的
形容词＋名词 high-class 高级的 形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded 高尚的
形容词＋形容词 light-blue 浅蓝色的 形容词＋现在分词 good-looking 相貌好看的
副词＋形容词 ever-green 常青的 副词＋现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的
副词＋过去分词 well-known 著名的 副词＋名词 fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的
介词＋名词 downhill 下坡的
3)合成动词 名词＋动词 sleep-walk 梦游
形容词＋动词 white-wash 粉刷 副词＋动词 overthrow 推翻
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4)合成副词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地
形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处 副词＋副词 however 尽管如此
介词＋名词 beforehand 事先 介词＋副词 forever 永远
5)合成代词 代词宾格＋self herself 她自己
物主代词＋self myself 我自己 形容词＋名词 anything 任何东西
6)合成介词 副词＋名词 inside 在……里面
介词＋副词 within 在……之内 副词＋介词 into 进入
4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头 telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus
2)去尾 mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi
3)截头去尾 influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script
5.混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast 新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast 电视播送
smoke and fog→smog 烟雾 helicopter airport→heliport 直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为
一个单词读音。 very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视 Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL 托福
Nato
巩固练习
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.
A.chemistry B.chemical C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.
A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about
at his classmates.A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A.satisfied B.satisfactory C.satisfying D.satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here?
—Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English?
A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words
C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
24
A.permit B.permission C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A.headquarters B.headline C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A.intend B.intention C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A.practice B.practise C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A.judger B.judgment C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A.lately B.latest C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A.longer B.length C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A.joy B.joyful C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A.foolish；foolishly；fool B.fool；foolish；fool
C.foolish；fool；fool D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.
A.valuable B.value C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America.
A.in danger B.danger
C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A.free B.freely
C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A.reasonable B.reasonful
C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.
A.advance B.advancing
C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A.nearby B.near
C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily
find him in his________.
A.official；officer；office B.officer；office；official
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C.official；official；official D.officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A.health B.healthy C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest
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